12 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

DIVISION OF CITY OF BOGO

Buac, Cayang, Bogo City, Cebu

Senior High School

MEDIA AND INFORMATION
LITERACY
Quarter 1
SLK 2

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 FOREWORD

This Self-Learning Kit of Media and Information Literacy is organized based on

the scope and competencies stipulated on the Curriculum Guide intended for this
Learning Area. It intends to develop a holistic understanding of how media operates
as an industry, how it generates content, how it influences audiences and how its
force and influence shape social beliefs.

This kit also aims to guide students to become multi-skilled in different ways of
learning, literate in the modern trend of technology and become effective in using
media and information in different contexts. Furthermore, it gears towards honing
their communication skills, creativity, social, and media literary in the global arena.

This is designed as self-instructional which means that students shall

accomplish the activities by themselves. They may ask guidance from their parents,
elder siblings or other family members if difficulty arises. This kit shall be retrieved and
shall not be used as answer sheets. Students shall use a separate paper for the
activities.

NOTE: THIS IS A DRAFT LEARNING MATERIAL SUBJECT FOR

FURTHER QUALITY ASSURANCE AND APPROVAL.

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 Module 2

INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA AND INFORMATION

LITERACY

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:

 identify the similarities and differences between and among of media literacy,
information literacy, and technology literacy;
 define media and information literacy as a composite concept;
 identify the elements of media and information literacy;
 identify the characteristics of responsible users and competent producers of media and
information; and
 appreciate the value of being a media and information literate individual.

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 What I Know

A. Read the questions carefully then choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter
in a separate sheet of paper.
1.Which of the following is not a common characteristic of Generation Y individuals?
a. They consider their friends as family.
b. They are generally idealistic.
c. They are good multitaskers.
d. None of the above.
2. In which medium do Filipinos spend most of their time?
a. television b. radio c. Internet d. newspaper
3. Which of the following is not an important characteristic of media and information literate
individuals?
a. responsible producers
b. efficient information managers
c. wise consumers
d. none of the above
4. What is a major practical application of media and information literacy?
a. To explore by accessing information sources skillfully
b. To engage by evaluating media content critically
c. To empower by using information critically
d. All of the above
5. What is the reason why media literacy and information literacy must be combined?
a. Coming together of media and information platforms
b. Overlapping concepts of different literacies
c. Learning how to read and write is not enough
d. All of the above

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 What is In

A. Read the statements below. Then, provide your answers by completing the letters
inside the matrix in each number. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is the ability to effectively and critically access and evaluate information in
multiple formats, particularly digital, and from a range of digital tools and
resources.
D G T L T R Y

2. A set of competencies that empowers citizens to access, retrieve, understand,

evaluate and use, create as well as share information and media content in all
formats, using various tools, in a critical, ethical, and effective way
E D N D N F R T N L T E R Y

3. Ability to access information; the evaluation, creation, and sharing of information

and knowledge using various tools, formats, and channels
I F R M T N L T R Y

4. Ability to understand, select, evaluate, and use media as a leading purveyor and
processor, if not producer, of information
E D L T R Y

5. The audience or the users of the media and information texts

E D C N U E

B. Assuming that you are awake for 16 hours a day, for how many hours daily do you
use the following media and technologies? Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
10
Less
2 to 3 4 to 5 6 to 7 8 to 9 hours
Media and Technologies than 2
hours hours hours hours and
hours
more
Television
Radio
Newspaper
Personal Computers (PC)
Magazine
Mobile phone/Smart phone
Tablet Computers
Video Player
Camcorder
Landline (phone)
MP3 players

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 Audio player
Others, please specify

C. If you are using the smart phone, rank the following activities in order of importance,
with 1 as the most important and 10 as the least important. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
______ Checking e-mail
______ Using social media
______ Shopping online
______ Searching the information as part of research work
______ Watching YouTube
______ Playing video games
______ Reading news online
______ Downloading music
______ Downloading video
______ Organizing Document files

D. How much time do you allocate for the following types of interests or activities?Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
10
Less
Types of Interests or 2 to 3 4 to 5 6 to 7 8 to 9 hours
than 2
Activities hours hours hours hours and
hours
more
School

Home

Sports

Work (for working

students
Social interests

Personal needs and

interests

E. Based on your answers from B to D, what have you found out? What are the
implications of these findings? Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

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 What is New

Activity 1: Poster Analysis Read carefully the questions at the side of the Poster then write
your answer on a sheet of paper.
1.
a. What is the message of the
poster?

b. Do you agree with the

message? Why or why not?

