Silica Scaling in Water Treatment
Silica Scaling in Water Treatment
Abstract
Managing the silica scaling is a challenging task in reverse osmosis and thermal desalination process.
Silica scaling is governed largely by amorphous silica deposition, polymerisation of monosilica and
deposition of metal silicate. The mitigation of silica scaling in process shall consider all three types of
silica scaling.
It is well known that condition of scaling for these three types silica scale are very different. While
amorphous silica and polysilica scale are mostly mitigated with high pH condition, metallic silicate
e.g. Al, Ca, Mg‐ SiO4 starts to precipitate from pH 9.5.
The difference in silica scale behaviour in temperature also causes more challenge in silica mitigation
in water treatment, particularly in thermal process. The mono silica and poly‐silica showed a normal
solubility, i.e. the solubility of the species increases with the temperature. Therefore, for amorphous
silica, the highest scaling potential will happen at lower temperature process, e.g. flash chamber
(~50oC) of multi‐effect distillation (MED). However, the metallic silicate such as Ca‐ SiO4, Al‐ SiO4,
Mg‐ SiO4 demonstrates the invisible solubility. The potential of scaling will be more severe at high
temperature process, e.g. effect ‐1 of MED.
To better manage the silica scaling issue, brine speciation in different stage of process needs to be
simulated to paint a better picture of scaling. This will give an indicator of scaling tendency
( thermodynamics)in the different stage of process.
Introduction
Scaling is a significant process and flow desalination process. There are three types of
assurance issue for water treatment facilities. silica scaling:
Normally, calcite and other sulphate and i) mono silica scaling
carbonate scale are attracted most of ii) Polymerisation of mono silica
attention. While the sulphate and carbonate iii) Metal silicate scaling, e.g. Al‐ SiO4,
based scale can be managed through ion Mg‐SiO4, CaSiO4 and Fe‐SiO4 etc
exchange by removing alkali earth metal ions, Chemistry of silica scaling is critical to the
silica will normally remain in the water and mitigate the silica scaling issue in thermal
cause scaling issue downstream. The impact process, e.g. multi‐effect distillation(MED) (Al‐
of silica scaling becomes more eminent in Shammiri, 1999), as well as reverse osmosis
process.
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Silica Scaling in Water Treatment: Mechanism and Mitigation
[Al3+, ppm][ SiO2, ppm]=300, At pH7~8, temperature is sufficiently high. Comparing to
presence of 0.04~0.10 ppm Al in solution will Calcium silicate, magnesium silicate has low
precipitate amorphous silica, this is more solubility in warm waters at a high pH level.
affect the colloidial silica rather than mono
silica. Co‐precipitation of Mg(OH)2 and colloidal
silica has also been observed. Ca2+ and Mg2+
The precipitate Al with soluble silica is are also the catalyst for silica polymerisation
optimum at pH 8‐9: 20 ppm Al will reduce 100 reaction. Mg2+ has greater impact than Ca2+,
ppm SiO2 to 3 ppm. For pH range 5‐11, 4 parts which indicated higher pH promotes the
of AL are required for 1 parts of SiO2. Widely scaling of M‐ SiO4.
diverse observation suggested complexity of
alumina‐silica system. This suggested the Formation of Mg‐SiO4 is a two‐step process,
precipitation of Al‐ SiO4 is not a under relatively high pH conditions, Mg(OH)2 ,
stoichiochemical combination. It may co‐ which is an inversely soluble with respect to
deposit large quantity of SiO4 temperature, the precipitation can take place
near the surface of the heat transfer. As a
DOW recommend Al3+ less than 0.05 mg/L for deposition on a solid surface, Si (OH)4
FILMTEC to avoid the Al‐silicate fouling even condenses with any pre‐existing solids surface
silica level is below the saturation (DOW Tech that bears OH groups or any MOH surface,
Manual Excerpt). where M is a metal that will form silicate at
the pH involved. The process occurs at range
Higher pH reduces the risk of scaling of Al‐ of pH7 to pH 11. Deposition is usually carried
silicate as long as it won’t promote out at pH above 8 and it progresses faster at
precipitation of Mg, Ca‐silicate (Gunnarsson, high pH until 11. The presence of sodium
Sep, 2003). It was reported that EDTA and chloride(0.2N NaCl, 7,000 ppm Cl, 4600 ppm
citrate will react with the excess Al 3+ to inhibit Na) monovalent electrolyte will accelerate
the formation of Al‐ SiO4. However, deposition. If the silica concentration
phosphonate based antiscalant (commonly exceeded about 240 ppm, scale formation
used for calcite or sulphate scaling) will occurred when calcium was present and
promote the Al‐ SiO4scaling despite the deposition rate was over 100 times faster
presence of EDTA and/or citrate (Gabelich, than would be possible if the silica alone were
2005). involved
Mg, Ca‐silicate In a cooling tower operating at a pH level of
Similar to SiO4‐Al , CaCO3 and CaSO4, Mg, Ca‐ less than 7.5, soluble silica generally is
silicate also show inverse solubility. Therefore maintained below 100 ppm as SiO2. For a pH
the potential for the threat is higher level higher than 7.5, soluble silica should be
temperature process, e.g. effect 1 of MED, in maintained below 100 ppm (as SiO2) despite
which the temperature is as high as ~90oC. the high solubility of SiO2at higher pH. It is due
The magnesium silicate system is highly pH to the factor of potential of deposition o Mg‐
dependent. Below pH 7, essentially there is no SiO4and Ca‐ SiO4
chance of precipitation. Above pH , Rough guideline for Mg‐ SiO4 control (Amjad,
Magnesium silicate is very likely to form due 2010)
to reactive silicate ions are formed. (Meyers,
IWC‐99‐64) The temperature is important;
precipitation begins at a lower pH if the
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pH region Mg (as CaCO3) xSiO2 SiO2 Comments
<7.5 < 40,000 ppm2 Reactive SiO2< 200 Mg‐ SiO4 usually not
ppm precipitate
7.5~8.5 <12,000 ppm2 Reactive SiO2< 150 Onset of precipitation
ppm
>8.5 <3,000 ppm2 Reactive SiO2< 100 High risk pH range
ppm
Please notice that Mg here is displayed as expected. This leachant will result in metal
ppm of CaCO3, a conversion factor of 4.1 silicate scaling if the process pH is high.
