CBE 202 Part Two: Energy Balances

Chapter 10: Balance on Transient Processes

Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

Tae-Hyun Bae
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
Office: 4108@W1-3
[email protected]

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

 M-Balance/E-Balance of Transient Processes

Steady State
System variables independent of time,
for example
∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ ! + ∆𝐸̇ " = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊𝑠
̇ à Open system

General
Balance Transient (Unsteady) State:
• System variable changes with time.
• Batch (and semi batch) systems are transient.
• Continuous (open) system can also be at
transient state.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 2

General Balance Equation
(Review of Chapter 4)
Accumulation = Input − Output + Generation − Consumption

Two types of equations:

(1) Differential balance: Instantaneous rate of change

(2) Integral balance: Change over a finite period of time

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 3

(1) Differential Mass Balance at Transient State

A continuous (open) process takes a differential increment in

time, t à t+Δt.

Input Output
𝑚̇ !" 𝑚̇ $()

𝑟&'"
̇ Generation Consumption 𝑟#$"%
̇

If Δtà 0 , then: 𝑚̇ !" , 𝑚̇ #$% , 𝑟&'"

̇ , 𝑟(#")
̇
can be regarded as constants in the small time interval, Δt.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 4

(1) Differential Mass Balance at Transient State

In the time interval tà t+ Δt (Δtà0), the differential

changes of the masses:
Input in Δt Output in Δt
𝑚̇ $# ×∆𝑡 𝑚̇ %&' ×∆𝑡

𝑟(%#)
̇ ×∆𝑡 𝑟!"#
̇ ×∆𝑡
Consumption Generation

Unit: 𝑚̇ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟̇ ⇒ 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 𝑡⟹ 𝑠

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 5

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Differential Mass Balance at Transient State

The change of species A (mass), in the time of Δt is:

Accumulation = Input + Generation − Output − Consumption

Δ𝑀 = 𝑚̇ !" + 𝑟#$"
̇ − 𝑚̇ %&' − 𝑟(%")
̇ ×∆𝑡

Note:
• M is the balanced amount in the system.
• It is a function of time.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 6

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Differential Mass Balance at Transient State

Δ𝑀 𝑑𝑀
7 = = 𝑚̇ #$ + 𝑟%&$
̇ − 𝑚̇ '() − 𝑟*'$+
̇
Δ𝑡 ∆)→. 𝑑𝑡

• For continuous system at steady state:

𝑑𝑀
= 0;
𝑑𝑡
𝑚̇ #$ + 𝑟%&$
̇ − 𝑚̇ '() − 𝑟*'$+
̇ =0

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 7

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
The Differential Mass Balance Equation

𝑑𝑀
= 𝑚̇ !" + 𝑟#$"
̇ − 𝑚̇ %&' − 𝑟(%")
̇
𝑑𝑡

Accumulation term

• A first order ordinary differential equation (ODE),

• Boundary condition (B.C) is needed:

@ t = 0 , M = ,,,, or M(0) = ,,,,

(also called “Initial Condition”, I.C.)

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 8

Application Example
List the differential mass balance equations on a liquid
phase chemical reactor shown below.

Input Reaction: A à R
𝑣̇ . 𝐿/𝑠 Rate = kCA
𝜌 𝑔/𝐿
CA , ρ V(L) 𝑣̇ 𝐿/𝑠
𝐶/0 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴/𝐿
𝜌 𝑔/𝐿
𝐶/ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴/𝐿
output

Note: (a) Density, ρ, is constant.

(b) Total volume changes.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 9

Application Example

Need to
consider

(a) Overall mass (b) Mass balance

balance for “A”

(a) Total (overall) mass balance (transient state)

Accumulation = input − output + generation − consumption

Note: No mass generation or consumption in the overall

mass balance for the whole system.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 10

Application Example

𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑔/𝑠 = 𝑣̇ .×𝜌

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑔/𝑠 = 𝑣×𝜌

̇

Mass in reactor: 𝑀 𝑔 = 𝑉(𝐿)×𝜌 𝑔/𝐿

𝑑𝑀 𝑑 ρ𝑉 𝑑𝑉
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = =𝜌
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑉
𝜌 = 𝑣̇ . − 𝑣̇ ×𝜌
𝑑𝑡
ρ is assumed to be constant!