2.
a. What is the message of the
poster?

b. Do you agree with the

message? Why or why not?

3.
a. What is the message of the
poster?

b. Do you agree with the

message? Why or why not?

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 4.
a. What is the message
of the poster?

b. Do you agree with the

message? Why or why not?

What is It

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY AS A COMPOSITE CONCEPT

Until 2009, media and information used to be two

separate concepts, with media literacy on one hand and
information literacy on the other. Media literacy was
primarily the concern of media practitioners and educators
while information literacy was the expertise of the librarians,
archivists, and curators. The coming together of information
or message delivery platforms is the primary reason why
these two concepts should be fused as a composite concept
(Alagaran, 2017).

In the past, people would watch their favorite programs on television and listen to the
most requested songs over the radio. With the advent of information and communication
(ICT), watching TV programs and listening to music are now both possible through the
Internet using mobile devices, desktop computers, and laptops. The same is true with the
news, which can now also be viewed and read online. This is referred to as media
convergence, wherein boundaries among media channels and platforms are blurred
(Alagaran, 2017).

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 You also have to deal with the abundance of information and knowledge in today‟s
world which are readily available from the mass media, Internet, libraries, museums, and
other information providers. These media channels are very significant as of today as these
are where you get most of your knowledge of the world around you. But these sources of
information and media content do not only provide information; they are likely to shape your
values, attitudes, and behavior, and influence your lifestyles and working conditions. Thus,
there is a need to address issues related to freedom of expression, access to information,
source reliability or credibility, digital ethics, Internet, safety, misinformation, privacy,
among others (Grizzle, 2013). Understanding all these issues would require a new set of
competencies over and above the so-called three Rs (reading, „riting, and „rithmetic) related
to media and information processes and systems – specifically how the different information
providers operate and how they use and produce information and media content (Alagaran,
2017).

OVERLAPPING CONCEPTS

Another reason why media and information literacy should be taken as a composite
concept is the seemingly overlapping concepts of information literacy, media literacy, ICT
literacy (including technology literacy), and digital literacy (Alagaran, 2017). A comparative
matrix of their characteristics is shown below:

Table 1.1 Tracing the Roots of Information Literacy, Media Literacy, ICT Literacy, and
Digital Literacy
Characteristics Information Media Literacy ICT Literacy Digital
Literacy Literacy
Origin Library and Media and civic Computer Computer
information studies science and science and
science informatics informatics
Focus How data and How media is How ICT is How ICT and
information in used for good used as enabling digital resources
any format and democracy and tools for other are used to
form are development forms of engage in safe
managed, using (personal, literacy and ethical
different professional, social
technological and societal) networking and
tools collaboration
Competency Ability to Ability to Ability to use Ability to
Emphasis access understand, particular effectively and
information; the select, evaluate, digital devices, critically access
evaluation, and use media software and and evaluate
creation, and as a leading infrastructure information in
sharing of purveyor and multiple
information and processor, if not formats,
knowledge producer, of particularly
using various information digital, and
tools, formats, from a range of
and channels digital tools and

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 resources
Table 1.1 is a matrix summarizing the basic characteristics among information
literacy, media literacy, ICT literacy (including technology literacy, and digital literacy. They
were taken from the discussions among experts all over the world when the MIL assessment
framework was developed. Information literacy focuses generally on how to manage the
information, including those from the Internet. Media literacy, on the other hand, covers how
individuals use media resources and makes decisions on their uses. ICT literacy pays more
attention to the tools needed to aid certain applications while digital literacy includes safe,
responsible, and ethical use of digital technologies.
DEFINITION OF MIL

“Media and Information Literacy is defined as a set of competencies that empowers

citizens to access, retrieve, understand, evaluate and use, create as well as share information
and media content in all formats, using various tools, in a critical, ethical, and effective way,
in order to participate and engage in personal, professional, and societal activities (UNESCO
2013, 29).” This definition describes media and information literacy as a set of competencies,
which connotes that a single competency is not enough to render a person media and
information literate. You need a cluster of competencies that can be acquired through
different stages of involvement in studying and using media and information. For example,
merely producing a video does not make you media and information literate since you could
simply be producing it for your personal consumption, without any intention of sharing it
with a particular audience and for a specific purpose (Alagaran, 2017).

