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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE ARTS
1st Semester

LEARNING MODULE 5

Unit Topic: Contemporary Art Techniques and Performance Practices

Prepared by: Mae Ann M. Piorque, Lpt

I. Gaining in your end

I will be able to:
1. Research on techniques and performance practices applied to contemporary arts;
2. Identify local materials used in creating art

II. As you Move

 What can you say about the materials used in all Filipino musical instruments?
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III. Matter in Hand

Music
The media of music are classified into vocal (voices) and instrumental (musical instruments). Vocal media, as the
term suggests, pertain to male and female voices. Male voices have three registers: bass (lowest), baritone (middle), and
tenor (highest). Female voices also have three registers: alto (lowest), mezzo soprano (middle), and soprano (highest). The
highest of the female vocal registers is the coloratura soprano whereas the lowest of the male vocal registers is the basso
profound.
On the other hand, instrumental media pertain to the different instruments played by musicians. Most of these
instruments form part of the orchestra. Based on how their sounds are produced, they are classified into string or stringed,
wind, percussion, and keyboard instruments. String or stringed instruments, as their name suggests, have strings which are
either plucked or bowed. The plucked strings are guitars, ukuleles, banjos, mandolins, harps, and the erstwhile lyres while
the bowed strings are violins, violas, violoncellos or cellos, and double basses or contrabasses.
Wind Instruments, as their name suggests, require wind to produce sound so they are blown. Based on the materials that
are used to create them, they are classified into woodwind instruments and brass instruments. The piccolos, flutes, oboes,
English horns, clarinets, bass clarinets, bassoons, and contrabassoons are the woodwind instruments. The brass
instruments consist of the saxophones, trumpets, French horns, trombones, tubas, and cornets. Percussion instruments are
beaten or struck. They come in a variety of forms. The drums (kettle drums, snare drums, side drums,
etc.), glockenspiels, xylophones, marimbas, gongs, cymbals, triangles, and chimes belong to this group. Keyboard
instruments, as their name suggests, have keys which are pressed to produce the desired sounds. They include the piano,
the organ, the celesta, the piano accordion, and the harmonium.

Dance
Dance materials are those materials used for costumes, properties, and set design. Costumes include the head
gear, the upper garments, the lower garments, and the footwear. Hats, caps, fez, bonnets, helmets, crawns, turbans, and
hoods are among the head gear. Blouses, kimono, kimona, barot saya, malong, patadyong, traje, gowns, Maria Clara
dresses, skirts, bloomers, and the like are garments for female dancers, while shirts, camisa de chino, barong Tagalog,
shorts, long pants, trousers, G-strings, and the like are garments for male dancers. Their footwear may be shoes, slippers,
sandals, socks, and stockings. Props include the glasses with lighted candles pandanggo sa ilaw), sombreros (pandanggo
sa sambalilo), fans (fan dance), umbrellas (umbrella dance), sticks (sakuting), pots (banga), spears and shields (singkil),
pom-pom (cheer dance), towels torches, and so on. As far as set design is concerned, vintas are placed as backdrop for
singkil, a vintage Spanish-inspired house for jota, and nipa huts for tinikling.

Drama
Before when the camera, radio, and television were not yet invented, the stage was the only venue used for
dramatic purposes. With the advancement in technology, plays have been performed in places other than the stage and
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presented days or months after the actors' performance. Nowadays, drama comes in various media. Aside from stage
plays, radio plays, television plays, and movies form part of people's entertainment fare.
A stage play is a drama performed on stage; the actors perform live before an audience. Examples are "New
Yorker in Tondo" and "The World Is an Apple. A radio play is a drama aired over the radio; the actors perform live in the
studio but not before an audience. Examples are "Beinte Cuatro Oras and "Ito ang Inyong Tiya Dely" A television play is a
drama shown on television; the play is taped days before it is presented to the public. Examples are "Magpakailanman" and
"Maalaala Mo Kaya:"Lastly, a movie or a film is a drama shown on the wide screen; the film is shot months before it is
presented to tie public. Examples are "Rizal the Movie" and "Muro Ami"

Literature
The medium of literature is language. A poet, fictionist, novelist, dramatist, or essayist, makes use of words to
compose a poem, short story, novel, drama, or essay, respectively. More often than not, men of letters exploit the
suggestive power of language and use words connotatively.
Poets and prose writers make use of idioms, figures of speech, and literary devices to express their ideas and sentiments
regarding a certain subject. Subjects in literature may be as ordinary as everyday experiences or extraordinary such as an
encounter with aliens, for example, Martians.

Painting
The choice of, the medium is a crucial aspect in art production. Mediums differ not only in their inherent qualities but
also in the effects they produce. Luckily, painters have a variety of mediums to choose from. Oil and fresco used to be the
favorite mediums of great painters in the second half of the last millennium. With recent developments, painters have turned
to acrylic and poster colors, which are readily available in book stores and department stores. Besides oil and fresco, an
artist may opt for watercolor, tempera, pastel, acrylic, and encaustic.

Oil painting is done with the use of ground pigments (from minerals, coal tar, vegetable matter, etc.) mixed with
linseed oil and turpentine or thinner. Many painters prefer oil as a medium because oil paintings are long-lasting, slow in
drying, easy to handle and manipulate texturally, and capable of being corrected. Oil paints are applied in either of two
ways: the direct method, in which the paints are opaque and once they are applied on the surface, they dry up and give the
finished product its final appearance; and the indirect method, in which the paints are transparent and they are applied in
many thin layers or coatings. Richness in the opacity of light and depth of shadow are some of its good effects.

Fresco (Italian for fresh) painting is done with the use of earth pigments mixed with water and applied to fresh
plaster or glue which attaches the color to the surface like a wall. When the plaster is wet, the painting is described as boon
fresco or true fresco. On the other hand, when the plaster is dry, the painting is described as fresco Sacco or dry fresco.
The biggest advantage of fresco paintings is their durability. However, it has a number of disadvantages, as follows: fresco
is an exacting medium because it is quick to dry so the painter must be a fast worker and because it is difficult to correct;
fresco paintings are not movable because they are permanently attached to the walls; and fresco paintings are subject to
loss in the event that the walls are destroyed.

