Assignment On

Waste Management
Name: Md. Mokarram Hossen
Roll: 22
Batch: 29th
Assignment Submitted To: Asib Iqbal

Introduction

The existence of human beings on earth is the result of a fortuitous set of circumstances in which
conditions for development of the species were present so that evolution could take place allowing
us to reach our present state of being. Our tenuous continuation could be jeopardized at any time
by changes in these conditions, and this far-reaching effect could result from shifts which might be
totally insignificant by cosmic standards. They could bring about, for example, our inability to
breathe, or stay warm or cool enough, or grow the food we need. Thus, we are only able to survive
because our planet provides all the sustenance we need without major effort on our part. We can
broadly define this set of conditions to which we are exposed as our environment. One of the minor
ways by which we reduce the risk of premature extinction is to guard our bodies from excessive
temperature fluctuation by the use of textiles. Textiles are also used to make life more comfortable
or convenient for us. Without them, we would find life harsher, and probably not survive with the
same life expectancy as we do now.

Textiles are manufactured to perform a wide range of functions and are made up of different types
of fibres mixed in varying proportions. In general, applications of fibers belong to the following three
broad categories: apparel, home furnishing, and industrial. Most of the fiber products are for short
term (e.g. disposables) to medium term (e.g. apparel, carpet, automotive interior) use, lasting up
to a few years in their service life. While the textile industry has a long history of being thrifty
with its resources, a large proportion of unnecessary waste is still produced each year.
Commercially, textile waste generation is influenced by the production of textile goods, higher the
production, the greater the amount of waste. This is in turn a function of consumer demand, which
is influenced by the state of the economy. While this may have a limited impact on the waste
production in the manufacturing sector, it can have a much greater influence on the
production of household textile waste. Consumers react to changes in fashion both in clothing and
household interior designs. Seasonal changes in fashion mean that clothes can become outdated
very quickly, and this encourages the replacement and disposal of outdated, yet good quality
garments. Consequently, manufacturers will increasingly develop high quantities of low durability
clothing in response to a 'throwaway society'. Economic prosperity also influences this trend, as the
production of textiles increases with consumer spending, so does waste production from both
the manufacturing and household sectors.
The management of waste is a formidable problem. However, the overall guiding principle, agreed
by everyone, to protect the environment is to 'reduce, re-use, repair or recycle', and actual disposal
of waste should be a last resort. Types of Textile waste. Textile waste can be classified as either pre-
consumer or post-consumer waste; Pre-consumer waste consists of byproduct materials from the
textile, fiber, and cotton industries that are re-manufactured for the automotive, aeronautic, home
building, furniture, mattress, coarse yarn, home furnishings, paper, apparel and other industries.
Post-consumer waste is defined as any type of garment or household article made from
manufactured textiles that the owner no longer needs and decides to discard. These articles are
discarded either because they are worn out, damaged, outgrown, or have gone out of fashion.

Waste Management

In general, there are four ways of handling the waste. In order of priority, they are:
1. Source Reduction
2. Landfills
3. Recycling
4. Incineration

Source Reduction

To have little or even zero waste Source Reduction is generally the first step that should be
considered in an integrated waste management system. E.g. avoiding waste generation, internal
reuse of waste, reuse in other products etc.

Incineration: It is a process of burning the solid waste to recover the heat energy. E.g. PP has same
heat vale as that of gasoline. Textile waste e.g. short, shredded, loose fibres can also be
reincorporated into a palatalized fuel. But, Incinerator chimneys emit organic substances such as
dioxins, heavy metals, acidic gases and dust particles, which are all potentially harmful to both
humans and the environment. Also, there is a problem disposing of residual ash which is likely to
contain a concentration of toxic material.

Land Fills

It should be the last alternative in an integrated Waste management system. Textile waste in landfill
contributes to the formation of leachate as it decomposes, which has the potential to
contaminate both surface and groundwater sources. Another product of decomposition in landfill
is methane gas, which is a major greenhouse gas and a significant contributor to global warming,
although it can be utilized if collected. The decomposition of organic fibres and yarn such as
wool produces large amounts of ammonia as well as methane. Ammonia is highly toxic in both
terrestrial and aquatic environments, and can be toxic in gaseous form. It has the potential to
increase nitrogen in drinking water, which can have adverse effect on humans. Cellulose-based
synthetics decay at a faster rate than chemical-based synthetics. Synthetic chemical fibres can
prolong the adverse effects of both leachate and gas production due to the length of time it takes
for them to decay.

