CREDITSEMINAR ON

‘Role of Contact fungicides in the management of

Phytopathogens’

Seminar incharge Presented By

Dr. D.S Tomar Mr. Satendra Kumar sharma
Head of the Section Enroll. No. 170318003
Department of Plant Pathology

Dept. Of Plant Pathology,

College Of Agriculture, Tikamgarh (M.P)
Content
 Introduction

 Classification of contact fungicides

 Landmark in fungicides history

 Mode of action

 Method of application

Safety precautions operator protection

Conclusion
 What is the Fungicide ?

The word ‘fungicide' originated from two Latin word, viz.,

‘fungus’ and ‘caedo’. The word ‘caedo’ means ‘to kill.’

Fungicide is any chemical which has the ability to kill the

fungus.

A chemical agent which kill fungi.

Introduction

 A contact fungicide must be present on the leaf surface

before the disease penetrates the tissue.

 Provides a barrier to protect against infection

 Sulphur fungicides are the oldest method of disease
control. Inorganic sulphur is used in the form of elemental
sulphur or as lime sulphur mixture.

 1882 Millardet Made first report of bordeaux mixture of

copper fungicide.
 Definition of contact fungicide

Protectant fungicides are active on plant surfaces where

they form a chemical barrier between the plant and fungus.

or

Contact fungicides remain on the leaf surface after

application and do not penetrate the tissue. These
fungicides are usually used for the control of foliar
diseases.
Characteristics of contact fungicides: -

 Contact fungicides are not taken up into the plant tissues

and protect only the plant where the spray is deposited.
 They don’t have systemic nature.
 They should be apply to the plant prior to the infection .
 They work as protectants.
 They do not work as curative.
 Landmarks in Fungicide History:-
Year Scientist Primary use
1637 Remnant Mentioned seed treatment (probably sodium chloride)
for wheat bunt. This is the first case of protection.
1733 Jethro Tull Described salt brine treatment for wheat seed.

1761 Schulthess Apparently first used copper sulfate on wheat seed.

1807 Prevost First exponent of laboratory testing fungicide and

rediscovered copper sulphate.
1824 J.Robertson Said that sulphur was specific for powdery mildew of
peach.

1833 Kenrick In United States proposed boiled lime sulphur for

grape mildew.

1845 Morren Recommended lime and copper sulphate as soil

treatment for potato blight.

1852 Grison Boiled lime with sulphur.

1882 Millardet Made first report of bordeaux mixture .

1888 Trillat First recognized fungicidal properties of formaldehyde .

1889 C. M. weed First mixed fungicides and insecticides together.

1897 H. L. Bolley First used formalin for wheat smut.

1900 A. D. Selby Introduced formaldehyde soil treatment for onion smut.

1923 A. J. Farley Proposed first wettable sulfur.

1934 Tisdale and Patented the dithiocarbamates. The beginning of the

Williams scramble for organic fungicides.

1941 Howard's Revival of interest in chemotherapy.

 Classification of contact fungicide.
Based on chemical Composition

Fungiside

Heterocyclic Benzene
Copper Sulphur nitrogenous Murcuary Quinon
fungicide fungicide fungicide Compound fungicide
compounds
* COPPER FUNGICIDES:-
the fungal action of copper
was metioned early as 1807
by prevost against wheat
bunt disease (Tilletia caries),
but its large scale use as a
fungicide started in 1885
after the discovery of
Bordeaux mixture by
Millardet in France.
* PREPARATORY COPPER FUNGICIDES

Common name Chemical composition Diseases managed

Bordeaux It is prepared by Downy mildew of grapes,

mixture suspending 5 Kg of Coffee rust,
copper sulphate and 5 Tikka leaf spot of groundnut,
Kg of lime in 500 liters citrus canker, etc.
of water (1%)
Ratio:
5:5:50=1%
Molecular IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
Formula

(CuSO4) +
(Ca(OH)2)
 Bordeaux paste It is prepared by mixing 1 It is a wound dressing
Kg of copper sulphate fungicide and can be
and 1 Kg of lime in 10 applied to the pruned
liters of water parts of the host Plants
such as fruit crops and
ornamentals.
Ex. Citrus gummosis,
Stem bleeding of Coconut,
Bud rot of coconut, etc.