Watercolor painting is done with the use of pigments mixed with water and applied to fine white paper. Besides
white paper, cambric, parchment, ivory, and silk can be used as surface or ground. 'The colors are applied in very thin
layers and all the light comes from the ground, which gives it brilliance. A painter can also make use of opaque watercolor
called gouache, produced by grinding opaque colors with water and combining them with a preparation of gum and adding
Chinese white to transparent watercolors (Sanchez, Abad, and Jao, 2002).

Tempera painting is done with the use of ground pigments mixed with an aluminous or colloidal vehicle (egg yolk,
gum, glue, or casein). Being an emulsion, tempera readily dries with the evaporation of water and this characteristic is one
of its advantages. Another advantage is its effect on the wooden pane), its ground or surface- luminosity of tone. Its quick-
drying is also a disadvantage; it allows little blending or fusing of colors. The use of tempera suffered a decline in the 1300s
when oil paint was invented in Northern Europe (Marcos, 2006). Nevertheless, it is still used today.

Pastel painting is done with the use of pastel colors closely resembling dry pigments bound to form crayons, which
are directly applied to the surface, oftentimes paper. A very recent and very flexible medium, pastel is not popular among
artists because it is difficult to preserve a pastel painting due to the tendency of the chalk to rub off.

Acrylic painting is done with the use of synthetic paints called acrylics mixed with a vehicle capable of being thinned
with water. Acrylic emulsion or polymer serves as its binding agent. One of the most widely used mediums today due to its
availability in the market; acrylic paint possesses the flexibility of oil and the transparency and the fast-drying ability of
watercolor. Moreover, it is soluble in water, it can be applied on almost all surfaces, and it has no tendency to crack and to
darken or yellow with age.

Encaustic painting is done with the use of hot wax as a vehicle to bind pigments to a wooden panel or a wall.
Although it has the advantage of durability with its colors remaining vibrant and its surface maintaining a hard luster,
encaustic is not a popular medium among painters because it is difficult to manipulate. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and
Romans adorned their sculptures and walls with encaustic paintings (Marcos, 2006)
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Subjects as Materials for Painting

There are so many subjects that can be presented in painting. The prehistoric men painted animals and other
things of nature on walls of caves. The early Egyptians painted fragments of life stories of the pharaohs. The ancient Greeks
and Romans were so fond of their male and female deities. The Renaissance painters did portraits of Mary and Jesus and
depicted biblical stories. Others had fun doing landscapes, seascapes, cityscapes, and the like.

Portraits are pictures of men and women singly or collectively. Before the camera was invented, there was no other
means to know the face of a person, most especially a dead one, but through a portrait. Thus, paintings of men's faces, if
not their entire bodies, became a hit. Sad to say, it was the elite, particularly the kings and' noblemen, who could afford the
services of good painters, the poor ones did not have a remembrance of their faces. Nowadays, charcoal is one of the
mediums used in doing portraits. In photography, an art allied to painting, portraits are among the favorite subjects.

During the ancient times, man's primary concern was survival. In the early stages of men's development (hunting
and food-gathering), his first encounters were with animals and plants. Because of this constant contact with and their
interest in these living organisms, it was inevitable for them to paint these things they needed to survive. In fact, the earliest
paintings discovered in several caves in Europe were those of animals. Even now, a number of painters prefer animals and
plants, specifically flowering plants, as subjects for their paintings.

Still life is a painting of an inanimate object or a non-living thing placed on a table or another setting. A basket of
fruits, a bag of groceries, a pack of cigarettes, a bunch of flowers, and a bucket of chicken are examples of still life. The
goodness of having a still life as a subject is its availability and capability to be organized.

Painters living in the countryside have access to scenes happening daily in their community. Local events such as a
barrio fiesta, a fluvial parade, a bountiful rice harvest, a big catch of fishes, and a natural calamity are exciting painting
subjects. Many realist and impressionist painters are fond of country life. Country life is the subject of most of Amorsolo's
works ("armer" "Barrio Fiesta" "Tinikling Dance" "The Bathers "Mother and child" and "Countryside Scene").

Any of the land forms can be the subject of a landscape painting. These land forms include the volcano, the
mountain, the hill, the valley, the plain, the plateau, the cliff, and the like. Likewise, any of the water forms can be the subject
of a seascape painting. These water forms include the ocean, the sea, the river, the brook, the pond, the falls, the lake, and
the like. Moreover, an aerial view of a city or a portion of it can be'the subject of a cityscape painting.

Events are among the favorite subjects of painters. The "Spoliarium" and the "Blood Compact" of Juan Luna and
the "Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace" of Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo are examples of such subjects. "Moses
Commanding the Red Sea to Divide" is another illustration.

Religious items such as the Holy Family, Madonna and Child, Jesus Christ, angels, saints, and religious objects
are as commonly used subjects today as they were during the Medieval and Renaissance Periods. Raphael Sanzio's
paintings were mostly Madonnas;, "Madonna of the Rocks" is one of the famous paintings of Leonardo da Vinci.

Mythological, fictional, and cartoon characters are also favorite subjects for painting. An example of such paintings
is Raphael Sanzio's "Galatea," a mythological character. Supernatural beings, dreams and fantasies, technological items,
and objects dear to the painters are common subjects.

Tools Used in Painting

Just like any worker, a painter makes use of several tools in completing his work. These include the brush or
brushes, the palette, the palette knife or spatula, and the easel. Assorted brushes are used to have a variety of strokes. The
palette is the one that contains or holds the painting medium. The palette knife is used to mix colors on the palette and
sometimes to add colors to and to scrape or remove colors from the painting surface. And the easel is the frame that
supports the painting; it usually has three legs.

