March 18, 2020

Inductive Reasoning

 Inductive reasoning is characterized by drawing a general conclusion (making a conjecture) from

repeated observations of specific examples.
 Inductive reasoning, also known as induction, is when you make conclusions based upon current
knowledge, Observation and patterns.
 Logically true
 May or may not be realistically true
 Specific argument General Conclusion
a. Statement 1: Mango is a fruit (Specific Statement)

Statement 2: The box is full of fruits (Specific Statement)

Conclusion: The box is full of Mangoes (General Conclusion)

 Logically True
× But realistically may or may not be true
b. Statement 1: Our house is made of redwood. (Specific Statement)

Statement 2: Both of my next-door neighbors have redwood houses. (Specific Statement)

Conclusion: All houses in our neighborhood are made of redwood. (General Conclusion)

 Logically True
× But realistically may or may not be true

Conjecture

 The conclusion you draw from inductive reasoning.

 A conjecture is not supported by proof.
 May or may not be true

Counterexample

 It is an example that disproves a proposition.

 It exists all around us in the world and are often used in mathematics to prove
propositions are false.
 Counter examples are important to geometry for proving conditional statements false.

Deductive Reasoning

 Deductive reasoning is characterized by applying general principles to specific examples.

 Logically True
 Realistically True
 General Argument Specific Conclusion
a. Statement 1: All mangoes are fruits (General Statement)

Statement 2: All fruits have seeds (General Statement)

Conclusion: Mangoes have seeds (Specific Conclusions)

  Logically True
 Realistically True
b. Statement 1: All word processer will type the symbol @. (General Statement)

Statement 2: I have a word processor. (General Statement)

Conclusion: I can type the symbol @. (Specific Conclusions)

 Logically True
 Realistically True
c. Statement 1: Today is Friday. (General Statement)

Conclusion: Tomorrow will be Saturday. (Specific Conclusions)

 The fact that Saturday follows Friday is being used, even though this fact is not explicitly
stated. Conclusion comes from general facts that apply to this special case.
d. 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23
 Each number in the list is obtained by adding 4 to the previews number. The probable
next number is 23+4=27.
e. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21
 Beginning with the third number in the list, each number is obtained by adding the two
previews numbers in the list. That is, 1+1=2, 1+2=3, 2+3=5, and so on. The probable next
number in the list is 13+21=34. These are the first few term of Fibonacci sequence.
f. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
 It appears here that in order to obtain each number after the first, we must double the
previews number. Therefore, the most probable next number is 16x2=32.

PS

Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of the following lists.

1. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, ___11_, ___13_, _14___.

Solution: Each number in the list is obtained by adding 1 and 2 alternately to the previews number. That
is 1+1=2, 2+2=4,4+1=5, and so on. Therefore, 10+1=11,11+2=13,13+1=14

2. 1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 7, 5,____, ____, ____.

3. 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, 29, __37__, _46___, __56__.

Solution: Each number in the list is obtained by adding a counting numbers to the previews number.
That is 1+1=2,2+2=4,4+3=7,7+4=11 and so on. The probable next number is 29+8=37,37+9=46,46+10=56

4. 6, 10, 22, 58, 166, 490, ____, ____, ____.

5. 9, 12, 11, 14, 13, 16, 15, 18, _17___, __20__, _19___.
Solution: It appears here that in order to obtain each number, we must add 3 to the previews number
and decrease 1 to the next number. Do it alternately like this, 9+3=12,12-1=11,11+3=14, and so on.
Therefore, the probable next number is 18-1=17, 17+3=20,20-1=19.

Verify that each of the following statements is false by finding a counterexample.

x+3
1. =x+1
3
1+ 3 4 4
Solution: x=1, = but 1+1=2. Then, ≠ 2, implies that the statement is false.
3 3 3
2. √ x 2+16❑ = x + 4
Solution: x=2, √ 22+ 16=5 but 2+4=6. Then, 5≠6, implies that the statement is false.

3. Every number that is a multiple of 10 is divisible by 4.

Solution: We’ll pick a few numbers at random that are multiples of 10 then divide it by 4, and see if
there’s a remainder.

