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Physical Layer PDF

The document discusses different aspects of physical layer communication including: 1) Shannon's channel capacity theorem which defines the maximum data rate possible over a channel based on its bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. 2) Guided transmission media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and fiber optics which can transmit data over long distances with fiber having advantages like high bandwidth and resistance to interference. 3) Wireless transmission using electromagnetic waves of different frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum for communication without a physical medium. 4) Switching techniques like circuit switching, message switching, and packet switching used to exchange information between computer networks with packet switching placing an upper limit on block size.

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Alauddin
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59 views

Physical Layer PDF

The document discusses different aspects of physical layer communication including: 1) Shannon's channel capacity theorem which defines the maximum data rate possible over a channel based on its bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. 2) Guided transmission media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and fiber optics which can transmit data over long distances with fiber having advantages like high bandwidth and resistance to interference. 3) Wireless transmission using electromagnetic waves of different frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum for communication without a physical medium. 4) Switching techniques like circuit switching, message switching, and packet switching used to exchange information between computer networks with packet switching placing an upper limit on block size.

Uploaded by

Alauddin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Physical Layer

Chapter 2
The Maximum Data Rate of a Channel
• Shannon's result:
• the maximum data rate of a noisy channel
whose bandwidth is H Hz, and whose signal-
to-noise ratio is S/N, is given by

• Example: a channel of 3000-Hz bandwidth


with a signal to thermal noise ratio of 30 dB
can never transmit much more than 30,000
bps.
Guided Transmission Media
• Media are roughly grouped into guided media,
such as copper wire and fiber optics, and
unguided media, such as radio and lasers
through the air.
• Magnetic Media
Guided Transmission Media
• Twisted Pair

• Figure: (a) Category 3 UTP. (b) Category 5 UTP.


• Up-and-coming categories are 6 and 7, which
are capable of handling signals with
bandwidths of 250 MHz and 600 MHz,
respectively (versus a mere 16 MHz and 100
MHz for categories 3 and 5, respectively).
Guided Transmission Media
• Coaxial Cable
Guided Transmission Media
• Fiber Optics
Comparison of Fiber Optics and Copper Wire

• Fiber has many advantages:


• it can handle much higher bandwidths than
copper.
• Due to the low attenuation, repeaters are
needed only about every 50 km on long lines,
versus about every 5 km for copper,
• a substantial cost saving.
Comparison of Fiber Optics and Copper Wire

• Fiber has many advantages:


• Not affected by power surges,
electromagnetic interference, or power
failures.
• Not affected by corrosive chemicals in the air,
making it ideal for harsh factory
environments.
• it is thin and lightweight.
• do not leak light and are quite difficult to tap.
Comparison of Fiber Optics and Copper Wire
• Fiber has some disadvantages:
• fiber is a less familiar technology requiring
skills not all engineers have, and fibers can be
damaged easily by being bent too much.
• Since optical transmission is inherently
unidirectional, two-way communication
requires either two fibers or two frequency
bands on one fiber.
• fiber interfaces cost more than electrical
interfaces.
Wireless Transmission
(unguided media)
• Some people believe that the future holds only
two kinds of communication: fiber and wireless.
• When electrons move, they create
electromagnetic waves that can propagate
through space.
• When an antenna of the appropriate size is
attached to an electrical circuit, the
electromagnetic waves can be broadcast efficiently
and received by a receiver some distance away. All
wireless communication is based on this principle.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• In vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at
the same speed, no matter what their
frequency. (speed of light, c = 3 x 108 m/sec)
• In copper or fiber the speed slows to about
2/3 of this value and becomes slightly
frequency dependent.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• LF band goes from 1 km to 10 km (approximately 30 kHz to 300 kHz)
Switching
• Switching is the most valuable asset of computer networking.
Every time in computer network you access the internet or
another computer network outside your immediate location,
or your messages are sent through a maze of transmission
media and connection devices. The mechanism for exchange
of information between different computer networks and
network segments is called switching in Networking.

• Two different switching techniques are used nowadays:


– circuit switching and
– packet switching.
Circuit Switching
• An important property of circuit switching is
the need to set up an end-to-end path before
any data can be sent.
Message Switching
• no physical path is established in advance between
sender and receiver.
• when the sender has a block of data to be sent, it is
stored in the first switching office (i.e., router) and
then forwarded later, one hop at a time.
• no limit at all on block size
• Each block is received in its entirety, inspected for
errors, and then retransmitted.
• A network using this technique is called a store-and-
forward network,
• first electromechanical telecommunication systems
used message switching, namely, for telegrams.
Packet Switching
• Packet-switching networks place a tight upper
limit on block size,
• make sure that no user can monopolize any
transmission line very long
Timing of events in (a) circuit switching, (b) message
switching, (c) packet switching
Thank You !!!

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