Sculpture
There are more materials available for sculptors than for painters. Anything that can be used to form a three-
dimensional figure is a likely medium for sculpture. Wood, stone, paper, cloth, glass, cement, and plastic are some of the
common mediums used by sculptors. Other permanent materials such as shells, amber, and brick, and even ephemeral
ones such as feather, dough used in baking, sugar, bird seed, leaves, ice or snow, and cake icing have become sculptural
materials. These days, any material is a possible sculptural medium (inflated polyethylene, foam rubber, expanded
polystyrene, striper, neon tubes, any type of cloth, and even junk).

Sometimes, a combination of these materials is employed by an artist to create a masterpiece. Take the case of
Guillermo Tolentino who used bronze and stone to complete the "Oblation." More often than not, the mediums used depend
on the sculptural process to be undertaken. Hence, the mediums are grouped into two: those applicable to additive
sculpture and those applicable to subtractive sculpture.

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In additive sculpture, the sculptor simply puts together the materials to come up with the desired figure. For
example, to produce a paper Mache animal, the sculptor glues together wet strips of old newspaper and magazines on the
mold and removes the dried bound paper from the mold by cutting the formed thing in the middle; then he puts together the
cut ends by gluing them. In short, he just adds and adds paper until he has reached the satisfactory level. Other than paper,
clay and clay-like substances, cloth, terra cotta (cooked earth), shells, pebbles, sand, and metal (by means of welding used
as casting in sculpture as invented by Julio Gonzalez) are choice materials for additive sculpture: The sand castle in
Boracay Island is a good illustration.

In subtractive sculpture, the sculptor removes the unnecessary parts of the medium he uses to form the desired
figure. For example, to produce a wooden horse, the sculptor marks the areas to be removed from the entire wood, takes
away the excess parts by using tools such as chisels and saws, and does the finishing touches. In fact, the process of
subtracting unwanted wood continues until a satisfactory level is reached. Aside from wood, stone, ivory, glass, ice, fruits,
plants, and plastic are choice materials for subtractive sculpture. The ice sculptures in Star City came into being through this
sculptural process.

Subjects Used as Materials in Sculpture

The subjects of sculpture range from living organisms (people, animals, and plants) to non-living things, places,
events, etc.

People. Important personages such as heroes and saints are the most common subjects of sculpture. Examples
are St. Lorenzo Ruiz, St. Pedro Calungsod, St. Nicolas or Santa Claus, and Lapu-Lapu, a datu in Star City, and a Filipino
mother.

Animals and Plants. Animals and plants are among the sculptors' favorite subjects. The Philippine cagle, the
tamaraw, and the parrot are examples of animal sculptures. Papier mache is a popular method of producing such
sculptures.

Places. Sculptures of places are rare. An example of these is the Philippine map in Rizal Park. The defunct Nayong
Pilipino used to house the replicas of the Philippine tourist spots, namely: the Mayon Volcano in Albay, the Chocolate Hills
in Bohol, and the Rice Terraces in Banaue.

Events. Historical, biblical, and other events are also subjects of sculptural works. The "Cry of Pugad Lawin" is
found in Caloocan City; the dioramas of major events in Philippine history are found in Ayala Museum in Makati City; and
the sculptures of geological events are located in the National Museum at the Rizal Park. The return of Gen. Douglas
MacArthur in Intramuros, "The Last Supper of Christ, and the "Three Kings Visit to
Christ illustrate events as sculptural pieces.

Religious Items. Besides the images of martyrs and saints, sculptures of a religious nature abound. The Ifugao
bulól, the Christ's relief, Michelangelo's Picta in Italy, and the Philippine “Pietà" in Malate Church are examples.

Others. Mythological beings such as deities and centaurs and strange objects are subjects of sculpture, just as are
symbolic scenes.

Architecture
The mediums used in architecture are classified into light and heavy materials. Light materials include paper, nipa,
bamboo, and other light wood. All, except paper, form part of nipa huts and similar dwellings in tropical countries. The
advantage of these materials is that they allow for good ventilation, but their disadvantage is that they are not resistant to
fire and other natural elements. Thus, houses made of light materials, especially those in squatter o slum areas, are
described as fire hazards. The trend now is toward the use of heavy materials which are not only fire-resistant but also
durable and able to withstand natural forces such as earthquakes, landslides, storm, and floods. These materials are
hardwood, stone, concrete (combination of cement, gravel, and sand), cob, mortar, brick, steel, and cast iron. They always
form part of high-rise buildings, for example, condominiums.

Traditional Techniques Applied to Contemporary Creation

Music
According to Boethius, the most eloquent music writer of the Middle Ages, there are three types of nusic. These are
musical mundana, musicahumana, and musica instrumtntalis. Musica mundana is music created by the orderly
relationships fqund among the planets and the changing seasons of the world. Musica himana is music created by human
beings, by the unity of the body and the soul. Musica instrumentalis is music created by musical instruments (Lamu:ho et
al., 2003).
Moreover, music is classified into vocal music, instrumental music, and a combination of the two, Vocal music is
music produced by the voices of singers. The singing is done without the accompaniment of musical instruments. Vocal
music is rendered acappella. On the other hand, instrumental music is music produced by musical instruments. It is
exemplified by a pianist doing a piano recital or an orchestra performing without a soloist or a group of singers. Vocal music
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and instrumental music are combined to form mixed music or mixed ensemble. Mixed ensembles usually perform in Mass,
Requiem Mass, opera, oratorio, and cantata. Even a symphony orchestra may employ a vocal soloist or a chorus.