Let’s try 160 as our first try,

160/4=40

Now let us try 850

850/4=212.5

This counterexample shows that the conjecture is false.

4. All prime numbers are odd numbers.

Solutions: No, not all prime numbers are odd. There is one even prime number, all the
others are odd. The number 2, which is the only even prime number. By definition a
prime number has only 2 factors - itself and 1.

1. Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture for the answer.

2. Use deductive reasoning to prove your conjecture.

Problem:

a) Think of any number.

b) Multiply that number by 2.

c) Then, add 6
 d) Divide the result by 2

e) Subtract the original number.

f) What is the result?

Problem Inductive Deductive

Think of any number. 5 n
Multiply that number by 2. 5x2=10 2n
Then, add 6 10+6=16 2n+6
Divide the result by 2 16/2=8 (2n+6)/2 = n+3
Subtract the original number. 8-5=3 n+3-n=3
Therefore, the result is 3.

A) Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture for the answer.

B) Use deductive reasoning to prove your conjecture.

1. Think of any number. Multiply that number by 3, then add 30, and divide the result
by 3. Next subtract the original number. What is the result?

Problem Inductive Deductive

Think of any number. 10 n
Multiply that number by 3, 10x3=30 3n
Add 30 30+30=60 3n+30
Divide the result by 3 60/3=20 (3n+30)/3 = n+10
Subtract the original number 20-10=10 n+10-n=10
Therefore the result is 10.

2. Pick a number. Add 16. Multiply by 3. Add 2. Subtract twice the original number.
Subtract 50. What is the result?

Problem Inductive Deductive

Pick a number 100 n
Multiply by 3 100x3=300 3n
Add 2 300+2=302 3n+2
Subtract twice the original 302-2(100)=102 (3n+2)-2(n)
number.
Subtract 50 102-50=52 ((3n+2)-2(n))-50
Therefore the result is 52.

3.Think of a number. Double it. Subtract 20 from the answer. Divide by 2. Subtract the
original number. What is the result?

Problem Inductive Deductive

Think of a number 50 n
Double it 50x2=100 2n
 Subtract 20 from the answer 100-20=80 2n-20
Divide by 2 80/2=40 (2n-20)/2= n-10
Subtract the original 40-50=-10 n-10-n=-10
number.

Therefore the result is -10.

4.Pick a number. Multiply it by 9. Add 21. Divide by 3. Subtract 3 times the original
number What is the result?

Problem Inductive Deductive

Pick a number 5 n
Multiply it by 9 5x9=45 9n
Add 21 45+21=66 9n+21
Divide by 3 66/3=22 (9n+21)/3= 3n+7
subtract 3 times the original 22-3(5)=7 3n+7-3n
number
Therefore the result is 7.

A. Construct a difference table to predict the next term of each sequence.

1). 1, 7, 17, 31, 49, 71, …

2). 10, 10, 12, 16, 22, 30, …

3). -1, 4, 21, 56, 115, 204, …

4). 0, 10, 24, 56, 112, 190, …

5). 9, 4, 3, 12, 37, 84, …

B. Use the given nth-term formula to compute the first five terms of the sequence.

n(2 n+1) n
1). An = 2). An = 5n2 – 3n 3). an = 4). An = 2n3 –n2
2 n+1

1. A fresh graduate applied for a job. He has two offers. One pays an hourly wage of P19.20 per
hour with a 40-hour work week. He work for 50 weeks and get two weeks paid vacation. The
second offer is a salaried position, offering P41,000 per year. Which job will pay more?

2. Nutritionist often say that you need to burn 3,500 calories while exercising to shed one pound of
excess body fat. A general rule of thumb on exercise is that an average-sized person can burn
about 100 calories while walking a mile at a fairly brisk pace. How many miles per day would an
average person have to walk in order to shed a pound of body fat in a week?
3. Mr. Jack E. Bagbaga’s car gets 28 miles per gallon on long trips. He leaves home, bound for a
friend’s house 370 miles away. If he makes the drive in 6 hours, how many gallons of gas per
hour is he burning?