Molecular Formula IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure

do do
 Burgundy Sodium carbonate is used in Downy mildew of grapes,
mixture Place of lime. Coffee rust,Tikka leaf spot
It is prepared by mixing 1 Kg of groundnut, citrus
of copper canker, citrus scab
sulphate and 1 Kg of sodium
carbonate in 100 liters of
water

Molecular IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure

Formula

CCuNa2O7S Copper disodium carbonate

sulphate
Cheshunt Prepared by It is used for soil
compound mixing 2 parts of copper drenching only. Used
or sulphate and 11 parts of against sclerotial wilt
Cupric ammonium carbonate. diseases of chilli,
carbonate tomato, groundnut and
Fusarial wilt diseases.

Molecular IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure

Formula

Cu(OH)2CO3 Dicopper carbonate dihydroxide

Chaubattia It is a compound prepared by Pink disease of citrus, stem
paste mixing canker and collar rot of apple
800g of copper sulphate and and pears
800g of red lead in 1 liter of
lanolin or linseed oil
 Common name Trade name Dosage Disease managed
Copper oxy Blitox-50,Blue 0.3 to 0.5% for Anthracnose of
chloride copper 50, foliar application,
grapevine,
Cupramar-50 25 to 35 Kg/ha forTikka leaf spot of
dusting groundnut,
Sigatoka leaf spot
of banana citrus
canker, black arm
of cotton
Molecular Formula IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure

Dicopper chloride
Cu2(OH)3Cl trihydroxide
Cuprous oxide Fungimar and 0.3% for foliar Anthracnose of
Perenox spray grapevine,
Tikka leaf spot of
groundnut,
Sigatoka leaf spot
of banana, citrus
canker, black arm
of cotton
Molecular IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
Formula

Cu2O Copper hydrate

3. Copper Kocide 0.3% for foliar Blister blight of
hydroxide spray tea False smut of
rice, Tikka leaf
spot of groundnut

Molecular IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure

Formula

Cu(OH)2 Copper dihydrate

 SULPHUR FUNGICIDES

Sulphur is probably the oldest chemical used in plant

disease management for the control of powdery mildews
and can be classified as

1.Inorganic sulphur.
Ex. Lime sulphur and Elemental sulphur.

2.Organic sulphur.
Ex. Carbamate fungicides, are the derivatives of
Dithiocarbamic acid.
INORGANIC SULPHUR FUNGICIDES
Common name Chemical Dosage Disease managed
composition

Lime sulphur It is prepared by 10-15 liters lime Powdery mildew of

mixing 20 Kg of sulphur in 500 apple, Apple scab,
rock lime and 15 liters of water bean rust
Kg of sulphur in
500 liters of
water
Molecular IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
Formula

CaSx calcium
polysulphide
x is the no of
sulphide
Sulphur dust Trade Name 4-5g/Kg seed for Common scab of
Kolo dust, Mico- ST, 10-30 Kg/ha potato, Grain smut of
999 for dusting on sorghum, Powdery
crops,100 Kg /ha mildew of tobacco,
for soil chilli,
application rose, mango,
grapes, etc.
Molecular IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
Formula

S8
 Organic sulphur compounds

These are derived from Dithiocarbamic acid.

Fungicidal nature of Dithiocarbamates described by
Tisdale and Williams in 1931.

Dithiocarbamates can be categorized into two

groups, viz

1. Dialkyl dithiocarbamates
(Ex. Ziram, Ferbam and Thiram).

2.Monoalkyl dithiocarbamates
(Ex. Nabam, Zineb, Vapam and Maneb).
 Common Trade name Dosage Diseases managed
name
Dialkyl Dithiocarbamates

Ziram Ziride, Hexazir, 0.15 to 0.25% Anthracnose of pulses,

Milbam, Zerlate for foliar tomato, beans, tobacco,
spray etc.