Ensemble music is music rendered by a group of performers-singer and/or players of musical instruments. Based
on the number of performers and the types of musical instruments used, ensembles are classified into the following
(Sanchez, Abad, and Jao, 2002): orchestra, symphony orchestra, chamber orchestra, concerto, band, or rondalla. An
orchestra is the most spectacular of the ensembles because of its large size. Usually performing under the direction of a
conductor, the musicians playing several instruments of the same kind are given a par. It is divided into
four sections: the string, the woodwind, the brass, and the percussion. A symphony orchestra is a large ensemble
composed of about 100 players; it includes all the principal instrumental types divided into four sections, each of which has
at least one instrument which falls under each of the four basic ranges (soprano, alto, tenor, and bass). A chamber
orchestra is an ensemble larger than a chamber ensemble and smaller than a full orchestra. A chamber ensemble is a small
group of musicians playing from one to nine musical instruments. Chamber music written for only one instrument (violin,
cello, flute, oboe, horn, etc.) is called solo sonata; for two, duo; for three, trio, for four, quartet (for example, a piano quartet
or a string quartet); for five, quintet; for six, sextet; for seven, septet; for eight, octet; and for nine, ninetet. A concerto is a
form written for an orchestra in which one solo instrument, for example, a piano or a violin, is given prominence. A band is
an instrumental ensemble having the size of an orchestra but consisting mainly or exclusively of wind and percussion
instruments. It usually performs in concert halls and outdoor events such as parades, funerals, football games, and the like.
Nowadays, a band is used to mean a small group of performers, consisting of a soloist, drummer, guitarist/s, and
keyboardist, or a small group of singers (for example, boy bands such as A-1, Backstreet Boys, N Sync, Boyz to Men, Take
Five, and Show Boys). A rondalla is a band usually composed of stringed instruments (banduria, laud, octavina, piccolo,
guitarra, and bajo). It is the best-known instrumental group in the Philippines today. However, there are special ensembles
or groupings other than the ones earlier mentioned. Examples of these are family ensembles (Tajanlangit and Figueroa
families) which are composed of family members and ensembles that use electronic media instead of the traditional musical
instruments. The Pangkat Kawayan or Bandang Kawayan whose members play instruments made of bamboo is also
considered a special ensemble.

Singers and musicians perform different things; thus, they have to possess different technical expertise. Singers
must work on their vocal techniques as musicians develop their own playing techniques. Inasmuch as musicians play
different musical instruments, they differ in the techniques they have to learn and employ in their respective performances.
For example, a stringed instrument has technical requirements which differ from those of a percussive or wind instrument. A
player of a stringed instrument must learn such techniques as double stops, pizzicato, vibrato, tremolo, dynamics
(crescendo and decrescendo), muting, and so on. T is important for guitarists, violinists, cellists, and other string musicians
to practice these techniques and apply them when they render their performances to delight their audiences. Singers must
study the vocal scales or ranges, proper breathing, rhythm, dynamics, timbre (the use of falsetto), correct diction, phrasing,
and note visualization. These are the techniques that help the singer learn about the mechanism of singing.

Dance
Dances are classified in many ways. According to the number of performers, they are performed alone, by a pair, or
by a group. Based on subject or content, there are the war dance, courtship dance, harvest dance, ritual dance, etc.
According to the nature of the dance, they may be imitative (tinikling, itik-itik, and maglalatik), religious, interpretative, and so
forth. Based on purpose, they are grouped into folk or ethnic, social or ballroom, and spectacular or theatrical.

Folk or ethnic dances are those performed by members of a tribe or ethnic group to conduct their day-to-day
activities. Examples are the Ifugao dance, Mangyan dance, Muslim dance, and so on. Social or ballroom dances are those
performed by pairs or groups in ballrooms or dance halls to socialize. Examples are cha-cha-cha, boogie, samba, mambo,
salsa, tango, swing, waltz, fox trot, and other paired dances, as well as cotillion, rigodon de honor, and other group dances.
Spectacular or theatrical dances are those performed on stage as a spectacle to entertain the audience. Examples are
ballet, interpretative dances, and modern dances.

Techniques vary from dance to dance. Each dance has its own dance steps. To become a good dancer, one must
learn how to execute the steps in his chosen dance, for example, ballet. Practice doing ballet steps such as plié, tendu,
cabriole, pirouette, and so forth. Consistent rehearsal on your own, with a partner, or with a group is an advantage.

Drama
To create an outstanding drama, a playwright uses one or a combination of the following dramatic techniques
provided by an online source (1. www.educationquizzes.com/gcse/english/dramatic-techniques/ 2.
scrubs.wikia.com/wiki/Dramatic_Techniques).

Confession. A character tells his true desires or feelings to another character. His confession can help guide the
audience as regards the secrets and repressed emotions of the characters and it can even lead to a dramatic and
emotionally moving result.

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Dramatic irony similar to comedic irony, dramatic irony occurs when the audience or character expects one event to
happen, but the opposite happens or when something happens as a result of a character trying to prevent that something
from happening.

Music sets the mood of a scene better than any other technique.

Narration done through voice-over or otherwise helps explain the multiple dilemmas of a character, makes the
audience laugh or cry, and directs or shapes the story to convey certain emotions.

Surprise often used as a comedic technique, surprise easily catches a character or the audience off guard. It elicits
several emotions, including anger, sadness, and shock.

Suspense cousin of surprise, suspense occurs when a character or the audience is expecting something to happen.
The anticipation and waiting for something (either good or bad) to happen can cause some kind of discomfort.

Conflict is a clash between people, values, or ideas.

Soliloquy is a speech rendered by a character that thinks aloud rather than speaks to any other character on stage.

Dialogue is a speech done by one character who speaks to another character on stage.

An aside is a comment made by a character to the audience in a way that implies no one on stage has heard it.

A tableau is a still picture created on stage.

Theatrical secret. The audience knows something that one or more of the characters in a play do not know.

Chorus. A group of actors speaks in unison, usually by commenting on the action of the play.

A disguise is a technique by which a character deliberately appears to be someone else.

Red herring. A red herring is employed by a writer who deliberately misleads or distracts the audience in its
expectations.

Literature
To make their writings effective, writers make use of literary devices which include figures of speech. The following
online list contains 25 common literary techniques and figures of speech.

Alliteration the repetition of similar sounds, usually- consonants, at the beginning of words. For example, Robert
Frost's poem "Out, out-" contains the alliterative phrase "sweet-scented stuff"

Allusion A reference within a literary work to a historical, literary, mythological, or biblical character, place, or event.
For example, the title of William Faulkner's hovel The Sound and the Fury alludes to a line from Shakespeare Macbeth.

Assonance the repetition of vowel sounds in a sequence of nearby words. For example, the line "The monster
spoke in a low mellow tone" (from Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem "The Lotos-Eaters") contains assonance in its repetition of
the "o" sound.