Recycling

Recycling is a key concept of modern waste management. Recycling is the reprocessing of waste
materials into new or reusable products. Ninety-nine percent of used textiles are recyclable. In many
applications, especially where metals, glass or polymers (including synthetic textile materials) are
involved, the recycling process can only slow down damage to the planet. The least expensive and
least adverse effect on the environment is when a component can be recycled into its original
product, i.e. so called 'closed loop' recycling. The second best is when it can be used in another
article which usually requires less demanding properties, for example face car seat fabric being
recycled into backing material. Typically, recycling technologies are divided into primary;
secondary, tertiary. Primary approaches involve recycling a product into its original form; secondary
recycling involves melt processing a plastic product into a new product that has a lower level of
physical, mechanical and/or chemical properties.

Tertiary recycling involves processes such as pyrolysis and hydrolysis, which convert the plastic
wastes into basic chemicals or fuels

Advantages of Recycling

• Recycling system uses 2 0 percent less energy and reduces carbon dioxide emissions.
• Reducing environmental load through the efficient use of resources and energy and the
recycling of used products.
• Individuals are doing more than promoting the health of the environment through
recycling.
• Recycling include petroleum savings, greenhouse gases reduced, energy conserved.
• Reduces the need for landfill space. Textiles present particular problems. In landfill as
synthetic (man-made fibers) products will not decompose.
• Reduces pressure on virgin resources.
• Aids the balance of payments as we import fewer materials for our needs.
• Results in less pollution and energy savings, as fibers do not have to be transported from.

Designing textile products for easy recycling a great challenge in the design of products that are
easy to recycle is seen in the development of ecofriendly Products. Waste should be avoided both
in the production process and when disposing of products.

In addition, material substance should, at the end of product life, be suitable to be returned
into the material cycle (recycling).

Products consisting of only one material in a single system (non-composite) are easy and pure to re-
use. With them, it is not generally necessary to separate the product structure prior to processing.
This is why single-material systems are preferable when it comes to the design of products easy
to recycle.

Combinations of different kinds of textile made from the same polymer (e.g. PP fibre material and
PP film or coating) are single-material composite systems, which are also easy to recycle. If the
required characteristics of a product are not achievable using but one material, multi-material
composite systems are necessary. Systems containing separable composites need to be
disassembled prior to recycling, which can be done manually or by machine. This is what happens,
for example, to non-textile functional elements used within garments, and to technical textiles.

Processes such as glueing, laminating or stitching result in composites which cannot be separated.
With regard to complete re-use, the materials chosen should go well together so they can be
processed together. Currently, processing makes sense as long as the secondary raw material
produced can be well marketed.

If the materials used in a multi-material composite system do not go together and if they are not
separable from one another, they may serve as a fuel or as a raw material (generation of energy or
of synthesis gas)
From all this results textile products that are designed to be easy to recycle, characterized by:

• The potential to be disassembled and

• The potential to be re-used or disposed of

The recycling of resources can be broadly divided into thermal, material and chemical sectors. In the
fiber and textile industry, thermal recycling is intended to recover heat energy generated from the
incineration of fiber wastes as thermal or electrical energy. This method, although easily practicable,
does not mean the recycling of resources. Material recycling recovers polymers from fibers or
plastics, and at present, the idea of transforming polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into fibers
is most economical and widely used for practical purposes. But there is concern about this method
which is apt to let impurities mix into recovered polymers, resulting in declined quality and
spinning stability. Chemical recycling recovers monomers from waste fibers by polymer
decomposition. This is the method of the future. Impurities can be easily removed from recovered
monomers, so their quality will be made exactly equal to virgin monomers. An important
consideration in all three sectors is to establish an economical collecting system and an efficient
recovery technology and to develop commodities using recovered materials. The key point of
material and chemical recycling in particular is how to collect and separate wastes. In this context,
it may be argued that the development of those products that can be easily recycled will be an
important task to be carried out in the years ahead.

Recycling of garments

• Seed Clothing Markets

• Recovery from the waste stream includes re-use of a product in its original form.
The largest volume of goods is sorted for second hand clothing markets.
• Conversion to new products

Two categories of conversion to new products will be used here.

i) Breakdown of fabric to fiber Shoddy (from knits) and mungo (from woven garments) are terms
for the breakdown of fabric to fiber through cutting, shredding, carding, and other mechanical
processes. The fiber is then re-engineered into value added products. These value-added products
include stuffing, automotive components, and carpet under lays, building materials such as
insulation and roofing felt, and low-end blankets.

ii) Re-design of used clothing: The other category for conversion to new products is the actual
re-design of used clothing. Current fashion trends are reflected by a team of young designers who
use and customize second-hand clothes for a chain of specialty vintage clothing stores
• Wiping and polishing cloths Clothing that has seen the end of its useful life as such may be
turned into wiping or polishing cloths for industrial use. T-shirts are a primary source for this
category because the cotton fiber makes an absorbent rag and polishing cloth.