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 11

Application Example

Total (overall) mass balance:

𝑑𝑉
= 𝑣̇ * − 𝑣̇
𝑑𝑡 (1)

𝐼. 𝐶: @𝑡 = 0, 𝑉 = 𝑉.

1 )
P 𝑑𝑉 = P 𝑣̇ . − 𝑣̇ 𝑑𝑡 𝑉 = 𝑉. + 𝑣̇ . − 𝑣̇ 𝑡
1! .

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 12

Application Example

(b) Mass balance on A

Accumulation = input − output − consumption + generation

𝑑𝑀
= 𝑚̇ #$ + 𝑟%&$
̇ − 𝑚̇ '() − 𝑟*'$+
̇
𝑑𝑡

Mole of A in reactor: 𝑀 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 𝑉 𝐿 ×𝐶/ 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿

𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴/𝑠 = 𝑣̇ .×𝐶/. 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴/𝑠 = 𝑣×𝐶
̇ /

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴/𝑠 = 𝑘𝐶/ ×𝑉

𝑑 𝑉𝐶/
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑙. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴/𝑠 =
𝑑𝑡
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 13
Application Example

𝑑 𝑉𝐶+ 𝑑𝐶+ 𝑑𝑉
=𝑉 + 𝐶+
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
(2)
= 𝑣̇ * 𝐶+* − 𝑣𝐶
̇ + − 𝑘𝐶+ 𝑉

𝐼. 𝐶. 𝑡 = 0, 𝐶+ = 𝐶+ 0

Where CA(0) is the Initial Concentration of A in the tank

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 14

Application Example
Coupled first order ODEs

𝑑𝑉
= 𝑣̇ * − 𝑣̇ 𝐼. 𝐶. ∶ @𝑡 = 0, 𝑉 = 𝑉* (1)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐶+ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 + 𝐶+ = 𝑣̇ * 𝐶+* − 𝑣𝐶
̇ + − 𝑘𝐶+ 𝑉 (2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝐼. 𝐶. 𝑡 = 0, 𝐶+ = 𝐶+ 0

Assumption: constant density

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 15

 (2) Integral Balance
𝑑𝑀/
Differential Balance : = 𝑚̇ #$ + 𝑟%&$
̇ − 𝑚̇ '() − 𝑟*'$+
̇
𝑑𝑡

Can be written as : 𝑑𝑀/ = 𝑚̇ #$ + 𝑟%&$

̇ − 𝑚̇ '() − 𝑟*'$+
̇ ×𝑑𝑡

Integration from t0 to tf
2"
P 𝑑𝑀/ = 𝑀/ 𝑡3 − 𝑀/ 𝑡. Integral balance
2!
)"
=P 𝑚̇ #$ + 𝑟%&$
̇ − 𝑚̇ '() − 𝑟*'$+
̇ 𝑑𝑡
)!

For a closed system (no mass exchange with surrounding):

$"
𝑀! 𝑡" − 𝑀! 𝑡# = 0 𝑚̇ %& + 𝑟'(&
̇ − 𝑚̇ )*$ − 𝑟+)&,
̇ 𝑑𝑡
$!
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 16
CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Example: Transient Mass Balance

Example of Newton’s Cow

(A typical example for primary school Math Olympia)

A grassland can feed 10 cows for 10

days or 15 cows for 5 days.

Determine: In how many days, can it feed 30 cows?

(Assumption: The rate of grass growing and the rate of
cow eating are constant.)