Caricature, a description or characterization that exaggerates or disturb characters prominent features, usually for
purposes of mockery. For example, a cartoon of a gaunt Abraham Lincoln with a giant top hat, a very scraggly beard, and
sunken eyes could be considered a caricature.

Cliché, an expression, such as "turn over a new leaf, that has been use and reused so many times that it has lost
its expressive power. A sudden, powerful, and often spiritual or life changing realization that a character experiences in
otherwise ordinary moment. For example, the main character in James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man has
an epiphany during a walk by the sea.

Foreshadowing, an author's deliberate use of hints or suggestions to give a preview of events or themes that do not
develop until later in the narrative. Images such as a storm brewing or a crow landing on a fence post often foreshadow
ominous developments in a story.

Hyperbole – an excessive overstatement or conscious exaggeration of fact. "Ive told you that a million times
already" is a hyperbolic statement.

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Idiom – a common expression that has acquired a meaning that differs from its literal meaning, such as "It's raining
cats and dogs" or “That cost me an arm and a leg."

Imagery – a Language that brings to mind sensory impressions. For example, in the Odyssey, Homer creates a
powerful image with his description of "rosy-fingered dawn"

Irony – broad speaking, irony is a device that emphasizes the contrast between the way things are expected to be
and the way they actually are. A historical example of irony might be the fact that people in medieval Europe believed
bathing would harm them when in fact not bathing led to the unsanitary conditions that caused the bubonic plague.

Metaphor – the comparison of one thing to another that does not use the terms "like" or "as" A metaphor from
Shakespeare's Macbeth: "Life is but a walking shadow" Motif. A recurring structure, contrast, or other device that develops a
literary work's major themes (see below). For example, shadows and darkness are a motif in Charles Dickens's A Tale of
Two Cities, a novel that contains many gloomy scenes and settings. Spoken sound resembles the actual sound. Other,
such as "same difference" or "wise fool" Onomatopoeia. The use of words like pop, hiss, or booing, in which the

Oxymoron – the association of two terms that seem to contradict each other.

Paradox – a statement that seems contradictory on the surface but often expresses a deeper truth. One example is
the line "All men destroy the things they love" from Oscar Wilde's "The Ballad of Reading Gaol.

Personification – the use of human characteristics to describe animals, things, or ideas. Carl Sandburg's poem
"Chicago" describes the city as Stormy, husky, brawling/ City of the Big Shoulders."

Pun – a play on words that uses the similarity in sound between two words with distinctly different meanings. For
example, the title of Oscar Wilde's play "The Importance of Being Earnest" is a pun on the word earnest, which means
serious or sober, and the name "Ernest."

Rhetorical question – a question asked not to elicit an actual response but to make an impact or call attention to
something. "Will the world ever see the end of war?" is an example of a rhetorical question.

Sarcasm – a form of verbal irony (see the previous page) in which it is obvious from context and tone that the
speaker means the opposite of what he or she says. Saying "That was graceful" when someone trips and falls is an
example of sarcasm.

Simile – a comparison of two things through the use of the words like or as. The title of Robert Burns’s poem "My
Love Is like a Red, Red Rose" is a simile.

Symbol – an object, character, figure, place, or color used to represent an abstract idea or concept. For example,
the two roads in Robert Frost’s poem The Road Not Taken" symbolizes the choice between two paths in life.

Theme – a fundamental, universal idea explored in a literary work. The struggle to achieve the American Dream, for
example, is a common theme in 20th-century American literature.

Thesis – the central argument that an author makes in a work. For example, the thesis of Upton Sinclair's The
Jungle is that Chicago meat packing plants subject poor immigrants to horrible and unjust working conditions, and that the
government must do something to address the problem.

Tone – the general atmosphere created in a story, or the author's or narrators attitude toward the story or the
subject. For example, the tone of the Declaration of Independence is determined and confident.

Painting
To create the desired visual effect, a painter may employ any of the following techniques: acrylic painting, action
painting, aerial perspective anamorphosis, camaieu, casein painting, chiaroscuro, divisionism, easel painting, encaustic
painting, foreshortening, fresco painting, gouache, graffiti, grisaille, impasto, miniature painting, mural, oil painting. Panel
painting, panorama, perspective, plain-air painting, sand painting, scroll painting, sfumato, sgraffito, sotto in su, tachism,
tempera painting, tenebrism, and tromp loeil.

Methods of Presenting the Subjects

Every artist has his individual style of doing his artwork. This style is almost always governed by his choice of the
method of presenting his subject. He can choose from any of the following methods: realism, abstractionism, surrealism,
symbolism, fauvism, Dadaism, impressionism, expressionism, and futurism.

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Realism – also termed naturalism, realism is the method of presenting subjects as they appear in real life. If an
apple is the subject, it is shown as is with either red or green color. If a plant is the subject, it is presented with a brown trunk
and branches, green leaves, yellow fruits, and an appropriate size. The three Renaissance greats, Michelangelo Buonarroti,
Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael Sanzio, are realist painters; they showed their subjects as they saw the latter. The Filipino
foremost painter, Fernando Amorsolo, is the Father of Philippine Realism; he painted Philippine rural scenes realistically.

Abstractionism – is a "drawing away from realism" The word abstractionism was derived from the verb abstract
meaning to draw away. Therefore, an abstractionist draws away from reality as he creates his artwork. His product is a
departure from what is present in real life. For example, in painting a human body, a person is shown with no facial features,
no fingers, no toes, and no hair. An abstractionist selects from any of the following methods: distortion, mangling,
elongation, cubism, and abstract expressionism.

Distortion – is a presenting the subject in a misshaped form. For example, an apple is shown as a square or a circle
or a star apple as ovoid (egg-shaped) or cylindrical (funnel-like).

Mangling – is a presenting the subject with parts which are cut, lacerated, mutilated, or hacked with repeated blows
(Sanchez, Abad, and Jao, 2002).

