DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
Bureau of Soils and Water Management
Quezon City, Philippines

Designand
of Main Canal
Structures
Engr. Ernesto Brampio
 

Inflow

Evaporation
Demand

Storage = Previous Sto + Infow -

Release
 

To service area
ar ea
 

COMPONENTS OF IRRIGAT
IRRIGATION WORKS

Consists of network of open canal, laterals,

and drainage ditches provided with the
necessary structures to control the
distribution of irrigation water.

Design of irrigation canal shall be done on the

basis of N! criteria and other applicable

criteria.
 

n laying out canals, the designer should have

an overall view
determine of the topographic
beforehand where themap and
canals
should pass. "outes passing along steep slopes
should be avoided as much as possible to
minimi#e or eliminate costly structures.
 

IRRIGATION CANA A!O"T

Water Distribution
Plan
Lot 1
   1 Lot 2    2    3

    B
   l    l    l

     l 
  a   a   a
  r
  e
Block 4
  r
Block 5
  e Block 6
  r
  e

   a
   t    t    t
  a   a   a

   n
   L    L    L

    C
    a Lot 6
   n
     i
   a
    M    2    3
   1
   l
  a
Block 1 Block 2
   l
  a
  r
Block 3
   l
  a
  r
  r   e   e
  e    t    t
   t   a   a
  a    L    L
   L

Main Canal A
Qa=Q1 + Q2 + Q3
Q3=A3x V3
Qt= Qa + Qb
 

Canal Layout
 

$or feasibility study purposes, ground

profiles along canal routes may be taken
from topographic maps. This is done by
taking elevation of contours that cross the
canal alignment and plotting such
elevation against distance on suitable
cross section paper.

$or actual construction purposes, ground

profiles and cross sections of actual canal

route by stations % & '( meters)

 

T#INGS TO $E CONSIDERED IN
DESIGNING IRRIGATION CANA

 *ydraulic efficiency

+implicity
+tructural stability


Economy
 

T#INGS TO $E CONSIDERED IN DESIGNING

IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION CANA

S%ape of canal T&pe of canal

 "ectangular Canal 
Earth canal
 Trape#oidal canal ined canal %C*B,

Concrete)
 +emicircular canal

 -shaped canal /pen channel
Closed channel %"C0C)

Combination, others
 


$or trape#oidal section of
section of greatest
hydraulic efficiency has hydraulic radius
e1ual to half the depth, "2d3'

$or rectangular section2The
section2The base width of
a rectangular crosssection of ma4imum
hydraulic efficiency should be twice the
depth of water, b2'd

$or triangular canal section,

section, triangular
section of ma4imum hydraulic efficiency is
a right triangle, 2
triangle, 2 5(6

The ratio of b to d can be between b7d289


 

Canal Hydraulics
Canal side sloes ! "rae#oidal$trian%ular
canal

  1&5!1 ' (or )ost eart* )aterials

  1$3!1 or 1$2!1 ' (or rock or *ardan

:aterials that are initially hard but subse1uently
would became unstable of their property of being
easily pulveri#ed or disintegrated after e4posure to
the elements should have flatter side slopes which
may be '(' and provide with the concrete lining if
necessary.
 

Canal Hydraulics
The ideal condition is to design the
canal for a velocity which will be
neither too fast to cause scouring nor

too slow to cause silting.

Per)issible +elocity ,(or eart* canal-!

  Mini)u) Per
Per)issible
)issible +el . /&3 )s

  Ma0i)u) Per
Per)issible
)issible +el . 1&/
)s

or +elocity
+elocity  1&/ )s ,reco))ended
(or linin%-
 

 E)uations used in design of cana l

<2!- =here7
<2 volume of water needed
!2area
A* +d , m d- -2velocity of flow
02wetted perimeter
-283n "⅔ +; "2hydraulic radius
D2 depth of canal
.* + , -d /m- , ' b2canal base width
d 2depth of flowing water
R* A0. m2canal side slope
+2 canal bed slope

n2 roughness coefficient
 2 (.('>(.(? earth canal
fb  2 (.(8>(.(8@ lined canal
fb2 freeboard
D d m

+
 

Canal reeboard
 
a& (or o det* (ro) /&1 to 1& )
  b . /&4d , )ini)u) . /&3 )-

  b& (or o det* . 2) and %reater

%reater
  b . /&25d 7 /&3/ ,)in . 2&/ )-

reeboard
 

Qn/S
 

!"P"#RAP$I% &AP' (AR& P)A* 

%A*A) S,%!I"* "( S,RVI%, AR,A
 

P89:L; AL9<= C;<";8L:<; 9 MA:< CA<

 

P89:L; AL9<= C;<";8L:<; 9 MA:< CA<

Canal la&1out

5>
59
5?

(A((( (A8(( (A'(( (A?((

5> Natural ground

4 Canal bed elevation
     4
59
4
5? 4
Canal profile along centerline
+cale 878(( - 878((( *
 

CANA STR"CT"RES
eneral function7

Different types of canal structures are re1uired in an irrigation system to effectively and efficiently convey, regulate
and measure the canal discharge and storm runoff damage.
 

Conveyance structures
!re designed based on hydraulics and structural
re1uirements.

 *ydraulics refers
structures and theto proper si#ing
provision of the allowable
of ade1uate
head losses.

+tructural designrefers to provision of ade1uate

wall thickness and reinforcements to the
structures to sustain imposed loads.

