100170256

TABLE
S.N. PRACTICAL PAGE SIGN

01. To study the reversed carnot cycle 3-5

and its C.O.P.
02. Experiment on refrigeration test rig 6-7
and calculation of various
performance

03. To study and calculate capacity and 8-13

COP of vapour compression
refrigeration system
04. To study and calculate capacity and 14-17
COP of vapour absorption
refrigeration system

05. To study basic components of air 18-20

conditioning system

06. Experiment on air-conditioning test 21-24

rig & calculation of various
performance parameters.

07. Experiment on Ice -plant 25-28

08. Study of hermetically sealed 28-31

compressor.

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Experinment-1
OBJECTIVE:
To study the reversed carnot cycle and its C.O.P.

Apparatus:
A model of Domestic refrigeration system.

Theory:
Like the carnot heat engine , the carnot refrigeration cycle
undergoes a process with opposite directions. From the model,
heat QL is absorbed from the low temperature measure (T L=
Constant) and heat QH is rejected to a high temperature
measure (TH= constant). In this case a work input in the amount
of Wrev is required to achieve this process, and we know from
the 1st law of thermodynamics, the required work can be
determined as Wrev = -QH-QL
Here, QH<0 and QL>0.
The reversed carnot cycle also consists of two isentropic and
two isothermal processes. The process undergoes is direction
3→2→1→4→3.
Following are the process:
Process 3-2 : Reversible adiabatic compression
This process is isentropic. The engine is perfect insulated so
that no heat is lost and absorbed . Gas is compressed slowly
until the temperature rises from TL to TH.
Process 2-1 : Reversible isothermal compression (TH= constant)
During this process, heat is rejected. Gas is compressed
reversibly at the constant temperature TH.

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Process 1-4: Reversible adiabatic process

This process is isentropic. The engine is perfect insulated so
that no heat is lost and absorbed. Gas expands slowly until the
temperature drops from TH to TL.
Process 4-3 : Reversible isothermal expansion (TL= constant)
During this process, heat absorbed . Gas is compressed
reversibly at the constant temperature TH.

From the T-S diagram

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Heat absorbed, QH=TH.∆ S2-1

Heat resjected, QL=T.∆ S4-1
Change of entropy during 2 – 1 = change of entropy during 4 –
3
For a carnot refrigerator

C.O.P.= QL / (-QH-QL)
= TL / (TH-TL)
Result:
C.O.P. = QL / (-QH-QL)
= TL / (TH-TL)

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Experiment-2
OBJECTIVE :
Experiment on refrigeration test rig and calculation of various
performance parameters.

Apparatus :
compressor, condenser, evaporator, control panel, refrigerant.

Theory :
The coefficient of performance of refrigeration plant is given by
the ratio of heat absorbed, by the refrigerant when passing
through the evaporator or the system, to the working input to
the compressor to compress the refrigeration . Co-efficient of
refrigeration cycle is given by the ratio of net refrigeration effect
to the power required to run the compressor.
COP(cycle)= Net refrigerant effect in unit time/ Power input in
unit time
∆T
= m∁ p kWh

Where,
Cp =Specific heat of refrigerant
∆T= Temperature difference (T1 -T2)
kWh = kilowatt hours energy meter reading (1 kWh
= 3600 joule)
=m Cp ∆T/3.88

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Procedure:
Switch on the compressor and let it run for considerable period of
time. Fill the measured amount of water in cooling chamber.
Measure initial temperature of water. Note down the temperature of
water after 20 minutes, note down the power consumed by the
compressor.

Observations:
S.NO. Energy meter Mass of Temperature
reading(kWh) water(Kg) of chilling
water final
∆ T (℃ )
Initial(a0 Final(b) C=(b-
a)
1
2
3
4

Calculations:

Result:
The COP and tonnage capacity are calculated for different
cases, and is found out to be……….

Precautions:
Keep the instrument clean and away from dust
Move the equipment carefully
Take the readings carefully under steady state conditions.

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Experiment- 3
OBJECTIVE:
To Study Refrigeration test rig and to study the vapour
compression refrigeration cycle.

Aim:
To calculate co-efficient of performance with the help of P-h
diagram.