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 17

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Transient Mass Balance

Amount of grass on land @ t = M (kg)

Original grass on land @ t=0 = M0 (kg)
Rate of grass growing = RG (kg/day)
Rate of cow eating = rcow (kg/day/cow)
No. of cows =N
Days required = 𝑡6

𝑑𝑀
Mass Balance: 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚̇ #$ + 𝑟%&$
̇ − 𝑚̇ '() − 𝑟*'$+
̇

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 18

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Transient Mass Balance

𝑑𝑀
= 𝑅* − 𝑁×𝑟(%+
𝑑𝑡

," '"
6 𝑑𝑀 = 6 𝑅* − 𝑁×𝑟(%+ 𝑑𝑡
,! -

𝑀3 − 𝑀. = 𝑅4 ×𝑡3 − 𝑁×𝑟*'5 ×𝑡3

with N = 10, t f = 10, M f = 0

B.C. :
with N = 15, t f = 5, M f = 0

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 19

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Transient Mass Balance

Apply the BCs 𝑀. = 10×10×𝑟*'5 − 10×𝑅4 (1)

𝑀. = 15×5×𝑟*'5 − 5×𝑅4 (2)

We want to find out tf with N = 30 and 𝑀6 = 0

𝑀- = 30×𝑡. ×𝑟(%+ − 𝑡. ×𝑅* (3)

Solution:
(1) – (2): 5rcow = RG
(3) – (1): (30 tf - 100) rcow = (tf -10) RG
t f = 2 (days)
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 20
CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Example: Differential Balance

Water level in a reservoir decreases steadily. Consumption

rate is 107 L/day. Rain, drainage, and evaporation result in
an input of 106 exp(-t/100) L/day. The reservoir initially
contains 109 L of water.

Determine:
1. Differential balance for water.
2. How much water will be left in 60 days?

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 21

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Differential Balance
The amount of water is related to the volume.
The overall balance of the volume is:

𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝑉
=𝜌 = 𝑚̇ #$ + 𝑟%&$
̇ − 𝑚̇ '() − 𝑟*'$+
̇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑚̇ #$ = 𝜌×106𝑒 7)/9..

𝑚̇ '() = 𝜌×10:
𝑑𝑉
= 106𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑡/100 − 10:
𝑑𝑡

IC: 𝑡 = 0, 𝑉 = 10;𝐿

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 22

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Differential Balance
1$ 6.
𝑡
P 𝑑𝑉 = P 106 exp − − 10: 𝑑𝑡
1# . 100

6. ) 6.
79..
𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉0 = P 106𝑒 𝑑𝑡 − P 10:𝑑𝑡
. .

109 L

-t / 100 60 60
V f = V0 - 10 ´100 ´ e 6
- 10 t 7
0 0

= 4.45 ´108 ( L)

Answer: In 60 days, water left will be 4.45×108 L.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 23

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Example: Mass Balance Equation

When solving differential balance equation, you may have to

verify that the mathematical solution remains within the
bounds of physical reality.

For example, M(t)≥0, V(t)≥0…

Example :
A 12.5 m3 tank is filled with water at the rate of 0.05 m3/s, When
tank contains 1.20 m3 of water, a leak develops at bottom at the
rate of 0.0025t (m3/s).
Determine: Mass balance equation and solve for volume ~ t.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 24

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Mass Balance Equation
Note:

0.050 m3/s Before the leaking; V=0.05t

Total mass in tank

VTank = 12.5 m3
𝑀 𝑘𝑔 = 𝑉×𝜌
V(0) = 1.2 m3
V(t) (m3) 𝑑 𝑉𝜌 𝑑𝑉
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑙. = =𝜌
0.0025t m3/s 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 = 0.05×𝜌
0.0025t m3/s
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 = 0.0025𝑡×𝜌

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 25

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Mass Balance Equation

The overall mass balance equation:

𝑑𝑉 With the IC:
= 0.05 − 0.0025𝑡 t = 0, V = 1.2m3
𝑑𝑡

Solving via separation of variables:

𝑉 𝑚< = 1.2 + 0.05𝑡 − 0.00125𝑡 =

2 1. Double check for correctness

1.5

1
2. Water level will increase then
0.5

0
decrease, it drain completely out
-0.5 0 20 40 60 80 @ t = 57S
-1
à V = 0 , t > 57s
Physical limit
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 26
CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Example: Transient Behaviour

A liquid-phase reaction with stoichiometry Aà B takes

place in a 10 liter continuous stirred-tank reactor
(CSTR). The reactor is well mixed, initially contains 2
mol A/L.

