Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOCQs
Chapter 7 1 A;[1]

The mark schemes, suggested answers and 2 B;[1]

comments that appear in this CD-ROM were written
by the author(s). In examinations, the way marks 3 C;[1]
would be awarded to answers like these may be
different. 4 a
refer to pages 131–132 1 mark for each valid
point up to a max of 3[3]
Notes about mark schemes b refer to pages 129–131 1 mark for each valid
point up to a max of 4[4]
A or accept indicates an alternative acceptable
answer. c refer to pages 127–129 1 mark for each valid
point up to a max of 3[3]
R = reject. This indicates a possible answer that [Total: 10]
should be rejected.
; The bold semi-colon indicates the award of 1 mark. 5 a i vessel elements;
tracheids;
/ This indicates an alternative answer for the same
mark. The alternatives may be separated from the parenchyma;
rest of the answer by commas. fibres; [max. 3]
( ) Text in brackets is not required for the mark. ii sieve (tube) elements;
companion cells;
Underlining This is used to indicate essential
word(s) that must be used to get the mark. parenchyma;
fibres; [max. 3]
AW means ‘alternative wording’. It is used to
indicate that a different wording is acceptable b vessel element:
provided the essential meaning is the same, and is transport of water / support / transport of
used where students’ responses are likely to vary mineral ions;
more than usual. tracheid:
transport of water / support / transport of
AVP means ‘additional valid point’. This means mineral ions;
accept any additional points given by the student sieve element:
that are not in the mark scheme, provided they are transport of, sucrose / organic solutes;
relevant. But accept only as many additional points companion cells:
as indicated by the bold semi-colons, e.g. AVP;; loading / unloading, phloem (sieve element) /
means award a maximum of 2 extra marks. forms functional unit with sieve element;
ORA means ‘or reverse argument’ and is used when parenchyma:
the same idea could be expressed in the reverse storage / gas exchange;
way. For example: ‘activity increases between pH fibres:
2 and pH 5 ORA’ means accept ‘activity decreases support / mechanical strength;
between pH 5 and pH 2’.  [max. 4]
[Total:10]
max. This indicates the maximum number of marks
that can be given. 6 soil solution > root hair cell > xylem vessel
contents > mesophyll cell > dry atmospheric
air;[1]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014

 Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to end-of-chapter questions

the lower the relative humidity, the higher

7 a therefore water enters plant through roots;
the tension / the lower the hydrostatic time delay between rate of transpiration and
pressure, in the xylem; rate of water uptake is due to time taken
more evaporation from leaf (mesophyll cells) for effect of transpiration to be transmitted
when low relative humidity; through the plant; AW [max. 4]
results in lower water potential in leaf [Total: 10]
(mesophyll cells);
therefore more water moves from xylem 10 a to rinse out / remove, any existing K+ ions

(vessels to replace water lost from leaf ); from the root;
down a water potential gradient; present in the apoplast;[2]
sets up tension in the xylem vessels; [max. 4] b there is a rapid initial uptake of K+ ions;
b lowest / most negative, hydrostatic pressure lasts for about 10 minutes; accept 10–20
is at the top of the tree; ORA minutes;
because water is being lost at the top of the the rate of uptake then slows down and
tree; remains steady / linear / continuous;[3]
this sets up a tension which is greatest at the c rapid uptake of K+ ions for first 10–20 minutes
top of the tree; / as Expt A for first 10–20 minutes;
there is a, hydrostatic pressure / tension, but not quite as rapid as Expt A / at 25 °C;
gradient in the xylem vessels; then no further uptake;[3]
some pressure is (inevitably) lost on the way d initial rapid phase of uptake is due to uptake
down the tree; [max. 3] of K+ ions into the apoplast;
[Total: 7] by mass flow;
or by diffusion;
8 transpiration / loss of water vapour / loss of second phase / after 10–20 minutes due to
water by evaporation, from the leaves occurs active transport;
during the day; which happens as soon as uptake starts
because the stomata are open; (0 minutes);
this results in tension in the xylem (vessels); at 0 °C enzyme activity is reduced / stops;
walls of xylem vessels are pulled slightly therefore no active transport (because active
inwards / vessels shrink slightly; AW transport depends on respiration which is
overall effect is for diameter of whole trunk controlled by enzymes); [max. 5]
to, shrink / get smaller; +;
stomata close at night, so no transpiration at e no further uptake of K [1]
night; [max. 3] f inhibits respiration, therefore inhibits active
transport;
9 a
the loss of water vapour; which is dependent on ATP produced during
from the leaves / from the surface of a plant; [2] respiration;[2]
b light intensity; [Total: 16]
temperature; [2]
11

a hydrogen ions are actively transported out of
c rate of water uptake shows the same pattern the, sieve element–companion cell; [1]
as rate of transpiration; AW
b there are more hydrogen ions / there is a
but there is a time delay, with changes in rate
build-up of hydrogen ions, outside the sieve
of transpiration occurring before changes in
element–companion cell units compared
water uptake; AW [2]
with inside;
d transpiration causes water uptake; hydrogen ions are positively charged; [2]
loss of water (by transpiration) sets up a
c ATP is needed for the active transport of
water potential gradient in the plant;
hydrogen ions out of the tubes; [1]
water potential in roots is lower than water [Total: 4]
potential in soil;

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014

 Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to end-of-chapter questions

12

a actual length = observed length/
magnification or A = I/M;
observed length of sieve element = 50 mm
(allow ±1 mm);
actual length = 50 mm/150 = 0.50 mm; accept
conversion of mm to µm: answer = 500 µm [3]
b i 1 metre = 1000 mm;
1000/0.50= 2000;
or
1 metre = 1 000 000 µm;
1 000 000/500 = 2000; [2]
ii to maintain the pressure gradient inside
the sieve tubes;
without the sieve plates the different
pressures at source and sink would
quickly equilibrate; [max. 1]
iii sieve pores; [1]
c (sieve element is 0.50 mm long)
(1 hour = 3600 seconds)
3600 seconds to travel 1 metre;
therefore: 0.50/1000 × 3600 seconds to travel
0.50 mm;
= 1.8 seconds (to one decimal place);
Accept 500 µm and 1 000 000 (µm) instead of
0.50 mm and 1000 (mm). [3]
[Total: 10]

13 a i when seed is forming / just after

fertilisation; [1]
ii germination;[1]
iii young immature leaf / leaf that is still
growing;[1]
iv mature photosynthesising leaf; [1]
v when food is being accumulated / when
storage organ is growing (in size) /
developing / end of plant’s growing season
/ just before winter; [1]
vi when plant starts to grow (using food from
the storage organ); [1]
b i to make starch;
respiration; [2]
ii to make cellulose;
respiration; [2]
[Total: 10]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014