Elongation – as the word suggest elongation is presenting the subject in an elongated form. It is done by stretching
the object, for example, the human body, vertically or horizontally. A good sample of this is El Greco's "The
Resurrection of Christ" suggests, elongation is presenting the subject in an

Cubism – is presenting the subject with the use of cubes and other geometric figures (triangles, squares,
rectangles, pentagons, hexagons, heptagons, etc.), Tam Austrias Fisherman's Family" and Vicente Manansala's "Balut
Vendors, "Prayer before Meals, and "Fruit Vendor with Twin Sons" are examples of cubism. Abstract Expressionism.
Having its origin in New York City, abstract expressionism is presenting the subject with the use of strong color, uneven
brush strokes, and rough texture and with the deliberate lack of refinement in the application of the paint. Jose Joya whose
works are mostly under this genre is the foremost exponent of abstract expressionism. In the US,
Jackson Pollock was one of the leading abstract expressionist painters.

Surrealism – is "beyond/realism. It is presenting the subject as if the subject does not form part of the real world, but
belongs to the world of dreams and fantasy. This method was influenced by Sigmund Freud, the Father of Psychoanalysis.

Symbolism – is presenting the subject symbolically, that is, the artist shows his subject as it appears in real life, but
he intends to let it represent something. For example, Juan Lunas "Spoliarium depicting a soldier dragging a slave exposes
the oppression suffered by the Filipinos from the hands of the Spaniards as he lets the soldier symbolize the Spaniards and.
the slave represent the Filipinos. Guillermo Tolentino's Oblation" is symbolic of academic freedom.

Fauvism – is an optimistic realism. It is presenting the real-life subject with the use of bright colors suggesting
comfort, joy, and pleasure. The colors bright red, yellow, orange, purple, and the like are used instead of blue, black, gray,
green, and brown. For example, the tree trunk is colored orange instead of brown. Henry Matisse, the leader of the fauves,
formed this art movement in the 1900s. Though the movement was short-lived, many later artists were influenced by
Matisse and his contemporaries. One of his works is "The Red Room" (1908-1909).

Dadaism – is shocking realism. t is presenting the real-life subject with the intention to shock the audience through
the exposition of the evils in society. Derived from the French word dada meaning hobby horse, Dadaism started as a
protest art movement composed of painters and writers whose desire was to revolutionize the outworn art traditions.
Marcel Duchamp, who espoused this desire, was the best known Dadaist.

Expressionism – is emotion realism. It is presenting the real-life subject with the intention to express emotions,
pathos, chaos fear, violence, defeat, morbidity, and tragedy. Introduced in Germany (Central Europe) during the first decade
of the 20th century, it is a style of modern painting which puts stress on intense color, agitated brushwork, and violent
imagery to express painful emotions, anxiety, and hallucinatory states (Feldman, 1986). Totally abstract and very free in
form, it is an art done in any manner, for example, dripping, throwing colors to fill a space, rolling colored bodies or objects
over a canvas. It has influenced playwrights in English and Filipino. Among them was Paul Dumol, who wrote "Ang Paglilitis
ni Mang Serapio."

Impressionism – is a realism based on the artist's impression. It is presenting the real-life subject with emphasis on
the impression left in the artists mind or perception, particularly the effect of light on the object used as subject. Going
beyond what is real, the artist may distort color or form. For example, an apple on a table is presented not as entirely red,
but with white areas showing the spots where the light rays fall upon. Impressionism is a late 19th-century style of painting
which puts stress on capture of transient atmospheric effects, use of broken color and color complementariness to render
form, and direct observation of subjects emphasized. Painters in this genre include Claude Monet, Edouard Manet, Edgar
Degas, Rembrandt van Rijn, and Vincent van Gogh.

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Futurism – is realism in the future It is presenting a subject that relates not to the present, but to the future. An example is a
painting of a futuristic machine or a futuristic human being such as an android. In the art of film-making, "Star Wars," "Star
Trek," "E. T.,"' and "Back to the Future" are considered futuristic.

Sculpture
Sculptures are found everywhere. In the Philippines, one can find the "Oblation" in the University of the Philippines,
Diliman, Quezon City, Jose Rizal's monument in Luneta, Andres Bonifacio's monument in Liwasang Bonifacio, the
Katipunan relief sculpture near Manila City Hall, and the busts of the Filipino heroes in Rizal Park. These sculptures are
classified into round sculpture and relief sculpture.
Also called a free-standing sculpture, a round sculpture or sculpture in the round stands on its own and is capable
of being viewed at all sides (front, rear, left, and right sides). All, except the Katipunan relief sculpture, are examples of
round sculpture. Contrary to a round sculpture, a relief sculpture does not stand on its own because it is attached. It is either
a high relief or a low relief. A high relief is a relief sculpture that is almost the same as a free-standing sculpture but differs
from the latter because it is attached so that the back part cannot be seen by an onlooker. The front part, as well as the left'
and the right sides, can be viewed. A good example is the frieze sculpture on top of the columns of the National Museum in
Rizal Park. On the other hand, a low relief or bas relief is a relief sculpture that is almost the same as a painting because it
is somewhat flat and attached to a surface but differs from the latter because it has volume and the medium used varies
from the mediums used in painting. The sculpture of the Philippine flag and the Katipunan flag in Intramuros are examples
of low relief.
Sculptures are either static or mobile. Relief sculptures are permanently attached to surfaces; thus, they are static
or incapable of moving. Almost all free-standing sculptures (monuments, statues, and the like) are static, too. Some round
sculptures, however, are capable of moving; therefore, they are mobile. The yearly COD Department Store's Christmas
display has mobile sculptures to delight passers-by and shoppers in Cubao, Quezon City.