0.15 L/s
10.0 mol A/L
Reaction: A à B
V = 10 L
Rate = 0.005 CA (mol A/L s)
0.15 L/s

By GYassineMrabetTalk This vector image was

CA mol A/L
created with Inkscape. (Own work) [Public domain],
via Wikimedia Commons

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 27

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Example: Transient Behaviour

Determine:
1. A balance equation for A
2. Steady state concentration
of A in tank (tà ∞)
3. Plot CA ~t

Solution:
The mass balance for A:

Accumulation = Input − Output + Generation − Consumption

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 28

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Transient Behaviour

Total moles of A in reactor = V ×CA = 10.0CA

𝑑 10.0𝐶/ 𝑑𝐶/
Accumulation = 10.0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 0.15×10 = 1.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐴/𝑠
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 0.15×𝐶/ = 0.15𝐶/ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐴/𝑠
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 10×0.005𝐶/ = 0.05𝐶/ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐴/𝑠

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 29

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Transient Behaviour

𝑑𝐶/ 1.5 − 0.05𝐶/ − 0.15𝐶/

=
𝑑𝑡 10 I.C. @ t=0, 𝐶! = 2.00 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴/𝐿

= 0.15 − 0.02𝐶/

𝑑𝐶/
Separation of variables = 𝑑𝑡
0.15 − 0.02𝐶/
?# )
𝑑𝐶/
P = P 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡
=... 0.15 − 0.02𝐶/ .

9 ..9@7...=?/
[7...= 𝑙𝑛 0.150 − 0.02𝐶/ ]2𝐶𝐴 = 𝑡 ⇒ ln..9@7...=(=...) = −0.02𝑡

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 30

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Transient Behaviour

Final solution:

𝐶* 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿 = 7.50 − 5.50𝑒 +,.,.%

At steady state: (tà ∞)

𝑑𝐶+
=0
𝑑𝑡
⟹ 0.15 − 0.0200𝐶+ = 0
⟹ 𝐶+ = 7.50 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴/𝐿

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 31

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Transient Behaviour
Plot the solution:

𝐶/ (𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿) = 7.50 − 5.50𝑒 0-.-2--'

8
7
CA mol/L
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 t
0 100 200 300 400

Checking the answer:

Short time: tà 0 CA à 2.0
Long time: t à ∞ CA à 7.50

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 32

Guidelines
General guidelines to solve transient mass balance problem:
1. We always start with the differential balance equation.
(accumulation = derivative of the balance quantity with
respect to time)

2. Then, convert it into the integral balance form to find out

correlation between dependent variable such as C, M with
time t and solve it with the proper boundary conditions.

3. Also, check the validity of the results.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 33

 Single Phase Nonreactive Processes

Transient energy balance on single phase nonreactive

processes:
• General energy balance (open system):
Accumul. = Input – Output

• First law states that energy cannot be generated or

destroyed.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 34

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Open System – Small Time Interval Δtà0

𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∆𝐸)A) = ∆𝑈)A) + ∆𝐸B,)A) + ∆𝐸D,)A)

𝑈 @ !"
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚̇ !" E!" +
𝐻 + 𝑔𝑍!" ∆𝑡 + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ ) ∆𝑡
2

𝑈 @ %&'
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚̇ %&' E%&' +
𝐻 + 𝑔𝑍%&' ∆𝑡
2

As Δtà0, 𝑚̇ 𝑄̇ 𝑊̇ can be regarded as constants (differential balance).