Theory:

Vapour Compression Cycle:

The refrigerant starts at some initial state or condition, passes
through a series of processes in a
definite sequence and returns to the initial condition. This series
of processes is called a cycle.

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The Standard Vapour Compression Cycle (SVCC) consists of

the following processes:
Process 1-2: Reversible adiabatic compression from the
saturated vapour to a super heated Condition (electrical)
input.
Process 2-3: Reversible heat rejection at constant pressure (de-
superheating and condensation of the refrigeration
Process 3-4: Irreversible constant enthalpy expansion from high
pressure saturated liquid to a low- pressure liquid and small
amount of vapour.
Process 4-1: Reversible heat absorption at constant pressure from
space to be cooled.

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Standard Vapour Compressor Cycle :

Compressor:
The main function of compressor is to raise the pressure and
temperature of the refrigerant by the compression of the
refrigerant vapour and then pump it into the condenser

Condenser:
Condense the vapour refrigerant into the liquid by condenser
fan and passes it into the receiver tank for recirculation.

Capillary Tube:
It expands the liquid refrigerant at high pressure to the liquid
refrigerant at low pressure so that a measured quantity of liquid
refrigerant is passed into the evaporator.

Evaporator:
Evaporates the liquid refrigerant by absorbing the heat into
vapour refrigerant and sends back into the compressor.

Drier:
A drier is used in between the condenser and expansion
device. The main function of the drier is to absorb the moisture
from the liquid refrigerant and filter the dust particles.

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Accumulator:
An accumulator is fitted in between the Evaporator and
Compressor. It prevents the liquid refrigerant from entering
the compressor.

Co-efficient of Performance:
The coefficient of performance of (C.O.P.) of a refrigerating
cycle is defined as the ratio between net refrigeration (output)
and compressor work (input).

C.O.P= RE/CW
RE= H1-H4
CW=H2-H1
H 1−H 4
C.O.P.= H 2−H 1

Experimental Procedure:
1.For operation fill known amount of water in the evaporator
tank.
2.Put the temperature sensor T6 in the evaporator tank.
3.Note down the reading of temperature T6i.
4. Switch ON the mains power supply.
5. Switch ON the compressor.
6. Wait for 2-3 minutes to switch ‘ON’ the compressor.
7. Open the valves below the pressure gauges.

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8. Switch ON the pump for 30 sec after every 10 minutes.

9. After 10 minutes, note the temperature sensors reading.
10. Note down the voltage and current.
11. Note down the time.
12. Note down the reading of pressure gauges.
13. Note all the reading after every 10 minute till the
temperature of water in evaporator comes
constant.
14. Repeat the experiment for different volume of water.
15. Repeat the experiment by switching ‘ON’ the heater (load
condition)
16. Switch ‘OFF’ the main supply.
17.. Close water supply to rotameter.
18. Open the valve to drain out the water.

Observation & Calculations:

Data:
Power factor Cos Φ = 0.7
Density of water w = 1000 kg/m3
Specific heat of water Cp = 4.186 kJ/kg oC
Heater Capacity W = …………….KW

Observation Table: 11 | P a g e

T6i = ------------ (oC)

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Sr. t P1 P2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Vwr V I
No min kg/cm kg/cm (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (LPH (Volts (Amp
2 2
) ) )

Calculations :

Result:

Precautions & Maintenance Instructions:

1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180
volts and above 230 volts.
2. Do not start unit, before putting the water in the evaporator.
3. During the observation do note open the evaporator.

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Experiment-4
OBJECTIVE:
To study Electrolux Refrigeration system .
Aim:
To determine COP of Vapour absorption refrigeration system.

Theory:
The flow of fluids in the system has been shown in the
diagram with different shadings and the index of these
shadings also indicated in diagram. Vertical boiler in which
an aqua solution of ammonia can range itself from distilled
water at the bottom of the boiler to strong ammonia vapour at
the surface of liquid.
A water separator which is provided to remove water vapour so
that they should not enter the
condenser, get condensed there and pass on to evaporator
where chocking might occur due to
its freezing. The water vapour is formed in the boiler as some of
the water may evaporate on application of heat to the boiler.
The separator is a jacket with liquid ammonia at pressure of
about 14 bar gauge for which the saturation temperature is
about 40 ºC.
The dehydrate ammonia gas gets condensed to liquid in the
condenser and gravitates to ‘U’
tube which acts as seal for a gas to enter the evaporator, or
any gas passing from evaporator
to condenser.

