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A. IMAGERY
 language used by poets, novelists and other writers to create images in the mind of the reader.
 to use figurative language to represent objects, actions, and ideas in such a way that it appeals to our
physical senses.
 consists of descriptive language that can function as a way for the reader to better imagine the world of
the piece of literature and also add symbolism to the work.

Types of Imagery
1. Visual imagery – describes what we see.
“It was dark and dim in the forest.”

 Colors: burnt red, bright orange, dull yellow, and verdant green
 Shapes: circle, square, circular, tabular, and rectangular
 Size: tiny, small, medium-sized, large and gigantic
 Pattern: polka-dotted, stripped, zig-zagged, jagged, straight, and geometric

2. Auditory imagery – describes what we hear.

“The children were screaming and shouting in the fields.”

 Enjoyable sounds: beautiful music, birdsong, choir

 Noises: bang of a gun, broken glass shattering on the hard floor
 Lack of noise for peaceful calm or eerie silence

3. Olfactory imagery – describes what we smell.

“He whiffed the aroma of brewed coffee.”

 Fragrances: perfumes, enticing food and drinks, and blooming flowers

 Odors: rotting trash, body odors, and stinky socks

4. Gustatory imagery- describes what we tastes.

“The fresh and juicy orange is very cold and sweet.”

 Sweetness: ;candies, cookies, and desserts

 Sourness, bitterness, tartness: lemons and limes
 Saltiness: salted eggs, pretzels, and french fries.
 Spiciness: salsas and curries
 Savoriness/Umami: steak and soup

5. Tactile imagery – describes what we feel or touch.

“The girl ran her hands on a soft satin fabric.”

 Temperature: bitter cold, humidity, mildness, and stifling heat.

 Texture: rough, ragged, seamless, and smooth.
 Touch: the feeling when you walk barefoot in the field, your sweat running down your face, and
running your fingers on a fabric

6. Kinesthetic imagery – pertains to movements

 Kicking a soccer ball, swimming in cold water, and running to catch the jeepney.

7. Organic imagery/subjective imagery – pertains to personal experiences of a characters body and

deals with creating a specific feeling or emotion within the reader.
 Emotions, adrenaline rush, excitement, fearful, nostalgic…
 Sense of hunger, thirst, fatigue, and pain

8. Phenomenological imagery – pertains to the mental conception of an item as opposed to the physical
version.

B. FIGURES OF SPEECH
 is a word or phrase using figurative language—language that has other meaning than its normal
definition.
 rely on implied or suggested meaning, rather than a dictionary definition.
 is an intentional deviation from ordinary language, chosen to produce a rhetorical effect.

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TROPES: Words, phrases, or images that are used in a way that is not intended by its original, or official,
definition.

SCHEMES: The way a collection of words or phrases is organized in order to create rhetorical effect (meaning,
to enhance understanding or affect emotion or to give emphasis).

TROPES

Reference
1. Metaphor: Reference of one thing to imply another
“Tom's eyes were ice as he stared at her.”
2. Simile: Explicit comparison of two unlike things
“You were as brave as a lion.”
3. Synecdoche: A part is used for a whole or a whole is used for a part
“He has many mouths to feed.”
4. Metonymy: Naming an object or concept to refer to another, related object or concept
“The White House will be making an announcement around noon today.”
5. Personification: Referencing inanimate objects with human-like qualities or abilities
“The flowers danced in the gentle breeze.”

Wordplay & Puns

6. Antanaclasis: Repetition of a word with two different definitions
“We must, indeed, all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately.” –Benjamin Franklin
7. Paronomasia: Use of words similar in sound but different in meaning (punning)
“Pour out corruption’s slag from every pore.”
8. Syllepsis/Zeugma: Use of the same word differently to modify two or more objects
“It's a small apartment. I've barely enough room to lay my hat and a few friends.”
9. Onomatopoeia: Forming a word to imitate a sound
"How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle in the icy air of night!“

Substitutions
10. Anthimeria/Antimeria: is the usage of a word in a new grammatical form, most often the usage of a noun as
a verb.
“I could use a good sleep.”
11. Periphrasis: Circumlocution; use of a descriptive phrase or proper noun to stand for qualities of the phrase
or noun
“In my humble opinion, I think…” (redundant)

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Overstatement/Understatement
12. Hyperbole: Exaggeration for effect
“He's running faster than the wind.”
13. Auxesis: rhetorical term for a gradual increase in the intensity of meaning with words arranged in
ascending order of force or importance.
"It's a well-hit ball, it's a long drive, it might be, it could be, it IS ... a home run."
14. Litotes: Deliberate understatement
“They aren’t unhappy with the presentation.”
15. Meiosis: Use of a term to describe something disproportionately greater than the term implies
Grease-monkey for mechanic; Shrink for psychiatrist

