Integral calculus Any odd power of sin x Put cos x = t

Any odd power of cos x Put sin x = t

Indefinite integrals Even power of sec x Tan x =t
1.  dx = x+ c Even power of cosec x Cot x =t
2.  adx =ax + C polinomial
x n 1  dx

n
3. x dx = +c polinomial
n 1 (1) If the degree of the numerator is ≥ degree of
(ax  b) n 1 1 denominator ,divide numerator by denominator
 (ax  b) dx = (n  1) a + c
n
4. remainder
i.e.,  {Quotient  divisor
}dx
1
5.  x dx = log x +c (2) Partial fractions
px  q A B
1 log ax  b (i)  
( x  a)( x  b) ( x  a) ( x  b)
6.  ax  b dx = a
+c
px 2  qx  r A B C
  
 e dx = ex + c (ii)
x
7.
( x  a )( x  b)( x  c) ( x  a) ( x  b) ( x  c)
ax px  q A B C
a
x
8. dx = +c (iii)   
log a ( x  a )( x  b) 2
( x  a ) ( x  b) ( x  b) 2
9.  sin xdx   cos x  c px  q

A
 2
Bx  C
(iv)
10.  cos xdx  sin x  c ( x  a )( x  bx  c ) ( x  a) ( x  bx  c )
2

11.  tan xdx  log sec x  c

1
12.  cot xdx  log sin x  c Integrals of the form  ax 2
 bx  c
dx ,
13.  sec xdx  log sec x  tan x  c 1
14.  cos ecxdx  log cos ecx  cot x  c
 ax  bx  c
2
dx

15.  sec xdx  tan x  c

2

16.  cos ec xdx   cot x  c

2  ax 2  bx  c dx
Method
17.  sec x tan xdx  sec x  c 1. Make the coefficient of x2 as 1
2. Complete the square in terms of x2 and x by adding and subtracting
18.  cos ecx cot xdx   cos ecx  c the square of half the coefficient of x
1 3. Use the appropriate formula
19.  dx  sin 1 x  c or  cos 1 x  c px  q
1 x2 Integrals of the form  ax 2
 bx  c
dx ,
1
20. 1 x 2
dx  tan 1 x  c or  cot 1 x  c

px  q
dx
1 ax 2  bx  c
21. x x 12
dx  sec 1 x  c or  cos ec 1 x  c d
(ax 2  bx  c ) + B
(i) put px+q =A
dx
1 1 ax
22. a 2
x 2
dx 
2a
log
ax
c (ii) Comparing the coefficients, find the value of A and B
(iii) sub. the value of px+q in this form in the given integrand

1 1 xa (iv) the integral reduces to known form

23.  x 2  a 2 dx  2a log x  a  c dx
Integrals of the form  a sin 2
x  b cos 2 x
1 1 1 x
24.  x 2  a 2 dx  a tan a  c Divide the numerator and denominator by cos2 x then put tan x=t
Integrals as limit of a sum
1 x
25.  a x2 2
dx  sin 1
a
c
 a
b
f ( x ) dx  limh{ f ( a ) 
h  0
f ( a  h)  f
.............. f ( a  ( n  1) h )}
1
26.  x a2 2
dx  log x  x2  a2  c
Where h =
ba
as n  ∞ , h 0
n
1 n( n  1)
27.  x2  a2
dx  log x  x 2  a 2  c
 (n  1)  2 ,
x a2 x n( n  1)(2n  1)
28.
 a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a2  x2 
2
sin 1  c
a
 (n  1) 2  6
2
x 2 a n (n  1) 2
2
29.
 x 2  a 2 dx 
2
x  a2 
2
log x  x 2  a 2  c  ( n  1) 3

4
30.
a (r n  1)
x a2 Sn=a+ar+ar2+ar3+…….to n terms = , if r >1
 x  a dx  x2  a2  log x  x 2  a 2  c r 1
2 2

2 2
INTEGRATION BY PARTS.
du
 uvdx  u  vdx   [ dx  vdx]dx where u = f(x) , v =

g(x)
Hints on substitutions
If the qn contains substitution
x = a sint
a x
2 2

x =a tant
x2  a2
x=a sec t
x2  a2