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Working:
1. Strong ammonia solution flows from the absorber vessel to
the boiler.
2. When the ammonia solution is heated in the boiler, bubbles
of ammonia as raises from the
pump.
3. The ammonia vapour passes into the condenser.
4. Weak ammonia solution flows into the tube.
5. Air circulating over the fins of the condenser. Cool down
the vapour. Condensing it in
liquid ammonia.
6. Liquid ammonia flows through the pipe to the evaporator.

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7. The hydrogen in the evaporator lowers the ammonia

vapour pressure and makes it
evaporate.
8. This process extracts heat from the evaporator, which in
turn extracts heat from the food
storage space. Thereby the temperature inside the
refrigeration is lowered.
9. The mixture of hydrogen and ammonia passes from the
evaporator to the absorber.
10. Weak ammonia solution is fed from the boiler system.
11. As it turns to the absorber vessel, it absorbs the ammonia
from the ammonia/hydrogen
mixture and gets ready for another round in the boiler.
12. Ensure that all ON / OFF switches given on the panel are
at OFF position.
13. Switch ON the main Supply.
14. Switch ON the refrigerator.
15. Record the temperatures when the steady state is
achieved.

Observation & Calculation:

Observation Table:
S. No. T1 (oC) T2 (oC) T3 (oC)

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Calculations:

Result:

Precaution & Maintenance Instructions:

1.Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts
& above than 230 volts.
2. Unnecessary handling of equipment should be avoided.
3 Never open the refrigerator during the experiment.

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Experiment-5
OBJECTIVE:
To study basic components of air-conditioning system.

Prerequisites:
The purpose of an air conditioner is to maintain a
comfortable indoor environment.
The comfort is determined by a combination of 3 factors:
 Temperature.
 Humidity.
 Air Distribution.
For this reason, the main purposes of air conditioners are to:
 Control room temperatures (cooling/heating).
 Control room humidity levels (drying, humidifying).
 Optimise air flow (circulation, distribution).
 Clean the air (filtration).
An Air Conditioner Consists of Four Main Sections:
Refrigerant circuit components: Circulation of the refrigerant and
radiation of heat. (Compressor, evaporator, condenser,
capillary tube, etc.).
Ventilation System: Distribution of air (indoor) Heat dissipation
(outdoor). (Fan, filter, duct etc.).
Electrical parts: Climate control (Starting relay, over load protector,
thermostat, and motor).
Other: Unit casing, etc.

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Refrigerant circuit components:

Compressor: Compresses the refrigerant from low pressure (low
temperature) to
high pressure (high temperature). This conversion raises the
boiling point to higher temperature levels, facilitating
elimination of the heat brought by the outdoor air.
Condenser: This component receives gas at high pressure and high
temperature from the compressor. In air-cooled condensers,
the metallic surfaces cool the gas which changes status and
turns to liquid. In the case of water-cooled condensers, it is the
circulation of the water that produces the same cooling effect.
Evaporator: After expansion refrigerant enters in to evaporator it
absorbs heat from the surrounding air and produces cooled air.
Expansion Device: A narrowing of a tube connected along the line
between the condenser and the evaporator with diameters
ranging from 1 to 2 mm. and lengths ranging between 1 and
2 m.
Ventilation System:
Fan: following two types of fans may be used for the
transmission of air:

1. Centrifugal fan:
Centrifugal fan may have following three types of blades:
a. Radial or straight blades.
b. Forward curved blades.

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c. Backward curved blades.

2. Axial flow fan:
Axial fans are divided into following three groups:
a. Propeller fan.
b. Tube axial fan.
c. Vane axial fan
Electrical System:
1. Starting Relay: It is used to provide necessary starting
torque required to
start the motor.
2. Overload Protector: It is used to protect the compressor
motor winding
from damage due to excessive current, in the event of
overloading due to
some fault.
3. Thermostat: A thermostat is used to control the
temperature in the
refrigerator. The bulb of the thermostat is clamped to the
evaporator.