MAIN ELEMENTS OF MIL

UNESCO (2013, pp. 13-14) identified the following main elements and competencies
of media and information literacy:
- Understand the roles and functions of media and other information providers in
democratic society;
- Understand the conditions under which those functions can be fulfilled;
- Recognize and articulate a need for information;
- Locate and access relevant information;
- Critically evaluate information and content of media and other information providers,
including those on the Internet in terms of authority, credibility, and current purpose;
- Extract and organize information and media content;
- Synthesize or operate on the ideas abstracted from content;
- Ethically and responsibly communicate one‟s understanding of created knowledge to
an audience or readership in an appropriate form and medium;
- Apply ICT skills in order to process information and produce user-generated content;
and
- Engage with media and other information providers, including those on the Internet,
for self-expression, freedom of expression, intercultural dialogue, and democratic
participation.

THE EXPLORE, ENGAGE, EMPOWER MODEL

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 The media and information literacy competencies can be grouped into three major
practical applications: explore, engage, and empower.
1. To explore is to identify, access, and retrieve information and media content
skillfully.
2. To engage is to analyze and evaluate media and information critically.
3. To empower is to create or produce, share or communicate, and use information
and media content ethically, safely and responsibly for decision making and
taking action.

TODAY’S GENERATION OF MEDIA CONSUMERS AND PRODUCERS

Have you ever left your mobile phone at home and

you were so worried that your friends and family
would send text messages or call you? You probably
went back to retrieve your phone. Or have you ever
been given research homework by your teacher but
you skipped the trip to the school library because you
thought there was always the Internet at home? If you
identify with these dispositions, you are likely a
member of today‟s Generation Y, often referred to as
the digital natives or the millennials.

Who are the millennials? According to Diane Thielfoldt and Devon Scheef (2004),
co-founders of The Learning Café, the millennials are those born between 1977-2000 (other
sources say from 1982-2004 which includes Generation Z, the Post-Millennials) when
computers, the Internet, and mobile phones started to surface. However, in the Philippines,
computers were introduced in the „80s and mobile phones toward the late „90s.

In the past, your parents used typewriters to prepare documents, and analog
telephones to call up friends and relatives. These technologies are hardly used in use today
because people have gone digital or computer-based.

Compared to the Baby Boomers (born 1945-1964) and Generation X (born 1965-
1976) who are less digitally competent, the millennials can easily access information as they
are always connected to the Internet. They are typically team oriented and work well in
groups. They are sociable and consider their friends as families. They are good multitaskers
who can juggle sports, school, and social interests.

Besides being technology- and web-savvy,

the millennials (also known as Generation Y
individuals) are idealistic so they are happy to
explore anything they want that will meet their
expectations. They are adept in technologies and
gadgets; in this sense they are good communicators.
They prefer to send to send a text message or a short
message via Twitter by way of an instant reply rather

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than return a call.

At a very young age, millennials are learning about computers, mobile phones, video
games, and social media. They have become better than the older generations in the use of
some technologies (Alagaran, 2017).

MILLENIALS AS PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS OF MEDIA AND

INFORMATION

According to Walkosz, Jolls and Sund (2008),

people also need to process information efficiently and
effectively while using media and the Internet. They
mentioned four important characteristics of media and
information literate individuals: efficient information
managers, wise consumers, responsible producers, and
active participants.

When you surf the Internet, you have to

remember how you have accessed certain information quickly by using specific search
engines and strategies. Likewise, you need to store this information effectively using
bookmarking techniques and data folders or storage such as Google Drive and Dropbox so
you can access them again. All these can make you efficient information manager.

As wise consumers, you need to understand the messages from media and the Internet
and how to use them when you make important decisions. These include decisions on what to
buy from the supermarket, who to vote for during local and national elections, and when to
go on a trip, among others.

Since you can now take pictures, record and remix music, or draw or paint digitally,
you are also expected to be responsible producers. You have to respect other people‟s privacy
and culture, observe ethics especially when online, and acknowledge the sources of your
information when you use them and other for research and other academic work.