Architecture
Primitive men used to live in caves primarily because they did not have the tools for building houses and were not
equipped with the knowledge of construction. When they began making implements, they started constructing tree houses
and similar dwelling places. Through the years, the structures that house men have continuously improved. With the
Industrial Revolution and the introduction of steel and other construction materials, the mushrooming of high-rise buildings is
inevitable. Architects see to it that the basic types of architectural construction form part of these sky-reaching buildings.
These are the post and lintel, the cantilever, the arch, the truss, the vault, and the dome.
The post and lintel consists of a horizontal beam called lintel and two vertical posts to support it. It is usually found
in doors and entrances. The prehistoric "Stonehenge' illustrates this type of architectural construction. Similar to the post
and lintel, the cantilever has two vertical posts for support and a horizontal beam with one end more extended than the
other. Oftentimes, steel is used for this type of architectural construction because of its tensile strength. At times, wood is
also used less frequently because of its tendency to warp, sag, and rot. The arch consists of several wedge-shaped blocks
of stone called voussoirs held together by a key stone. It serves to support other structures such as roofs and to be a
symbolic gateway. The arch in Binondo, Manila illustrates this type of architectural construction introduced by the Romans
and dominant in Roman architecture. Another type is the dome, a large hemispherical roof or ceiling that looks like an
inverted cup. It is an extension of the principle of the arch capable of enclosing a wide area. Called the Big Dome, Araneta
Coliseum exemplifies this type of architectural construction. The vault is an arched structure of masonry usually forming a
roof or ceiling. Similar to the dome, it is an extension of the principle of the arch capable of enclosing a vast expanse of
space. It has several types, namely: barrel vault, groined vault, cross vault, Welsh vault, and cloister vault. Lastly, the truss
consists of a braced framework of beams or bars forming one or more triangles.

IV. Key points to remember

 Music
The media of music are classified into vocal (voices) and instrumental (musical instruments). Vocal
media, as the term suggests, pertain to male and female voices. Male voices have three registers: bass
(lowest), baritone (middle), and tenor (highest). Female voices also have three registers: alto (lowest),
mezzo soprano (middle), and soprano (highest). The highest of the female vocal registers is the
coloratura soprano whereas the lowest of the male vocal registers is the basso profound.
 Dance
Dance materials are those materials used for costumes, properties, and set design. Costumes include the
head gear, the upper garments, the lower garments, and the footwear. Hats, caps, fez, bonnets, helmets,
crawns, turbans, and hoods are among the head gear. Blouses, kimono, kimona, barot saya, malong,
patadyong, traje, gowns, Maria Clara dresses, skirts, bloomers, and the like are garments for female
dancers, while shirts, camisa de chino, barong Tagalog, shorts, long pants, trousers, G-strings, and the
like are garments for male dancers. Their footwear may be shoes, slippers,
sandals, socks, and stockings
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 Drama
Before when the camera, radio, and television were not yet invented, the stage was the only venue used
for dramatic purposes. With the advancement in technology, plays have been performed in places other
than the stage and presented days or months after the actors' performance. Nowadays, drama comes in
various media. Aside from stage plays, radio plays, television plays, and movies form part of people's
entertainment fare.
 Literature
The medium of literature is language. A poet, fictionist, novelist, dramatist, or essayist, makes use of
words to compose a poem, short story, novel, drama, or essay, respectively. More often than not, men of
letters exploit the suggestive power of language and use words connotatively.
 Painting
The choice of, the medium is a crucial aspect in art production. Mediums differ not only in their inherent
qualities but also in the effects they produce. Luckily, painters have a variety of mediums to choose from.
 Oil painting is done with the use of ground pigments (from minerals, coal tar, vegetable matter,
etc.) mixed with linseed oil and turpentine or thinner. Many painters prefer oil as a medium
because oil paintings are long-lasting, slow in drying, easy to handle and manipulate texturally,
and capable of being corrected.
 Fresco (Italian for fresh) painting is done with the use of earth pigments mixed with water and
applied to fresh plaster or glue which attaches the color to the surface like a wall.
 Watercolor painting is done with the use of pigments mixed with water and applied to fine white
paper. Besides white paper, cambric, parchment, ivory, and silk can be used as surface or
ground.
 Tempera painting is done with the use of ground pigments mixed with an aluminous or colloidal
vehicle (egg yolk, gum, glue, or casein).
 Encaustic painting is done with the use of hot wax as a vehicle to bind pigments to a wooden
panel or a wall.
 Acrylic painting is done with the use of synthetic paints called acrylics mixed with a vehicle
capable of being thinned with water
 Pastel painting is done with the use of pastel colors closely resembling dry pigments bound to
form crayons, which are directly applied to the surface, oftentimes paper

 Sculpture
There are more materials available for sculptors than for painters. Anything that can be used to form a
three-dimensional figure is a likely medium for sculpture. Wood, stone, paper, cloth, glass, cement, and
plastic are some of the common mediums used by sculptors.
 Subjects Used as Materials in Sculpture
People. Important personages such as heroes and saints are the most common subjects of sculpture. Examples
are St. Lorenzo Ruiz, St. Pedro Calungsod, St. Nicolas or Santa Claus, and Lapu-Lapu, a datu in Star City, and a Filipino
mother.
Animals and Plants. Animals and plants are among the sculptors' favorite subjects. The Philippine cagle, the
tamaraw, and the parrot are examples of animal sculptures. Papier mache is a popular method of producing such
sculptures.
Places. Sculptures of places are rare. An example of these is the Philippine map in Rizal Park. The defunct Nayong
Pilipino used to house the replicas of the Philippine tourist spots, namely: the Mayon Volcano in Albay, the Chocolate Hills
in Bohol, and the Rice Terraces in Banaue.
Others. Mythological beings such as deities and centaurs and strange objects are subjects of sculpture, just as are
symbolic scenes.
Religious Items. Besides the images of martyrs and saints, sculptures of a religious nature abound. The Ifugao
bulól, the Christ's relief, Michelangelo's Picta in Italy, and the Philippine “Pietà" in Malate Church are examples.
Events. Historical, biblical, and other events are also subjects of sculptural works. The "Cry of Pugad Lawin" is found in
Caloocan City; the dioramas of major events in Philippine history are found in Ayala Museum in Makati City; and the
sculptures of geological events are located in the National Museum at the Rizal Park.

 Architecture
The mediums used in architecture are classified into light and heavy materials. Light materials
include paper, nipa, bamboo, and other light wood. All, except paper, form part of nipa huts and
similar dwellings in tropical countries.