should be used. This indicates 4.1 ppm of
Mg2+(as CaCO3) in this table equivalent to Loss of capacity in regeneration
1ppm of Mg2+in solution It was reported that regeneration of alumina
(for fluoride removal) with 4% of caustic soda
Interaction between different types of resulted in 5~10% alumina loss. The capacity
scales of the remaining medium is reduced by
In an environment in which CaCO3 or other 30~40%. The medium has to be replaced with
mineral precipitate is prevented completely, 3~4 regenerations.
higher silica levels generally are tolerated in
the process water as opposed to those
environment in which other scales are Conclusion
controlled ineffectively. (Amjad, 2010) Managing the silica scaling is a challenging
Suppression of calcium carbonate scale will be task in reverse osmosis and thermal
beneficial to remove crystalline matrix in desalination process. Silica scaling is governed
which silica can be entrapped and grown on it largely by amorphous silica deposition,
(Amjad, 2010). polymerisation of monosilica and deposition
of metal silicate. The mitigation of silica
scaling in process shall consider all three types
SiO2 and Hardness Removal of silica scaling.
metallic silicate such as Ca‐ SiO4, Al‐ SiO4, Mg‐ Gabelich. (2005). The role of dissolved
SiO4 demonstrates the invisible solubility. The aluminium in silica chemistry for
potential of scaling will be more severe at membrane process. Desalination, 180 ,
high temperature process, e.g. effect ‐1 of 307‐319.
MED.
Gunnarsson. (Sep, 2003). Silica scaling, the
To better manage the silica scaling issue, brine main obstacle in efficient use of high‐
speciation in different stage of process needs temperature geothermal fluid.
to be simulated to paint a better picture of International Geothermal Conference.
scaling. This will give an indicator of scaling Reykjavik.
tendency ( thermodynamics)in the different
stage of process. Iler. (1987). The chemistry of silica: solubility,
polyermization, colloid and surface
Silica scaling is not easily mitigated by simple properties, and biochemistry.
pH adjustment. For example, operating at a
high pH generates the problem of magnesium Meyers. (IWC‐99‐64). Behavior of silica in ion
silicate scale, lowing the pH shifts the exchange and other systems, .
magnesium silicate to amorphous silica
deposition. In the presence of nucleus,
Author
polymerisation of monosilica will occur to
form the sol gel aggregation.
Xiaoda Xu
To better manage the silica scaling issue, brine
Xiaoda Xu is a Registered Professional
speciation in different stage of process needs
Engineer Queensland (RPEQ) and Chartered
to be simulated to paint a better picture of
Professional (CPEng) Metallurgy, with
scaling. This will give an indicator of scaling
AusIMM. With a Ph D in Materials Science;
tendency ( thermodynamics)in the different
Master in Metallurgical Engineering and
stage of process.
Bachelor in Chemistry, he has enthusiastic
interest in Corrosion and Asset Integrity. His
Bibliography experience includes corrosion management
Al‐Shammiri. (1999). Multi‐effect distillation for major oil and gas upstream companies
plants: state of the art. Desalination, where he established corrosion management
126, 45‐59. philosophy and roadmap for coal seam gas
operation facilities. He has also mapped out
Amjad. (2010). The science and technology of detailed corrosion management plan for
industrial water treatement. National and International water and oil and
field facilities; designing and implementing
Bouguerra. (2007). Equilibrium and kinetic
corrosion risk assessment tools for upstream
studies of adsorption of silica onto
gas surface facilities which established and
activated alumina. Desalination, 206 ,
implement the fluid corrosivity monitoring
141‐146.
and testing strategy.
(n.d.). DOW Tech Manual Excerpt. DOW.
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