Finally, when you equip yourself with information that you need, then you can now
participate actively in social and civic events. Remember, you must not participate in
something that you do not know. You can now vote for the right person, purchase the right
product, choose the right service provider, or call attention of the proper authority or media
producer on certain issues. Indeed, information empowers everyone (Alagaran, 2017).

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 What’s More

Activity 2. Accomplish the matrix below. Identify the characteristics of competent producers
and responsible users.Write your answer on your answer sheet.W
CHARACTERISTICS

Responsible User of Media Competent Producer of Media

Information Information

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Activity 3. Identify the similarities and differences of media literacy, information literacy,
and digital literacy by accomplishing the matrix below.Write your answer on your answer
sheet.
MEDIA LITERACY INFORMATION DIGITAL LITERACY
LITERACY
Differences: Differences: Differences:

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Similarities:

What I Have Learned

Reflect on the learning that you gained after taking up this module by answering the
questions below.Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. Why should media and information literacy be treated as a composite concept?

2. What are the different elements of MIL? How important are these elements in
understanding MIL?

3. Who are the millennials and what are their characteristics? Why are they considered
more technology-savvy than Generation X?

4. Recall your experiences in using information obtained from media or the Internet.
Were you able to get the information that you need? Why or why not? What will you
do if you do not have access to the right information?

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 What I Can Do

A. Analyze the media messages presented below by answering the following key
questions.Write your answer on your answer sheet.
Messages and Meanings
Content  What is this about (and what makes you think that)?
 What ideas, values, information, and/or points of view
are overt? implied?
 What is left out of this message that might be important
to know?
Techniques  What techniques are used?
 Why were those techniques used?
 How do they communicate the message?
Interpretations  How might different people understand this message
differently?
 What is my interpretation of this and what do I learn
about myself from my reaction or interpretation?
Context  When was this made?
 Where or how was it shared with the public?
Credibility  Is this fact, opinion, or something else?
 How credible is this (and what makes you think that)?
 What are the sources of the information, ideas, or
assertions?

1. Facebook Post

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- Interview an elder in the family, preferably someone removed one or two
generations from you. If you do not have that elder in your family, perhaps you
can turn to your immediate community. Make them recall the forms of media
that they used either as sources of information and entertainment. Engage them
in a freewheeling interview session where they can enjoyably go down memory
lane and share with you their sources of media and information.

2. Facebook Post

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18
B. Create a digital poster which will influence high school students to be a responsible
user and competent producer of media information. In creating it, you can use Canva.
You‟re also allowed to use additional tools. The selected digital poster will be shared
on Facebook. The digital poster must focus on the issue and must not attack or
mentioned personalities. Use of foul words are not allowed. Cite credit for borrowed
materials (i.e. image, design, etc.). Choose at least one topic below and be guided with
the criteria in evaluating your output.Write your answer on your answer sheet.
Anti- Bullying Campaign Think Before You Click
Campaign Against Cyberbullying No to Plagiarism
Be Safe in Cyberspace Proper Behavior on the Internet
Media Message Analysis (Critical (Netiquette)
Thinking)

Digital Poster Making Rubric

Criteria Excellent Good Fair NI
10 8 5 2
Content Message is Message is Message is Message is
Be a clear, accurate, clear and clear but unclear and/ or
responsible and strong. accurate. question-able. inaccurate.
user and
producer of
media
information.
Graphic All graphics are All graphics are All graphics Graphics do
Relevance related to the related to the relate to the not relate to
and Citation topic and make topic and most topic. Two the topic
it easier to make it easier borrowed and/or three or
understand. to understand. graphics have more borrowed
no source graphics do not
All borrowed One borrowed citation. have a source
graphics have a graphics have citation.
source citation. no source
citation.

Design and The poster is The poster is The poster is The poster is
Layout exceptionally attractive in acceptably poorly
attractive in terms of design, attractive designed and
terms of design, layout, and though layout the layout is
layout, and neatness. is cluttered. cluttered.
neatness.

Work Every individual Group work is Group work is Group

Ethics in the group done mostly by done mostly by members are
contributed to two individuals. one individual. not working
the creation of during the
the digital designated
poster. time.

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 ASSESSMENT

A. Identify what is being referred by the following statements below. Choose your
answers from the box, and write it on a sheet of paper.