Molecular IUPAC NAME ChemicalStructure

Formula

C6H12N2S4 Zink dimethyl

Zn dithiocarbamates
 Ferbam Coromet,Ferbam, 0.15 to 0.25% leaf curl of
Fermate, for foliar spray peaches, apple scab,
Fermocide, downy mildew of tobacco
Hexaferb, Karbam
Black
Molecular IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
Formula

Ferric dimethyl
C9H18FeN3S6 dithiocarbamate

Thiram 0.15 - 0.2% as Soil borne diseases

Arasan, Hexathir, foliar spray, 0.2- caused
Tersan, Thiram, 0.3% as dry seed By Pythium,Rhizoctonia
Thiride treatment, 15- solani, Fusarium, etc.
25Kg/ha as soil
application
Molecular IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
Formula

Tetramythyle
C6H12N2S4
thiram disulphide
Wettable Sulfex, Cosan 0.2-0.4 % for Powdery mildews
sulphur, Thiovit foliar spray of various crops

Molecular IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure

Formula

S8 _
Monoalkyl dithyiocarbamates
Used as foliar spray against
Nabam Chembam,Dithane 0.2% as foliar leaf spot diseases of fruits
D-14,Dithane A-40 spray and vegetables. Also used
and Parzate liquid against soil borne pathogens,
Fusarium,Pythium and
Phytophthora
Molecular IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
Formula

C4H8N2S4 Di sodium ethylene

bisdithiocarbamates

Dithane Z-78, 0.1 to 0.3% for Chilli die-back and fruit

Zineb Hexathana, Foliar rot,Apple scab, Maize leaf
Lanocol and application blight, early blight of potato
Parzate

Molecular IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure

Formula
Zink ethylene
(C4H6N2S4Zn)n bisdithiocarbamates
 Fungicide with fungicidal,
Vapam or Chem-vape, 1.5 to 2.5 liters nematicidal and insecticidal
Metham sodium vapam, vitafume, per 10 m2 area properties. Soil fungal
VPM pathogens like Fusarium,
Pythium, Sclerotium and
Rhizoctonia.
Molecular IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
Formula

C2H4NNaS2 Sodium methyl

dithiocarbamates

Maneb Dithane M22, 0.2% to 0.3% Early and late blight of

Manzate and MEB as foliar potato and tomato, rust
Mancozeb (78% application diseases of field and fruit
Maneb + 2% zinc crops
ion):
Dithane M 45, Indofil
M 45
Molecular IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
Formula

Manganese ethylene
bisdithiocarbamates
 HETEROCYCLIC NITROGENOUS
COMPOUNDS
The group of heterogeneous fungicides includes some of the
best fungicides.
like
Captan, Folpet, Captafol, Vinclozoline
Common name Trade name Dosage Diseases managed
0.2 to 0.3% for
1.Captan Captan 50W, dry Onion smut, Chilli
(Kittleson’s killer) Captan 75 W, Esso seed treatment, die-back and fruit
fungicide,Orthocide 0.2 to 0.3% for rot, Damping off of
406, Hexacap, foliar spray, 25 beans, chilli and
Vancide 89 to 30 Kg/ha for tomato, seed rots
furrow And seedling blights
application of maize

Molecular Formula IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure

(N-trichloromethyl thio-4-
C9H8Cl3NO2S cyclohexence- 1,2-
dicarboximide)

Folpet Phaltan 0.1 to 0.2% for Apple scab, tobacco

spraying brown spot, rose
black spot
Molecular Formula IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure

C9H4Cl3NO2S 2(trichloromethylsulfanyl)
isoindole-1,3-dione
 Sorghum
Captafol Difosan, Difolaton, 0.15 to 0.2% for anthracnose, cotton
Sanspor, Foltaf spraying, 0.25% for seedling diseases,
Seed treatment, seed rot and seedling
0.15% diseases of rice,
for soil drenching downy mildew
of crucifers, apple
scab
Molecular Formula IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure

C10H9Cl4NO2S (Cis-1,1,2,2-
tetrachloro hexene
1,2 dicarboximide)

0.1 to 0.2% for Diseases caused by

Iprodione Rovral, Glycophene foliar application Botrytis, Monilinia,
Alternaria,Sclerotinia
,Helminthosporium
and Rhizoctonia

Molecular Formula IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure

C13H13Cl2N3O3
 Mercury fungicide
Common name Trade name Disease controlled
Inorganic Mercury
Mercuric chloride Merfusan, Treating potato tubers
Mersil and preparative materials
Mercurious chloride Cyclosan, M-C Soil application
Turf,
Organomercurials
Methoxy ethyl mercury chloride Agallol, Mainly use of Seed
(MEMC) Aretan, Emisan Treatment
Phenyl mercury chloride (PMC) Ceresan Dry And Planting Materials.
(India )
Ethyl mercury chloride (EMC) Ceresan (USA)
Tolyl mercury chloride (TMC) Agrosan GN.

