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Spring and Its Application

Spring is an elastic member that deflects under load and recovers its original shape when unloaded. There are several types of springs including compression, extension, and torsion springs. Compression springs are helical coils that provide an opposing force when compressed. Extension springs are helical coils that provide an opposing force when stretched. Torsion springs apply or resist torque loads in manufacturing applications. Spring design considers factors like spring rate, wire diameter, material properties, and intended loads and deflections.

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Souhaib K Al-Azzawi
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82 views

Spring and Its Application

Spring is an elastic member that deflects under load and recovers its original shape when unloaded. There are several types of springs including compression, extension, and torsion springs. Compression springs are helical coils that provide an opposing force when compressed. Extension springs are helical coils that provide an opposing force when stretched. Torsion springs apply or resist torque loads in manufacturing applications. Spring design considers factors like spring rate, wire diameter, material properties, and intended loads and deflections.

Uploaded by

Souhaib K Al-Azzawi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫‪Spring and its application‬‬

‫صهيب خالد احمد‬ ‫االسم‬


‫‪Mechanical design ll‬‬ ‫المادة‬
‫الفرع‪/‬المرحلة الطائرات‪/‬الثالثة‬
‫مجموعة التصميم‬ ‫المشرف‬
Introduction
Spring can be defined as an elastic member, whose main function is to deflect
under the action of load and recovers it’s original shape when the load is removed.
It is a mechanical component. Spring is used for shock or vibration absorption as
an in-vehicle spring or a buffer, etc. To measure the forces as in the spring
equilibrium. Use force on brakes and clutches to park vehicles. The job is to store
energy like watches, games, etc. Control movement like cameras and followers by
maintaining communication between two elements.

Types of Springs

1-Compression springs are helically coiled wires designed to provide an


opposing force when compressed. Under increasing load, the space between coils
closes until the spring's compressed length is reached, when the coils touch. Key
specifications include the spring rate, helix type, spring ends type, wire diameter,
material, the various diameters, and free length. Compression springs are used
primarily in manufacturing applications, where a variable and opposing force is
required between components. The ends can be open (left as cut) or closed (where
the last coil flattened against the adjacent coil to produce a more square end
relative to the axis). Squaring the ends may also be achieved by grinding the
surface of the last coil. Compression springs, while normally fashioned from wire,
can also be machined for particularly demanding applications. Compression
springs are often wound to order but are available in stock sizes and also
assortment kits
.
2- Extension springs are helically coiled wires designed to provide an opposing
force when stretched. Key specifications include the spring rate, helix type, spring
ends type, wire diameter, material, and free and maximum extended lengths.
Extension springs are used primarily in manufacturing applications where a
variable, opposing force is required between two components. There are many
sizes, spring rates, and materials available depending on the holding forces
required. The ends are usually formed in the shape of a hook or loop and can also
be custom made. Different types of spring ends are used with extension springs,
and many of these are standardized for specific applications, usually formed in the
shape of a hook or loop, and can also be custom made. Extension springs are
normally fashioned from wire and are not self-limiting: they can be stretched
beyond their limits and are thus are limited to applications where failure isn’t a
critical issue. Extension springs are often wound to order but are available in stock
sizes and also as assortment kits

Figure:2: Extension springs Figure 1: Compressionsprings[

3- Torsion springs are helical or flat spiral coils or strips used to apply or resist
torque loads. Key specifications include the spring rate, spring ends type, wire
diameter, material, and the torque rating at a known position. Torsion springs are
used primarily in manufacturing applications as components for various motion
controls. They come in two basic types, helical (or coil) torsion springs, similar in
form to compression or extension springs, and act in a radial direction in applying
torque rather than axially to produce tension or compression, and spiral torsion
springs, wound as concentric spirals usually from flat, or rectangular, stock. Many
different types of torsion springs are available with applications ranging from
clocks and watches to motion controls in automatic machinery. Torsion springs are
often wound to ord:er but are available in stock sizes and also as assortment kits.

4- Other Springs : Constant Force Springs, Belleville Springs, Drawbar


Springs, Volute Springs, Garter Springs, Flat Springs, Gas Springs.
Compression springs are used more than extension springs in critical applications
due to their self-limiting properties. A compression spring cannot be pushed past
its breaking point, whereas an extension spring can be easily overloaded to the
point of failure. But in many situations, extension springs are fine because the
installation itself limits their range of travel. Consider the many extension springs
used in an automotive drum brake, a definitely critical application
An important consideration for both compression springs and extension springs are
their ends. Coil springs often are used with seats and grinding the ends flat allows
them to set fully into a seat. This is especially true of heavy-duty springs such as
those used in engine valve trains. Compression springs used for lighter duty
applications will often just be made with single extra loops at the ends which lay
flat compared with the spring helixes. Extension springs are available with many
varieties of hooks and loops for their ends which serve as attachments to posts,
holes, etc. Often the spring if overloaded will break at the hook, not the coil
Helical Compression springs

Spring rate (k) is ratio of change in force to the change in length


ΔF
k=
ΔL ¿
¿

force ; F = k (Lf – Lo)


Spring Rate: Ratio of mean diameter of a spring to the wire from
which the spring is constructed
Dm
C=
DW

Low indices result in difficulty with spring manufacture and in stress


concentrations induced by curvature.
Springs in the range 5 ≤ C ≤ 12 are preferred, while indices less than 3 are
generally impractical.
Pitch: Number of coils per inch of length
p
λ=tan−1
Dm

( LF ) Q
Allowable stress su=
( DW )x

Q = expected ultimate strength of a 1 inch bar


x = factor (see Appendix 11)
LF = loading factor

TC
Torsional shear stress SS =
J

Deflection of Springs

8F DNa 8 F C Na
δ= 4
=
GD W
G D4

G = shear modulus of wire material (Table 8.2)


G D4W
Spring rate, k is given by K= 3
8 Dm N A

Problem :Design a helical compression spring for the following


conditions: – ¾-inch maximum outside diameter – 2 inches free length
– 35-pound load at a ½-inch deflection • Assume severe service and
S&G ends made from music wire. • Try an outside diameter of .725-inch
and solve for Dw. • As many properties of the spring depend on the wire
size, often a wire size is assumed and then verified. • Assume Dw = .1
for this first trial And Determine the number of coils necessary to meet
the design?

Dm/Dw=.725 –1/1 = 6.25 Wahl ≈ 1.25

Su = Q/Dwx =190 ksi/Dw.154

(LF)=263
(Lf) Q/DW 154 = K F Dm /π Dw3

DW3 /DW154= K 8 F Dm /(L F) π Q

DW3 /DW154 =DW2.85 =1.25 (8) (35) (.625)/ .263 (190,000)


DW=100

δ=(8 F D Na)/(G DW^4 )

Na= δ G Dw4 / 8F Dm3

Na= .5 (11.85 x 106) (.105)4/ 8 (35) (.620)3


Na= 10.8
Find pitch: Lf = PNa + 2Dw
2 = P 10.8 + 2(.105)
P = .166 in

find the spring rate for this spring:

K=(G DW4)/(8Dm3 Na)


K= (11.85 x 106) (.105)4 / 8 (.620)3 10.8
k = 70 lb/in

REFERENCES

[1] P.S.Valsange, “Design Of Helical Coil Compression Spring” A Review”, International Journal of

Engineering Research and Applications, ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December2012,

pp.513-522.

[2] M. Ruzicka, K. Doubrava, “Loading regimes and designing helical coiled springs for safe fatigue life”,
RES. AGR. ENG., 51, 2005 (2).

[3] https://patents.google.com/

[4] https://www.shutterstock.com/

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