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Experiment - 6
OBJECTIVE:
Experiment on air-conditioning test rig & calculation of
various performance parameters.

Prerequisites:
1. Basic concept of thermodynamics, Heat transfer and
psychrometry.
2. Understanding of refrigeration cycle.

Test Rig Specification:

Compressor ISI, hermetically sealed, reciprocating

Condenser compressor
Fin tube type air cooled condenser with
Evaporator variable speed
Fin & Tube fan type
(copper)
Refrigerant Freon, R-22
Fan Blower Standard Make
Set
Control Panel  Suction pressure gauge for low
pressure measurement
 Discharge pressure gauge for High
pressure measurement
 Expansion Device
 Filter/Drier
 High pressure cutout
 Main switch, digital type
Voltage Single phase, 220 V, 50 Hz AC supply.

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Theory:
The performance of Air-Conditioning system is expressed in
terms of COP. The COP of air conditioning system is given by:
C.O.P. = HR/Power Input
where,
HR is heat removed = m.CP.ΔT
m = mass of air supplied /sec
Cp= specific heat of air
∆ T= T1-T2
T1=surrounding air temperature
T2= duct air temperature
m= Va/Vaa
Va= quantity of air supply
Vaa= area of duct * velocity of air=L*B√ 2 ( Pstag−Pstate ) / ρ
Pstag= stagnation or total pressure
Pstate= static pressure
Power input measured by energy meter

Procedure:
Switch on the power supply to system i.e. start the
compressor simultaneously start fan blower motor also. Now
compressed refrigerant passing through the condenser and
after condensing. It goes to evaporator, where due to cooling
effect air, which is sucked by blower cools.

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After few minute the air at the outlet of air duct will become
cool at that time.
And also measure the static and total pressure by using V-
tube manometer and
pilot tube.

Observation table:

S.No. T1 T2 Psta Pstat Energy meter reading (kWh)

g
Initial (a) Final (b) C = (b  a)
1
2
3
4

Calculations:

Result:

Precautions:
1. Run the system for quite some time before taking readings.
2. Note down number of revolutions of energy meter carefully
with the help
of stop watch.

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3. Insure considerable cooled air output from air duct.

4. The system should not switch OFF immediately after once
switched ON.
5. The control valve of pressure and compound gauge
should open partly;
when it is required to measure pressure otherwise valves
must be closed.
6. Do not twist any pipe line and handle all switches valves
very carefully
only as and when required.

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Experiment - 7
OBJECTIVE:
Experiment on Ice-plant.

Prerequisites:
1. Basic concepts of Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer and
psychrometry.
2. Understanding of refrigeration cycle.

Test Rig Specification:

Compressor ISI hermetically sealed

Condenser Air Cooled- Standard
reciprocating type. make.
Ice Plant Tank Mild Steel (Thermally Insulated)
Cooling Coil Water Immersed type
Ice Cans Made of G.I. Sheet.
Primary refrigerant Freon, R-22
Secondary Brine.
Refrigerant
Control Panel  Expansion device
(Thermostatic
Expansion Valve).
 Drier.
 Pressure gauges.
 Main switch, digital type
Voltage Single phase, 220 V, 50 Hz AC
supply.

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Theory:
The ratio of heat removed to work input is called the co-
efficient of performance of a refrigerating machine.
C.O.P.= Heat output/ Power input
∆T
=∁ p kWh

Where,
m = Mass of water is ice cane in kg
Cp= Specific heat of water = 4.18
∆ T= Temperature (in K) drop of ice cane water in unit time
kWh= Power consumed by the compressor in unit time

PROCEDURE:
Fill the water in ice canes. The measured quantity of water
should be filled. And keep the ice canes in brine tank and
close the door. Switch on the power supply to compressor, at
the time of starting note down the initial temperature of ice
cane water and energy meter reading. Also switch on the stop
on the stop watch take the readings of ice cane temperature
and energy meter at the interval of 5 minutes. Take enough
set of readings for considerable difference in temperature.
Finally, Switch off the compressor and drain the ice can water.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No Mass of Temperature Energy Meter Time
. reading
Water (sec)
(Kg) Initial Final ΔT Initial Final
(T1) (T2)
1
2
3
4

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Run the system for quite some time before taking readings.
2. Note down number of revolutions of energy meter carefully
with the help
of stop watch.
3. Do not open the door of Ice Box.
4. Measure time precisely.
5. Once experiment is over, drain water from Ice canes.