Benzene compound
Common name Trade name Disease controlled
Brassicol, Seed and Soil treatment
PCNB PCNB 75% WP

Botran 50% WP, Protective fungicide

Dichloran Alisan
 Contact vs Systemic fungicide
Contact Systemic

Adsorbed Absorbed

Immobile Mobile

Preventive Preventive + curative

Multi-site action Single site action

Few problems with resistance Resistant fungi strains could

develop

Ex. Mancozeb, Maneb, copper, Ex. Metalaxyl, Tricyclazole,

sulphur,Captan, Captafol. Propiconazole, Carbendazim,
Cyperoconazole, Hexaconazole.
 Advantages of contact fungicide

 Low residual effect.

 Less harmful to human and animals.
 Cost of contact fungicides are comparatively low.
 Multi site mode of action.
 Few problems with resistance.
 Disadvantages of contact fungicides

 They do not cover the whole plant.

 They do not provide long term protection.
 They will not provide protection to internal diseases.
 They don’t have curative nature.
 FUNGICIDE MODE OF ACTION
Sulphur fungicides

Organic Fungicide
Dithiocarbamates (EX. Mancozeb Dithan M-45,Maneb)

Mode of action
Broad spectrum, Reacts with protein SH groups.

Inorganic fungicide
(EX. Sulphur dust, Lime Sulphur)

Mode of Action
Inhibits electron movement, Thus interfere with
cellular respiration.
 Copper fungicide
1.Bordeaux mixture
2. Cheshunt compound
3.Burgundy mixture

Mode of action-
Disrupt function of enzymes
and energy transport system,
integrity of membranes.

Mercury compound
(Ex. Mercuric Chloride)

Mode of action
Metal toxicity and ATP
Synthesis.
 Heterocyclic nitrogenous compound
(Ex. Captan)

Mode of action

Combine with protein SH groups.

Benzene Compound
(Ex.Dinocap (Karathane)

Mode of action

Un couple oxidative phosphorylation cause membrane

disfunction in fungi.
Methods of application of contact fungicides

Seed dressing -

Seed treatment with contact

fungicides are done to destroy
pathogen present on the seed
surface
- To protect the germinating seed
and seedling from soil borne
pathogens. Eg. Captan Thiram .
 Foliage application

This is the most commonly

followed method. Spraying of
fungicides is done on leaves, stems
and fruits.

Ex. Captan, Ferbam, Zineb etc.

wound dressing
This is practiced normally in most
of the ornamental and fruit tree
after cutting and pruning.
Ex. Bordeaux paste Chaubattia
pest etc.
 Soil drenching:-
To protect the seed and seedling
from soil borne inoculums.
- Controlling damping off and
root rot infections at the ground
level.
Eg. Bordeaux mixture ,Vapam,
etc.

Broadcasting :–
It is followed in granular
fungicides where in the pellets
are broadcasted near the plant.
Eg. sulphur dust.
 Furrow application :

Specifically in the control of

some diseases where the
direct application of the
fungicides on the plant
surface results in phytotoxic.
- It is specifically practiced
in the control of
Soil born fungus.
Eg. Sulphur dust.
 Fumigation
The fumigant is applied to the soil
and covered by thin polythene
sheets for 5-7 days and
removed.
 Normally done in nursery areas
and in glass houses. Eg. Vapam
Fruit protectant
Fruits are dipped in fungicide
solutions to protect from post
harvest diseases.

Ex. Bnomyl, carbendazim

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS OPERATOR PROTECTION

 Engineering control of operator exposure must be used where reasonably

practicable in addition to the following personal protective equipment.

 Wear rubber boots and globes when applying as a dip.

 When using do not eat, drink or smoke. In case of contact with eyes,
rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.

 Wash hands and exposed skin before meals and after work.

 Keep out of reach of children.

 Keep in original container tightly closed.

 Do not re-use container for any purpose. This container must be dispose

in a safe way.

 Keep away from food, drink and animal feeding stuffs.

 conclusion
• Cost of the contact fungicides are
comparatively low.
• They have multisite of action.
• Threat of pathogen resistance is low.
• Typically inhibit spore germination and
stop infection.
• Contact fungicides are harmful for
environment and pollutes soil and ground
water.
Thank You