LAB SESSION NO 10

To balance two rotating masses by onemass rotating in different plane at different radii when
plane of balancing mass is on either side of the planes of two disturbing mass

Learning Objective:
 To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
 To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.

Apparatus
 Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
 Mass Balance
 Nuts, bolts & washers as masses

Main Parts of Balancing Machine

 Mounting platform
 Suspension and bearings
 Shaft and rotating discs
 Motor, belt and pulley
 Motor speed control unit

Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in

Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific value
of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.

Observations

Sr. No. Disturbing Mass 1 Disturbing Mass 2 Balancing Mass

M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ

1 55 30 60 45 60 150 70 45 299
2 42 45 70 37 30 160 59 60 280
3 35 30 40 27 60 90 45 45 195
4 23 60 80 37 45 200 48 30 320

Specimen Calculations

For 1st observation (where “A” is balancing mass )

Fig 10.1 Angular Position of Masses Fig 10.2 Position of Planes

 Fig 10.3 Force Polygon

Scale (1mm = 1×10-3kg.m )

Plane m (kg) r(m) m.r l (m) m.r.l

A Ma (r.p) 0.045 0.045×M 0 0
a
B 0.055 0.03 0.00165 0.1 0.00016
5
C 0.045 0.06 0.0027 0.2 0.00054

3.1643 ×10-3 = 0.045×Ma

Ma = 70.31 g
 LAB SESSION NO 11
To balance different masses rotating at different radii in the different planes

Learning Objective:
 To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
 To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.

Apparatus
 Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
 Mass Balance
 Nuts, bolts & washers as masses

Main Parts of Balancing Machine

 Mounting platform
 Suspension and bearings
 Shaft and rotating discs
 Motor, belt and pulley
 Motor speed control unit

Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in

Theory
Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses
The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial machines
such as gas turbines, electric generators and heavy engines of ships, vibration can cause
catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow wheel, balancing
simply involves moving the center of gravity to the center of rotation, which is done by placing
balancing masses in a specific plane at a specific radius and angle. For a system to be in
complete balance both force and couple polygons should be closed i.e., both forces and couples
are need to be balanced.
Static balancing
Static balance occurs when the center of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation. The
centrifugal force due disturbing mass is neutralized by equal and opposite centrifugal force of
balancing mass. The object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without the
application of any braking force. It has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity. This is
seen in bike wheels where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute the center
of mass to the center of the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels.

As we can see from the figure that a balancing mass(m) is attached in same plane at a radius of
(r) in front of disturbing mass (M). So, from condition of static balancing we got:
m*r=M*s

Dynamic balancing
A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any
resultant centrifugal force or couple i.e., dynamic balancing requires both force and couple to
be balanced. The system rotates without requiring the application of any external force or
couple, other than that required to support its weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to avoid
the stress upon the bearings caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights must be
added. This is seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate itself when
stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate smoothly as the center
of mass is to the side of the center bearing.
Following figure shows how couple is balanced:
Rotating shaft unbalanced by two identical attached weights, which causes a counterclockwise
centrifugal couple (C*d) that must be resisted by a clockwise couple (F*ℓ = C*d) exerted by the
bearings.
Two different cases of dynamic balancing are there under category of (balancing of single
rotating mass by 2 masses in different planes)
1)When plane of disturbing mass is in between plane of balancing masses
Following figure illustrates it:

Now, after static balancing, we got:

m*r=(m1*r1) +(m2*r2)
After couple/torque balancing about points P and Q, we got:
 m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1
2) When the plane of disturbing mass lies on one side of planes of balancing masses
Following figure illustrates it:

Now, from force balancing, we got:

m1*r1=(m*r) +(m2*r2)
And after couple balancing:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1

Balancing of several masses in the same plane

When different masses are present at different angles from each other and from positive x-axis at
same or different radii in the same plane then in order to balance them, their resultant centrifugal
force is to be calculated and then a mass is calculated from this force and attached at the required
radius at an angle of 180 degree from the direction of disturbing force.
Hence, we are doing static balancing because masses are in the same plane.
It is illustrated in following figure:
To find magnitude and position of balancing masses, we have analytical & graphical method,
which are described below:

1)Analytical Method
It has following steps:
a. Find out centrifugal force produced by each disturbing mass i.e., product of mass & its
radius of rotation
b. Resolve the centrifugal force into its horizontal and vertical components and then find the
sum of horizontal components (∑H) and vertical components (∑V) using following
formulae:

c.
d. Find magnitude of resultant centrifugal force using following formula:
a. Fc= √ ∑ H 2+ ∑V 2
e. Let ‘θ’ be the angle made by resultant force with horizontal which is:
∑V
f. tan¿ ∑ H
g. The balancing force is equal in magnitude to Fc but opposite in direction, and its angle
from horizontal is (θ+180)

h. Now find the magnitude of balancing mass by following relation:

i. Fc=m*r
(Where ‘r’ will be given or we can assume any value at which we want to put balancing
mass)
Graphical Method
Various steps involved in this method are given below:
1. Draw the space diagram with the positions of the several masses, as shown.
2. Find out the centrifugal forces or product of the mass and radius of rotation exerted by
each mass.
3. Now draw the vector diagram with the obtained centrifugal forces or product of the
masses and radii of rotation. To draw vector diagram, take a suitable scale.
4. Let ab, bc, cd, de represents the forces Fc1, Fc2, Fc3 and Fc4 on the vector diagram.
Draw ‘ab’ parallel to force Fc1 of the space diagram, at ‘b’ draw a line parallel to force
Fc2. Similarly draw lines cd, de parallel to Fc3 and Fc4 respectively.
5. As per polygon law of forces, the closing side ‘ae’ represents the resultant force in
magnitude and direction as shown in vector diagram.
6. The balancing force is then, equal and opposite to the resultant force.
7. Determine the magnitude of the balancing mass (m) at a given radius of rotation (r), such
that,
Fc =m*(ω^2) * r
Where m*r=resultant of m1*r1, m2*r2, m3*r3 and m4*r4
Following figure illustrates this method:

Balancing of different masses present in different planes

When the disturbing masses are present in different planes then both the centrifugal force &
couple need to be balanced for balancing that masses.
Steps of the balancing are as follows:
1 A reference plane is chosen from which lengths to other planes are taken.to the left of
reference plane, the distances are negative while on right side they are positive.
2 A table is made in which the centrifugal forces and couples due to all masses are written.
3 Force and couple polygon is developed using suitable scale.
4 Magnitude of resultant of polygons will give balancing mass and balancing mass will be
antiparallel to the resultant.
These all steps are shown in following figures:
 Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table.
2 Take 3 masses in the form of nuts and bolts, measure them and place them in a plane (disc)
at specific value of radius and different angles from horizontal.
3 These will be the disturbing masses.
4 Take a mass (M) (nut and bolt) as determined from graphical or analytical method using
pre-determined value of radius (R).
5 Place M in the same disc as of disturbing masses at radius R and at the angle of 180 from
the direction of resultant force.
6 This will be the balancing mass.
7 Start the motor by pressing (On) switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
8 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward or oscillate about pivot points, which means disturbing masses are
balanced.

Observations
Sr. Disturbing Mass 1 Disturbing Mass 2 Disturbing Mass 3 Balancing Mass
No.

M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M3(g) R3(mm) Θ3ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ

1 10 30 0 15 30 60 10 30 207 30 30 226

2 10 90 0 12 30 60 21 60 190 60 60 330

Specimen Calculations
For 1st observation:
M1=10g
M2=15g
R1=30mm
R2=30mm
R3=30mm
R4=30mm

Θ1=0 degree

Θ2=60 degree
L1=4in
L2=8in
L3=12in

Plane Mass (g) Radius Distance Couple

A (Ref) Ma 30 30Ma 0
B 10 30 300 30480
C 15 30 450 91446
D M2 30 30Md 9144 md

Here, (F) is centrifugal force and (Dist.) is distance of masses from reference plane.
Now, using suitable scale the couple polygon is
 9144md=7.2cm=109728

Md=12g Θd=226 degree

And the force polygon is:

30Ma=2cm=300
Ma=10g ΘA=180+27=207 degree So, balancing masses and
angles are:
M3=10g

Θ3=207 degree
M4=12g

Θ4=226 degre

Experiment # 12
1. Learning objective:
To determine a graph of follower displacement against angular rotation of the cam

2. Apparatus:
 Cams.
 Cam analyze machine.
 Roller follower.

Demonstration
Displacement when the follower Moves with Simple Harmonic Motion
The displacement, when the follower moves with simple harmonic motion are shown in Fig. 10
(a). The displacement diagram is drawn as follows:
1. Draw a semi-circle on the follower stroke as diameter.
2. Divide the semi-circle into any number of even equal parts (say six).
3. Divide the angular displacements of the cam during out stroke and return stroke into the same
number of equal parts.
4. The displacement diagram is obtained by projecting the points as shown in Fig. 10 (a) Since
the follower moves with a simple harmonic motion.
 Figure 10(a)

Experiment # 13
1. Learning objective:
To draw the cam profile machine and draw the cam profile using displacement diagram with the
help of displacement curve for uniform velocity.

2. Apparatus:
 Cams.
 Cam analyze machine.
 Roller follower.
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3. Procedure:
The procedure is given below,
 Place the Cam to the motor and fly wheel apparatus.
 Mount the follower onto the cam.
 Set the graph apparatus.
 Now, start the motor, during its motion the shaft will rotate causing the cam to rotate.
 Follower follows the cam and graph is being plotted between displacement and
periods for forward stroke, dwells and reverse strokes.

4. Observations and calculations:

 No offset
 Base diameter=5.1 cm
 Roller diameter= 15 mm
 Stroke length= 50 mm
 Forward stroke= 120.2o
 Dwell 1=35.2o
 Dwell 2=96.2o
 Reverse stroke= 1080
Cam profile is drawn and attached to the report.
P.T.O
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