Inversions
16. Rhetorical Question: is asked just for effect, or to lay emphasis on some point being discussed, when no
real answer is expected.
“Is the Pope catholic?”
I7. Irony: Use of terms to convey a meaning opposite of the terms’ literal meaning
“The new manager is as friendly as a rattlesnake.”
18. Oxymoron: Placing two opposing terms side by side
“Paid volunteers were working for the company.”
19. Paradox: Contradictory phrase that contains some measure of truth
“I must be cruel to be kind.” – Hamlet

SCHEMES

Balance
20. Parallelism: Similarity in structure between words and phrases
“Mother was very busy gathering the laundry, dusting the furniture, and washing the dishes.”
21. Antithesis: Juxtaposing two contradictory ideas
"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." - Neil Armstrong.
22. Climax: Ordering words and phrases in order of increasing importance
“Kevin has worked very hard to try out for the soccer team at school. The coach has posted a list of this
year's team members on his office door. Kevin walks forward to look at the list . . . .”

Word Order
23. Anastrophe: Inversion of natural speaking word order
"Strong in the force, you are." Yoda, Star Wars
24. Parenthesis: Insertion of terms or phrases that interrupt the natural syntactical flow
“The Ateneo de Manila University (ADMU) is where my mom went to school.”
25. Apposition: Addition of words to clarify or elaborate what came before
“My sister, Adrienne Marie, loves horror films.”

Omission/Inclusion
26. Ellipsis: Omission of words implied by context
“But I thought we were meeting on Friday…?”
27. Asyndeton: Omission of conjunctions between clauses
“Without looking, without making a sound, without talking” - Oedipus at Colonus, by Sophecles
28. Brachylogia: Omission of conjunctions between a series of words
“”
29. Polysyndeton: An overabundance of conjunctions
“The dinner was so good; I ate the chicken, and the salad, and the turkey, and the wild rice, and the
bread, and the mashed potatoes, and the cranberry sauce.”

Repetition
30. Alliteration: Repetition of consonants in two or more words
“Dan's dog dove deep in the dam, drinking dirty water as he dove.”
31. Assonance: Repetition of similar vowel sounds
"Hear the mellow wedding bells"
32. Polyptoton: Repetition of words derived from the same root
“With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder.”
33. Antanaclasis: is to repeat a word or phrase but with a different meaning than in the first case.
“I’m not a businessman, I’m a business, man!”—Jay-Z
34. Anaphora: Repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses
“My life is my purpose. My life is my goal. My life is my inspiration.”

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35. Epistrophe: Repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
“Hourly joys be still upon you! Juno sings her blessings on you …
Scarcity and want shall shun you,
Ceres’ blessing so is on you.”
36. Epanalepsis: Repetition of a word at the end of a clause that was used at the beginning of the clause
"Music I heard with you was more than music.
And bread I broke with you was more than bread."
37. Anadiplosis: Repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause
“They call for you: The general who became a slave; the slave who became a gladiator; the gladiator
who defied an Emperor. Striking story.” —Commodus, Gladiator
38. Climax: Repetition of anadiplosis at least three times, arranged so as to increase in importance each time

39. Antimetabole: Repetition of words in successive clauses, but in reverse grammatical order
"Ask not what your country can do for you, but ask what you can do for your country." "Inaugural
Address," John F. Kennedy”
40. Chiasmus: Repetition of grammatical structures in reverse order in successive phrases or clauses
“Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You.”

Reference: http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Figures/Schemes%20and%20Tropes.htm

C. DICTION
 Choice of words
 style of speaking or writing, determined by the choice of words by a speaker or a writer

“Could you be so kind as to pass me the milk?”

“Give me that!”
“I regret to inform you that that is not the case.”
“You’re wrong!”
“It is a pleasure to see you again! How are you
today?” “Hey, what’s up?”

“I’m a bit upset,” .“I’m so pissed off.”

“I would be delighted!” “Sure, why not?”

“I’ll do it right away, sir,” “Yeah, just a sec.”

Types of Diction
1. Formal diction – formal words are used in formal situations, such as press conferences and presentations.
“Hello, young man. It is a true pleasure to make your acquaintance. How are you feeling today?”

2. Informal diction – uses informal words and conversation, such as writing or talking to friends.
“Hey, kid. Nice to meet ya. What's up?”

3. Colloquial diction – uses words common in everyday speech, which may be different in different regions or
communities.

4. Slang diction – is the use of words that are newly coined, or even impolite.

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