Name : Malek Ahmed Mohammed Al-Haisah

Dep. : Mechatronics – Level 1 English search

University : Saba University

Modal Verbs
 Definition and function
Modal verbs are used in conjunction with verbs to express their function like
Permissions , obligation, lack of necessity, possibility, ability, prohibition, advice and
probability .

 List of Modal verbs

 Can
o used to express ability , possible and allowed .
 Ex : he cannot go to work on Monday ( not allowed )
 Ex : It can be done ( possible)
 Could
o used to express ability , possible and allowed in the past with
polite way to ask .
 Ex : Could I come with you ( allowed )
 Ex : Last night I could not keep my eyes open ( able to )
 Must
o Used to have to , to express 100% certainty .
 Ex : She must not be late for her appointment ( necessity ) ( 1 )
 Ex : My keys must be in the car. (necessity ) ( 2 )
 May
o to be allowed to, it is possible or probable
 Ex : May I sit down here? ( allowed to )
 Ex : She may not arrive on time due to traffic ( possible )
 Might
o to be allowed to, possible or probable , discussing something that
has a slight possibility of happening, or to ask for permission in a
more polite way .
 Ex : Chris might show up to the concert tonight ( possible )
 Ex : Might I borrow your computer? ( allowed to )
 Need
o Used in speech about something necessary
 Ex : Need I say more? ( necessary )
 Ex : You need not visit him today ( not necessary )
 Should
o To ask what is the correct thing to do , to suggest an action or to be
probable. Should usually implies advice, a logical deduction or a so-so
Obligation.
 Ex : We should not be late .( 3 )
 Ex : Margaret should not jump to conclusions . (advice)

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  Will
o to suggest an action or to be able to
 Ex : It will happen. (action)
 Ex : She will see the difference. (be able to)
 Would
o to suggest an action, advice or show possibility .
 Ex : That would be nice. (advise/possibility/action)
 Ex : She would go to the show . (action)

Passive
 Definition and function

We only use the passive when we are interested in the object or when we do not know
who caused the action. ( 4 )

 Passive - Form
 Simple present
o O + Verb be + V3 + S
 Ex : A cake is made by me .( 5 )
 Simple past
o O + was / were + V3 + S
 Ex : A house was built by peter
 Present perfect
o O + has/have + been + V3 + S
 Ex : My car has been stolen ! ( 6 )
 Past perfect
o O + had + been + V3 + S
 Ex : A house had been built by peter
 Will – future
o O + will + be + V3 + S
 Ex : A house will be built by peter
 Modals
o O + modal + be + V3 + S
 Ex : A house can be built by peter

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Indirect speech
 Definition and function
is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them
explicitly as is done in direct speech.( 7 )

 Backshift changes
Direct Indirect
Present simple Past simple
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect simple Past perfect simple
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
Past simple Past perfect simple
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Future ( will ) Future in the past ( would )
Past perfect Past perfect ( no change )

 Direct : He said , " Jane will be late "

 Indirect : He said that Jane would be late ( 8 )
 Direct : They said: ‘We’re going home.’
 Indirect : They told us they were going home.

 Modal verbs

Direct Indirect
Will Would
Shall Should
Can Could
May Might
Must Must ( no change )
Could / should Could / should
Might / would Might / would
Needn't Needn't
 Direct : You said to me, “ May you find your lost camera.”
 Indirect : You prayed that I might find my lost camera.
 Direct : He said, "I will be in Kolkata tomorrow." ( 9 )
 Indirect : He said that he would be in Kolkata the next day.

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Subjunctive

 Definition and function

is used to form sentences that express wished-for, tentatively assumed, or hypothetical

states of affairs, rather than things that the speaker intends to represent as true and
factual. These include statements that express opinion, belief, purpose, intention, or
desire. The subjunctive mood, such as She suggests that he speak English, contrasts
with the indicative mood, which is used for statements of fact, such as He speaks
English . ( 10 )

 Use of base subjunctive

 The base subjunctive is typically used in that clauses after two structures
o suggest-verb (or noun) + that
 advise, ask, command, demand, desire, insist, order, prefer,
propose, recommend, request, suggest
 command, demand, order, proposal, recommendation,
request, suggestion
o advisable/anxious-adjective + that
 advisable, best, crucial, desirable, essential, imperative,
important, necessary, unthinkable, urgent, vital
 adamant, anxious, determined, eager, keen

Ex : ( 11 )

main clause that clause

suggest-verb with subjunctive

He suggests that you be present at the meeting.

The board recommend that he join the company.

He requested that the car park not be locked at night.

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main clause that clause
suggest-noun with subjunctive

They made a suggestion that we be early.

He made a proposal that the buy more

company land.

The president has order that the resign next

issued an secretary month

main clause that clause

advisable-adjective with subjunctive

It is advisable that she rest for a

week.

It was essential that the army advance rapidly.

After the landing, it vital that every not use a radio.

will be soldier

main clause that clause

anxious-adjective with subjunctive

Tara is anxious that you return soon.

They are keen that he not be hurt.

We were determined that it remain secret.

 Ex : He tries to study often. he-form of "try" ( 12 )

 Subjunctive : It is important that he try to study often. Subjunctive form
of "try" is noticeable here.

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Causative verbs

 Definition and function

Valence - increasing operation [1] that indicates that a subject either causes someone or something else
to do or be something or causes a change in state of a non-volitional event. Normally, it brings in a new
argument (the causer), A, into a transitive clause, with the original subject S becoming the object O.( 13 )

 Causative Verbs:
 Have
o Subject + have (any tense) + object (usually person) + base form of verb + …
 Ex : Mary will have Alex prepare her homework.
o Subject + have (any tense) + object (usually thing) + past participle form of
verb +…
 Ex : Mary will have her homework prepared.
 Get
o Subject + get (any tense) + object (usually person) + infinitive + …( 14 )
 Ex : Mary will get Alex to prepare her homework.
o Subject + have ( any tense ) + object ( usually thing ) + past participle form of
verb + …
 Ex : Mary will get her homework prepared.
 Make
o Subject + make (any tense) + object (always person) + base form of verb + …
 Ex : Mary will make me prepare her homework .
 Let
o Subject + let (any tense) + object (always person) + base form of verb +…
 Ex : The teacher let the students discuss among themselves .
 Help
o Subject + help (any tense) + object (usually person) + base form of verb + …
 Ex : Could you help me carry my bags ? ( 15 )
o Subject + help + object + infinitive + …
 Ex : John helped him to lift his car.

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If clauses
 Definition and function
Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express
that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with
if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences ( 16 )

 Conditionals
 Type 1
o If + simple present + will – future
 Ex : If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.
 Type 2
o If + simple past + conditional I = ( would + infinitive )
 Ex : If I found my money, I would buy a phone .( 17 )
 Type 3
o If + past perfect + conditional II = ( would + have + past participle )
 Ex : If you had invited me, I might have come . ( 18 )

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