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Graphic Representation of Algebraic Expression: QA - Graphs-Basics

1. The document discusses different types of functions and their graphical representations, including linear, quadratic, cubic, exponential, rational, irrational, logarithmic, greatest/least integer, and trigonometric functions. 2. It provides details on the domain and range of each function type. For example, the domain of a quadratic function is all real numbers while the range is all non-negative real numbers. 3. Examples are given of how to graphically represent systems of linear equations and their possible solutions depending on whether the lines intersect, are coincident, or are parallel.

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Mana Gargi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
44 views

Graphic Representation of Algebraic Expression: QA - Graphs-Basics

1. The document discusses different types of functions and their graphical representations, including linear, quadratic, cubic, exponential, rational, irrational, logarithmic, greatest/least integer, and trigonometric functions. 2. It provides details on the domain and range of each function type. For example, the domain of a quadratic function is all real numbers while the range is all non-negative real numbers. 3. Examples are given of how to graphically represent systems of linear equations and their possible solutions depending on whether the lines intersect, are coincident, or are parallel.

Uploaded by

Mana Gargi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QA – Graphs- Basics

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION


All the polynomial expressions that can be written as y = ∫( ) can be represented in two
dimensional co-ordinate system.
Linear Equations: Highest power of variable is 1 given as y = m x + c
y = ∫( ) = 2x + 1
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y –5 –3 –1 1 3 5 7
The graph of the given equation shows a straight line.

Quadratic Equations

y = f (x) = x2
∵f (x) = f (– x)
∴ Graph of f (x) is symmetric about y-axis and above x axis i.e. positive, such functions are
called even functions
Domain: Set of real numbers
Range: Set of non-negative real numbers

∫( ) = x + 2x – 3
2

y = ∫( ) = x2 + 2x – 3
X –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Y 5 0 –3 –4 –3 0 5 12
Since y = x2 + 2x – 3 is a quadratic equation, therefore the graph is a parabola.

Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 1


QA – Graphs- Basics

Cubic equation
y = f (x) = x3
∵f (– x) = – f (x)
∴ Graph of f (x) is symmetric about origin

Domain → R (set of real numbers)


Range → R (set of real numbers)

Important points about linear equation in two variables :


(i) The graph of an equation of the type x = k (where k is a constant) is a straight line
parallel to the y –axis at a distance of k units from the y-axis.
(ii) The graph of an equation of the type y = k (where k is a constant) is a straight line
parallel to the x –axis at a distance of k units from the x-axis.
(iii) The point of intersection of the two lines gives the solution of the two equations.
(iv) A single linear equation in two variables has infinite no. of solution.

Simultaneous Linear Equations


We plot the straight lines correspondence to each-of the given linear equations in two
variables. The point of intersection is the solution for x and y (i.e., two variables) in the
system of -linear equation.
Solve the two equations 2x - y = 1 and 2x + 3y = 5

Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 2


QA – Graphs- Basics

We will draw the graph of both the equations. We can see that the straight lines intersect at
the point (1,1). Hence the set of solutions of the given equations is (1, 1).

Properties of graphs of a1x + b1y = c1


and a2x + b2y = c2
(i) intersecting if the system has a unique solution.
(ii) coincident if the system has infinite number of solution.
(iii) parallel if the system has no solution.

Graphical representation of simultaneous equations :


(i) intersecting lines (unique solution)
e.g., x+y=4 …. (i)
and 3x + 2y = 11 ….(ii)
∴ 3(x + y) = 3 × 4 ⇒ 3x + 3y = 12
3x + 3y = 12
3x + 2y = 11
– – –
y =1
∴ x+y=4 ⇒ x+1=4 ⇒ x=3
∴ x = 3 and y = 1
Thus two given lines intersect at x = 3, y = 1

(ii) Coincident lines (infinite number of solutions)


e.g., x+y=4 …. (i)
and 2x + 2y = 8 ….(ii)
The two equations are dependent, therefore the graph of two lines will coincide.

Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 3


QA – Graphs- Basics

(iii) Parallel lines (no solution)


e.g., x+y=4 …. (i)
and 2x + 2y = 12 ….(ii)
Since the system of equation is inconsistent therefore there is no any solution an in
this case we obtain two different parallel lines.

Graphs of some common functions

I. EXPONENTAL FUNCTION

If x then =1+x+ + + …….. …..

or

Exponential function, , is a finite number for every x .

Properties:

(i)
(ii) = 1.
(iii)
(iv) if a> b

Graphs of Exponential Function:

Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 4


QA – Graphs- Basics

(i) y = ax, a > 1


Domain → R
Range → R+

(ii) y = ax; 0 < a < 1


Domain → R
Range → R+

NOTE
0 < a < 1 function is decreasing i.e., ax > ay if x < y
a>1 function is increasing i.e., ax > ay if x < y

| |
(iii) (a) y = ex (b) y =

(a) Domain → R (b) Domain = R


Range → R+ Range → R+

II. Rational function


Graph of f (x) = ( ) is symmetric about
(a) y axis if n is even
(b) origin if n is odd.

Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 5


QA – Graphs- Basics

i) y = f (x) =
⇒ f (x) = – f (– x)

Domain → R – {0}; set of non-zero rational numbers


Range → R – {0}; set of non-zero rational numbers

ii) y = f (x) =
⇒ f (x) = f (– x)

Domain → R – {0} i.e., set of non-zero rational numbers


Range → R+ i.e., set of positive rational numbers

iii) y = f (x) =
f (– x) = – f (x)

Domain → R – {0} i.e., set of non-zero rational numbers


Range → R+ i.e., set of positive rational numbers

Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 6


QA – Graphs- Basics

III. Irrational Functions: Functions where the power of the variable (x, y etc) is a
fraction
y = √ then y is undefined if x < 0
√
then y is undefined if x < 0 and √
√
y = f (x) = x1/3 (i.e., √ )
Domain → (i.e., set of real numbers)
Range → (i.e., set of real numbers)

IV. Logarithmic Function


y =logax
i) a>1
Domain → R+
Range → R

ii) 0<a<1
Domain → R+
Range → R

iii) y =logex

Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 7


QA – Graphs- Basics

V. Greatest integer function


y = [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.

Domain → R (Set of real numbers)


Range → (Integral values) {…, – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ….. etc.}

VI. Least integer function


y = f (x) = {x} Smallest integer, greater than or equal to x.

Domain → R (Set of real numbers)


Range → (Integral values) e.g., {– 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 etc.)

Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 8


QA – Graphs- Basics

VII. Trigonometric Function :

1) y = f (x) = sin x

It is a periodic function with period 2 𝜋


Domain → R (Set of real numbers)
Range → *– 1, 1] i.e., {x R : –1 ≤ x ≤ 1}

2)

Period = 2 𝜋
Domain → R Range → *– 1, 1]

3)

Period = 2𝜋
Domain → R – {( ) }
Range → R (Set of real numbers)

4) y = f (x) = cosec x

Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 9


QA – Graphs- Basics

Period = 2 𝜋
Domain → R – * 𝜋 ∶ +
Range → ( - , )

5) y = f (x) = sec x

Period = 2 𝜋
Domain → R – {) ) }
Range → ( - , )

6) y = f (x) = cot x

Period = 2 𝜋
Domain → R – * 𝜋 ∶ +
Range → R (Set of real numbers)

Proprietary and Confidential ABS Classes 10

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