• Mechanical processes to recover fibres

With mechanically compacted nonwovens blends of chemical and natural fibres or with pure
natural-fibre, the mechanical opening-up of the textile structure by means of breaking them
down is carried out. The manufacture of reclaimed fibres is wide-spread and economical.
Although the fibres, to a certain degree, are physically damaged in this process, the functional
components of the fibrous material are maintained. One advantage of the process is it can be
applied with both production waste and material nonwovens after their use.
Re-granulation

All the type of waste from thermoplastic fibres such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide,
polyester etc. can be processed on agglomeration plants so as to make free flowing granulates. The
granulate can also be used to produce fibres (generally, for lower- value application). Important
characteristics for the workability of granulates are sufficient melt viscosity, bulk density
and flow ability. They can be used as heavy- insulation layers (sprinkled onto or sintered onto
the backs of moulded parts or floor covering) or as a powdery binder agent to substitute phenolic
resin when producing thermally bonded nonwovens and mats.

• Production of textile chips and their application Nonwoven waste may be made into textile
chips. One may cut, mill or shred it. Most preferably, textile chips can be made of edges of
material in the place where they occur. Above all, edges of thermally bonded nonwovens, of
nonwovens used to produce moulded parts or of coated nonwovens are well suitable for the
purpose Textile chips can be added as auxiliary material to produce textile concrete.

• Processing nonwoven waste on KEMAFll machines Nonwoven waste in the form of

material edges, section bobbins or refuse material can be used in the KEMAFIL process as a
valuable textile material for the production of a huge range of cord products. In the KEMAFIL
process, such rope-like waste is embedded as core material in the centre of a coat of loop
threads which is created by means of special tools. They are used for uses in agriculture,
industry and the building industry, to make irrigation and drainage ropes, sensor lines, welts,
verbound protection ropes

Re-use of nonwoven waste: Re-use is the use of a product no more suitable for the original purpose
without any or just small material modification for a new application. E.g. re-use of textile covers of
paper-making machines to improve foundations in road construction and civil engineering.

Recycling of synthetic fibres:

• Chemical Methods Depolymerisation, Reprecipatation, hydrolysis, Glycolysis etc

• Thermal Route Hard waste (polymer blocks) and PET bottles are granulated, filament
waste is compacted, and drawn filament waste is shredded or cut.
• Mechanical Waste Processing The filament waste is cut in a cutting mill granulator, between
a rotary knife and a fixed knife. The sieve insert, having a square mesh
 opening of 12-20mm, determines the size of the waste granulate which is
pneumatically transported away.
• Yarn to Staple Processing Spun or POY yarn residues on tube can be taken off
overhead from a creel, plied, drawn and crimped in a one stage process. During
processing, new waste packages can be knotted or spliced into the running tow. A staple
cutter is employed for cutting. Then the staple is pneumatically conveyed to a bale
press, where it is compressed, baled and strapped.
• Solvent Extraction: It is generally used for carpet recycling. In this process, a
consecutive chain of solvent is used to remove polymers of interest. E.g. Acetone &
Hexane are used to remove oils; ethylene dioxide is used to remove PVC plastics
etc.
• Cyrogenic Fracture: In this method, with or without mechanical or ultrasonic
vibrations, the temperature of polymers is reduced to below glass transition
temperature with liquid nitrogen or other cold temperature materials which make the
coating or film brittle. Polymers are then broken & separated.
• Pyrolysis Kiln: It is a thermal decomposition of organic material in an oxygen
deficient environment. This technique is used for the production of fuels &
chemicals from organic feedstock such as waste tires
• Powdering: Here high pressure at low temperature is used to grind the material for
further processing. Generally, it is in the manufacturer's interest to keep production
waste as little as possible. Easy-to-take measures as seen from the
technical/technological point of view are, optimization of available production
plants to better exploit the material in the production process optimization of the
products with regard to recyclability (choosing the right materials and technologies)
optimization of the production technology, e.g. choosing the optimum point of time to
cut edges or process control when changing quality or assortment.