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 35

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
General Expression for E-balance

General expression for E-balance @ transient state:

𝑑𝑈+C+ 𝑑𝐸!,+C+ 𝑑𝐸E,+C+

+ +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=
𝑢 #$ 𝑢='()
`#$ +
= 𝑚̇ #$ 𝐻 `'() +
+ 𝑔𝑍#$ − 𝑚̇ '() 𝐻 + 𝑔𝑍'() + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ +
2 2

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 36

Simplification

(1) Single input/output stream:

𝑚̇ $# = 𝑚̇ %&' = 𝑚̇

(2) Kinetic, Potential energy changes negligibly:

𝑑𝑈)3)
F%&' + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ )
F$# − 𝐻
= 𝑚̇ $# 𝐻
𝑑𝑡
(3) Temperature does not vary with position
in the system (for well mixed reactors).

Tout = Tsys = T

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 37

Simplification

4
(4) No phase changes, F = 6 𝐶5 𝑑𝑇
𝐻
4(
No chemical reactions,
4
U and H are independent of P F = 6 𝐶7 𝑑𝑇
𝑈
4(

If the mean CP and Cv of system contents are independent of

composition and T F =𝐶 𝑇−𝑇
𝐻 F =𝐶 𝑇−𝑇
𝑈 5 6 7 6

E)A) = 𝑀 𝑈
𝑈)A) = 𝑀𝑈 E 𝑇E + 𝐶F 𝑇 − 𝑇E

Reference
Mass of Constant Temperature
system (H = 0)
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 38
Simplification
Submitted into general equation
𝑑𝑈+C+ 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑈+C+
`'() + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ +
`#$ − 𝐻
= 𝑚̇ #$ 𝐻
= 𝑀𝐶1 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

`#$ = 𝐶" 𝑇#$ − 𝑇F

𝐻

`'() = 𝐶" 𝑇'() − 𝑇F = 𝐶" 𝑇 − 𝑇F

𝐻

𝑑𝑇
Open system 𝑀𝐶8 ̇ 5 𝑇$# − 𝑇 + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ )
= 𝑚𝐶
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
Closed system 𝑀𝐶8 = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ )
𝑑𝑡

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 39

Assumptions
With the assumptions:
1. Negligible kinetic, potential energy change
2. No accumulation of mass in system
3. U, H independent of P
4. No phase change/chemical reaction
5. Spatially uniform system
6. Cp and Cv are constant

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 40

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Example: Start-up of a Batch Reactor
A well-stirred batch reactor wrapped in an electrical heating mantle is
charged with a liquid reaction mixture. The reactants must be heated
from an initial T = 25°C to 250°C before reaction can take place at a
measureable rate. Use the conditions given below.

t=?
Reactant: M = 1.50 kg
Cv = 0.900cal/goC
Q Reactor: M = 3.00 kg
250 °C
Cv = 0.120cal/goC start
25˚C Heating rate: 𝑄̇ = 500.0𝑊

Determine: the time required for heating

(Negligible reaction during heating, no phase change, neglect energy
added by the stirrer)

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 41

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Start-up of a Batch Reactor

This is a closed system, V is constant, W≈0

IC: t=0, Tsys = 25 oC
𝑑𝑇
𝑀𝐶G = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ t=tf, Tsys = 250 oC
𝑑𝑡
̇
𝑀𝐶G 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑄𝑑𝑡 @H* '!
P 𝑀𝐶G 𝑑𝑇 = P 𝑄̇ 𝑑𝑡
@H *
1.5/4.5
225 𝑀𝐶G 3/4.5
𝑡6 =
𝑄 𝐶7 = 𝑥6"9('9#' 𝐶7,6"9('9#' + 𝑥6"9('%6 𝐶7,6"9('%6
= 0.38 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔𝑜𝐶

𝑀𝐶7 = 4500𝑔×0.38 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔𝑜𝐶 × 4.184 J/cal