N! design criteria for canal structures can be use

 

T&pes of Canal Structures

According to .urpose
Conveyance +tructures
 
"egulating +tructures
 
0rotective +tructures
 
=a
=ater :easurement +tructures
 

E4amples7
 
Conveyance +tructures
 
!.
!.  "oad Crossing 
Crossing 
 
used to convey irrigation water under
roads or railroads
 
ma4imum allowable velocity inside the
pipe is 8.>( m3sec for concrete transition
 
ma4imum allowable velocity for a pipe

with earth transition is 8.( m3sec

 

'. nverted +iphon

used to convey water by gravity under roads,

railroads, other canal structures, various types
of drainage channels and depressions

  allowable head, economy and allowable pipe

velocities determine the si#e of the pipe
 
the sum of all the computed head losses should
appro4imate the difference in energy grade
elevation between the upstream and
downstream ends
 
velocities should range
range from 8 to ? m3sec
 

'. nverted +iphon

used to convey water by gravity under roads,

railroads, other canal structures, various types
of drainage channels and depressions

  allowable head, economy and allowable pipe

velocities determine the si#e of the pipe
 
the sum of all the computed head losses should
appro4imate the difference in energy grade
elevation between the upstream and
downstream ends
 
velocities should range
range from 8 to ? m3sec
 

?. Bench and Elevated $lume

used to convey water along steep sidehill terrain or to
convey water over other waterways, or natural drainage
channels
 
study of the b3d ratios in regard to hydraulic efficiency
and construction cost is between 8 to ?
 
 

0lan of Elevated $lume

 

9. Drop +tructure
 
used to convey water from a higher to lower
elevation
 
different kinds of drops7
 
vertical drop
baffled drop
rectangular inclined

pipe drops
 

C9<C8;"; D89P A<D ;<D CH;C> ?"8@C"@8;?

 

>. Chutes
 
used to convey water from higher to a lower
elevation
 

consists ofand
dissipater inlet, chute
outlet section, an energy
transition
 
the chute section may be a pipe or an open
section
 
similar to drops e4cept that they carry the
water over longer distances and flatter
slopes
 

B. 0rotective +tructures
 
8. Culverts 
carry storm runoff or drainage water under
the canal

primary rulechannel
the natural in locating
withculvert is disturbance
as little to utili#e
as possible to the natural pattern
'. /ver chutes 
used to carry storm runoff or drainage water
over a canal
?. Drain inlets 
used to carry relatively
r elatively small amount of storm
runoff or drainage water into the canal
  
 

C. "egulating +tructures
 
8. Checks 
used to regulate the canal water surface
upstream of the structure and control the
downstream flow
 
'. Turnouts 
used to divert water from a supply channel
to a smaller channel
 
?. Division 
used to divide the flow from a supply pipe
or channel among two or more channels
 
 

D. =ater
=ater :easuring +tructures
 
0arshall flumes 
measuring structures
structures in which canal water flows over a
board flat converging section through a narrow
downward sloping throat section and then diverges on

an upward sloping flow

=eirs
overflow structures built across open channels to
measure the rate of flow of water
weirs are identified by the shape of their openings,
either sharp crested or board crested
mostly used are sharp crested rectangular, trape#oidal
or Cipolletti and rectangular or -notch weir
/pen $low :eters 
open flow meters are propeller type motors, which may
 be installed at the ends of gravity pipe turnouts
 

eneral Design Criteria for Canal +tructures

8.( *ydraulics

8.8 *ead osses

8.8.8 $riction loss hf2%f3d)%v'3'g) for pipes
8.8.' Transition loss
8.8.? Bend oss
8.8.9 Trash
Trash rack
ra ck loss
los s
8.' nlet and outlet transition of structures
8.? +i#ing of canal structures %Barrel or pipe)
 

eneral Design Criteria for Canal +tructures

'.( +tructural design for Canal structures

'.8 oadings
'.8.8 Dead loss
'.8.' ateral earth pressure
'.8.? ive load
'.8.9 +uper imposed load
'.8.> *ydrostatic pressure
'.8.F Gplift pressure
'.' oading combinations
'.? +tability analyses
'.9 +tructural Considerations
'.> Detailed concrete and reinforcement
 

"/!D C"/++N +T"CTG"E !T !N!+ DD, B!+GD, C!:. N/"TE

 

Concrete lu)e o( Hacienda

Concrete Ha cienda ?W:P
?an Mi%uel "abaco City Albay
 

Concrete 2lume at Travesia DD,

uinobatan, !lbay
 

 "ransition (ro)
 "ransition (ro) "rae#oidal
"rae#oidal to
rectan%ular
rectan%ular canal Muladbucad DD
=uinobatan Albay
 

 "rae#oidal s*ae concre

 "rae#oidal concrete
te canal
Muladbucad DD =uinobatan Albay
 

8ectan%ular concrete canal at

?an Mi%uel "i%aon Ca)& ?ur

 

:nerted si*on at "i%aon Ca)&

?ur
 

Diision Bo0 8i%*t at ?a%rada

DD :ri%a City Ca)& ?ur
 

C*eck structure and P+C outlet 

?a%arda DD :ri%a City
 

Diision Bo0 le(t and ri%*t at Lico DD

?to& Do)in%o +in#ons Ca)& <orte
 

8oad Crossin% at Lico DD ?to&

Do)in%o +in#ons Ca) <orte
 

8oad Crossin% ?tructure it* ?lide

=ate  An%as DD Basud Ca)& <orte
 

8oad Crossin% ?tructure  An%as DD Basud Ca)&

<orte
 

 "*res*er$Ani)al
 "*res*er$Ani)al Crossin%
Crossin% ?tructure
?tructure  An%as DD
Basud Ca)& <orte
 

Ani)al Crossin% structure  An%as DD

Basud Ca)& <orte
 

lo Diider ,-  An%as DD Basud Ca)&

C a)& <orte
 

"oad crossing structure

 

Bo4 culvert %Double barrel)

 

End of presentations