Generation X Information Literacy

Generation Y Media and Information Literacy
ICT Literacy Media Literacy

___________________________1. Ability to access information; the evaluation,

creation, and sharing of information and knowledge using various tools, formats, and
channels
___________________________2. Ability to use particular digital devices, software
and infrastructure
___________________________3. Also called as millennials, those born between
1977 and 2000 when computers, Internet, and mobile phones started to surface
___________________________4. A set of competencies that empowers citizens to
access, retrieve, understand, evaluate and use, create as well as share information and
media content in all formats, using various tools, in a critical, ethical, and effective
way, in order to participate and engage in personal, professional, and societal
activities
___________________________5. Ability to understand, select, evaluate, and use
media as a leading purveyor and processor, if not producer, of information

B. Write an essay about the value of being a media and information literate individual.
Your essay must have a title, an introduction, a body paragraph (1 main argument
with 2 examples), and a conclusion. It should not be less than 12 sentences. Refer to
the rubric for criteria and grading.Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

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The Value of Being a Media and Information Literate
Individual

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Answer Key

What I Know
A.
1. d 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. d

What is In

A.
1. DIGITAL LITERACY
2. MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
3. INFORMATION LITERACY
4. MEDIA LITERACY
5. MEDIA CONSUMER
B. Answer may vary.
C. Answer may vary.
D. Answer may vary.
E. Answer may vary.
What is New
Activity 1: Poster Analysis
1. a. Answer may vary. b. Answer may vary.
2. a. Answer may vary. b. Answer may vary.
3. a. Answer may vary. b. Answer may vary.
4. a. Answer may vary. b. Answer may vary.

What’s More
Activity 2
CHARACTERISTICS

Responsible User of Media Information Competent Producer of Media Information

- should not post anything that contain - describes how communication is affected
false news or issue by media and information
- should not post unnecessary things - identifies the similarities of media literacy
- should be kind and should not bash or and technology

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 fight others online - editorializes the value of being media and
- knows how to use media righteously information literate individuals
- does not use media to harm other people - refrain from being biased and does not
- thinks about the social consequences of target any individual, groups or
things he/she is posting online organizations
- refrain from bullying acts either verbal, - does not use media as channels for
emotional, catcalling, and cyberbullying piracy
- knowledgeable about network netiquette
Activity 3
MEDIA LITERACY INFORMATION LITERACY DIGITAL LITERACY
Differences: Differences: Differences:

Ability to understand, select, Ability to access information; the Ability to effectively and critically
evaluate, and use media as a leading evaluation, creation, and sharing of access and evaluate information in
purveyor and processor, if not information and knowledge using multiple formats, particularly digital,
producer, of information various tools, formats, and channels and from a range of digital tools and
resources
Similarities:

- Ability to think critically and the ability of a person to know, create, evaluate the media and information.
- Understanding all of these will help everyone to be a media and information literate individuals.
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Answers for questions 1-4 may vary.

WHAT I CAN DO

1. Answer may vary.

2. Answer may vary.

ASSESSMENT

A.
1. Information Literacy
2. ICT Literacy
3. Generation Y
4. Media and Information Literacy
5. Media Literacy
B. Answer may vary.

Writer: Arnien P. Arminion

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alagaran II, Jose Reuben. Media and Information Literacy: Empower the Discerning Audiences, 11-
24. Abiva Publishing House, Inc. Abiva Bldg., 851 G. Araneta Ave., Quezon City, 2017.
Ping, Arniel. Introduction to Media and Information Literacy: Part 2. St. Stephen‟s High School
Manila, Philippines. MIL PPT 02, 2016.
Ping, Arniel. Introduction to Media and Information Literacy: Part 4. St. Stephen‟s High School
Manila, Philippines. MIL PPT 04, 2016.
Ping, Arniel. Media and Information Literacy: The Evolution of Traditional to New Media (Part 1).
St. Stephen‟s High School Manila, Philippines. MIL PPT 06, 2017.
Ping, Arniel. Media and Information Literacy: The Evolution of Traditional to New Media (Part 2).
St. Stephen‟s High School Manila, Philippines. MIL PPT 05, 2017.
Bawag, Rica Mae. Characteristics of a Responsible User of Media and Information and a Competent
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