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6. Do not twist any pipe line and handle all switches valves
very carefully
only as and when required.

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EXPERIMENT - 8
OBJECTIVE:
Study of hermetically sealed compressor.

PREREQUISITES:
Compressor function in refrigeration cycle, types of
compressor, hermetically sealed compressor.
Hermetically Sealed Compressor:
(a) hermetic or sealed type compressor are directly
connected on electric motor,
the motor and compressor operates on the same
shaft and are enclosed in
common casing. Compact units of this type are
used almost exclusively in
domestic refrigeration and also in home cold storage
plants, drinking fountains,
ice cream and food displayed cabinets. They are
made to operate on either the
reciprocating or rotary principle and may be mounted
with the shaft in either in
the vertical or horizontal position. The rpm is same for
compressor and motor.
The one- piece housing provides for quietness and
minimum of vibration. In
addition, the seal and compiling are eliminated. The
motor operates in an ideal
atmosphere. As it is entirely enclosed no airborne
dust can reach it. Important
sub-systems in hermetically sealed compressor are as
under. a. Suction & discharge of refrigerant: Service
valves are used for suction,
discharge refrigerant to compressor. It is
also used to connect pressure
gauge. For filling refrigerant to compressor
initially, charging valve is also
present.

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(b) Cooling:
suction gas at 10 to 15 degree C cools the motor and
shell. Also
the compressor has oil-cooling tube,
which cools the lubricating oil in
compressor & placed in the form of a loop
at the bottom. Refrigerant &
cooling through this tube takes heat from
lubricant & dissipate in oil
cooler placed just above the tubing.
(c.) Anti slug device:
An anti slug device consisting basically of two
assemblies. One is the centrifuge, press
fitted on the crankshaft, rotates at
the speed of compressor. The refrigerant is
drawn in through the h in the
top. Any liquid or oil is expelled
through the slots on the side by
centrifugal force & the gas being lighten is
drawn through the slots in the
hub. The second assembly collects the gas
and directs it to the cylinder
heads.

(d. )Power transmission mechanism:

A 230-v electric power supply is given
to the stator through relay. The rotor which has
crank shaft generally rotates. The crankshaft through
e reciprocates. The refrigerant is sucked &
discharged through suction read & flapper valve plate.
(e. )Lubrication system:
The lubricating oil along with refrigerant is
discharged during compression. Lubricating oil travels
on high-pressure
side up to capillary tube only and from here major
lubricating oil return
back to compressor. Oil separated by oil separator
is collected at lower
part of the compressor in sump from where it is led
to piston - cylinder
assembly and other moving parts by splash
lubrication. Care should be taken to use the standard,
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directed lubricating oil only for particular type

of refrigerant, otherwise it may form sludge, wax
when mixed with the
refrigerant.

1. Take out the oil from the dome of the compressor

through suction or
charging line.
2. Cut the welding of dome with the help of hacksaw
and separate the two
halves of the dome.
3. Clean the dome properly.
4. Take out the compressor motor assembly from the
dome by removing spring attached to the dome.
5. Remove the suction and discharge mufflers and study their
function.
6. Open the valve assembly.
7. Note the construction of suction valve.
8. Note the construction of discharge valve and
retainer and spring for
discharge valve.
9. Study the working of both valves.
10. Rotate the crankshaft and note how the motion is
transferred from
crankshaft to the piston.
11. Also note the type of crankshaft used.
12. Dismantle the crankshaft and connecting rod.
13. Also separate the piston from the connecting rod
by taking out the
piston pin.
14. Note whether the piston rings are available or not.
15. Note the material of each part and their functions.
16. See if there is any defect with any part and note it.
17. Remove the defect by repairing or changing the part if
required.
18. See if there is any defect in electric motor with
the help of a multi
meter and note it.
19. Get it rectified from the electrician if there is any
defect. Now assemble the parts in correct sequence
using the proper size gaskets.

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