𝑡3 = 3220 𝑠 = 7150 𝐽/𝑜𝐶

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 42

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Example: Transient Behaviour of an Air Cooling
An air-cooled engine generates heat at the rate of 8530 BTU/min. Air
passes through engine housing at a rate of 6.00 lb mole/min, entering
at a temperature of 65°F, and an average of 0.200 lb-mole of air is
contained within engine housing. •
Heat is lost to the surrounding at the rate of Qlost ( Btu / min) = 33.0 ´ (T - 65)
Suppose the engine started with inside air of T= 65°F.

Determine:
(1) Steady state Tair if the engine runs continuously for a long
period of time, assuming CV = 5.00 Btu/lb-mole F
(2) Differential equation for the variation of the outlet
temperature with the time from startup and solve it

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 43

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: The Flowchart
•
Q gen 8530 BTU/min

𝑄̇ 9 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 33.0 ´ (T - 65)

𝑄̇ %&$ 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑚𝑖𝑛

Inlet Air Outlet Air

Engine

6 lb-mole/min 6 lb-mole/min
0.2 lb-mole air, T
T = 65F T = ??

Our System = air in the engine house

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 44

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Energy Balance Equation

@ Steady state: energy balance equation is set: dT/dt = 0:

̇ / 𝑇!" − 𝑇 + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ )
0 = 𝑚𝐶
𝑇$# = 65 𝑜𝐹
𝑇 = 𝑇) (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑇)
𝑊̇ ) = 0
𝑄̇ = 𝑄̇ !"# − 𝑄̇ ;%)'
𝑚𝐶
̇ / 𝑇) − 65 = 8530 − 33.0 𝑇) − 65

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 45

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Energy Balance Equation

Assuming air inside is ideal gas:

𝐶I = 𝐶G + 𝑅 = 5.00 + 1.99

𝑚𝐶
̇ I = 6.00×6.99 = 41.9 𝐵𝑡𝑢/ min 𝐹

Energy balance equation then becomes:

𝟒𝟏. 𝟗 𝐓𝐬 − 𝟔𝟓 = 𝟖𝟓𝟑𝟎 − 𝟑𝟑. 𝟎 𝐓𝐬 − 𝟔𝟓
𝐓𝐬 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗°𝐅
The steady state temperature of the air inside

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 46

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Unsteady State Balance Equation

(from startup until steady state):

𝑑𝑇
𝑀𝐶G ̇ D 65 − 𝑇 + 𝑄̇ #$" − 𝑄̇ K%)'
= 𝑚𝐶
𝑑𝑡
𝑀 = 0.2 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝐶M = 5.00 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 f °𝐹
𝑚𝐶
̇ " = 41.9 𝐵𝑡𝑢/ 𝑚𝑖𝑛°𝐹
𝑄̇ %&$ = 8530 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄̇ N'+) = 33.0 𝑇 − 65 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑚𝑖𝑛

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 47

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Solution: Unsteady State Balance Equation
𝑑𝑇
= −74.9𝑇 + 13,400°𝐹/𝑚𝑖𝑛 Check, when dT/dt=0, T= 179 oF
𝑑𝑡
𝐼𝐶: 𝑡 = 0, 𝑇 = 65 °𝐹

O )
𝑑𝑇
P = P 𝑑𝑡
6@ 13400 − 74.9𝑇 .

𝑇 °𝐹 = 179 − 114𝑒𝑥𝑝 −74.9𝑡

T 180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 Time (m)
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 48

CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Review of Chapter 11

𝑑𝑀
= 𝑚̇ !" + 𝑟#$"
̇ − 𝑚̇ %&' − 𝑟(%")
̇
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑇
Open system 𝑀𝐶8 ̇ 5 𝑇$# − 𝑇 + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ )
= 𝑚𝐶
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑇
Closed system 𝑀𝐶8 = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ )
𝑑𝑡

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 49