 Traditional Techniques Applied to Contemporary Creation

 Music
According to Boethius, the most eloquent music writer of the Middle Ages, there are three types of
music.

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 Dance
Dances are classified in many ways. According to the number of performers, they are performed
alone, by a pair, or by a group. Based on subject or content, there are the war dance, courtship
dance, harvest dance, ritual dance, etc. According to the nature of the dance, they may be imitative
(tinikling, itik-itik, and maglalatik), religious, interpretative, and so forth. Based on purpose, they are
grouped into folk or ethnic, social or ballroom, and spectacular or theatrical.
 Drama
To create an outstanding drama, a playwright uses one or a combination of the following dramatic
techniques provided by an online source
o Confession. A character tells his true desires or feelings to another character. His
confession can help guide the audience as regards the secrets and repressed emotions of
the characters and it can even lead to a dramatic and emotionally moving result.
o
o Dramatic irony similar to comedic irony, dramatic irony occurs when the audience or
character expects one event to happen, but the opposite happens or when something
happens as a result of a character trying to prevent that something from happening.
o Music sets the mood of a scene better than any other technique

o Narration done through voice-over or otherwise helps explain the multiple dilemmas of a
character, makes the audience laugh or cry, and directs or shapes the story to convey
certain emotions.
o Surprise often used as a comedic technique, surprise easily catches a character or the
audience off guard. It elicits several emotions, including anger, sadness, and shock.
o Suspense cousin of surprise, suspense occurs when a character or the audience is
expecting something to happen. The anticipation and waiting for something (either good or
bad) to happen can cause some kind of discomfor

o Soliloquy is a speech rendered by a character that thinks aloud rather than speaks to any
other character on stage.
o Conflict is a clash between people, values, or ideas
o An aside is a comment made by a character to the audience in a way that implies no one
on stage has heard it.

o Dialogue is a speech done by one character who speaks to another character on stage.
o A tableau is a still picture created on stage.

o Theatrical secret. The audience knows something that one or more of the characters in a
play do not know.
o Chorus. A group of actors speaks in unison, usually by commenting on the action of the
play.
o Red herring. A red herring is employed by a writer who deliberately misleads or distracts
the audience in its expectations.
o A disguise is a technique by which a character deliberately appears to be someone else.
 Literature
To make their writings effective, writers make use of literary devices which include figures of
speech. The following online list contains 25 common literary techniques and figures of speech.
o Alliteration the repetition of similar sounds, usually- consonants, at the beginning
of words. For example, Robert Frost's poem "Out, out-" contains the alliterative phrase
"sweet-scented stuff"
o Allusion A reference within a literary work to a historical, literary, mythological, or biblical
character, place, or event. For example, the title of William Faulkner's hovel The Sound
and the Fury alludes to a line from Shakespeare Macbeth

o Assonance the repetition of vowel sounds in a sequence of nearby words. For example,
the line "The monster spoke in a low mellow tone" (from Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem
"The Lotos-Eaters") contains assonance in its repetition of the "o" sound.
o Caricature, a description or characterization that exaggerates or disturb characters
prominent features, usually for purposes of mockery. For example, a cartoon of a gaunt
Abraham Lincoln with a giant top hat, a very scraggly beard, and sunken eyes could be
considered a caricature.
o Cliché, an expression, such as "turn over a new leaf, that has been use and reused so
many times that it has lost its expressive power.

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o Foreshadowing, an author's deliberate use of hints or suggestions to give a preview of

events or themes that do not develop until later in the narrative.
o Hyperbole – an excessive overstatement or conscious exaggeration of fact. "Ive told you
that a million times already" is a hyperbolic statement

o Idiom – a common expression that has acquired a meaning that differs from its literal
meaning, such as "It's raining cats and dogs" or “That cost me an arm and a leg."
o Imagery – a Language that brings to mind sensory impressions. For example, in the
Odyssey, Homer creates a powerful image with his description of "rosy-fingered dawn
o Irony – broad speaking, irony is a device that emphasizes the contrast between the way
things are expected to be and the way they actually are
o Metaphor – the comparison of one thing to another that does not use the terms "like" or
"as" A metaphor from Shakespeare's Macbeth: "Life is but a walking shadow" Motif. A
recurring structure, contrast, or other device that develops a literary work's major themes
(see below).
o Oxymoron – the association of two terms that seem to contradict each

o Paradox – a statement that seems contradictory on the surface but often expresses a
deeper truth. One example is the line "All men destroy the things they love" from Oscar
Wilde's "The Ballad of Reading Gaol.
o Personification – the use of human characteristics to describe animals, things, or ideas.
Carl Sandburg's poem "Chicago" describes the city as Stormy, husky, brawling/ City of the
Big Shoulders."
o Pun – a play on words that uses the similarity in sound between two words with distinctly
different meanings. For example, the title of Oscar Wilde's play "The Importance of Being
Earnest" is a pun on the word earnest, which means serious or sober, and the name
"Ernest."
o Rhetorical question – a question asked not to elicit an actual response but to make an
impact or call attention to something. "Will the world ever see the end of war?" is an
example of a rhetorical question.
o Sarcasm – a form of verbal irony (see the previous page) in which it is obvious from
context and tone that the speaker means the opposite of what he or she says. Saying
"That was graceful" when someone trips and falls is an example of sarcasm.
o Simile – a comparison of two things through the use of the words like or as. The title of
Robert Burns’s poem "My Love Is like a Red, Red Rose" is a simile.
o Symbol – an object, character, figure, place, or color used to represent an abstract idea or
concept. For example, the two roads in Robert Frost’s poem The Road Not Taken"
symbolizes the choice between two paths in life.

o Theme – a fundamental, universal idea explored in a literary work. The struggle to achieve
the American Dream, for example, is a common theme in 20th-century American literature.
o Thesis – the central argument that an author makes in a work.
o Tone – the general atmosphere created in a story, or the author's or narrators attitude
toward the story or the subject.

 Painting
To create the desired visual effect, a painter may employ any of the following techniques:
acrylic painting, action painting, aerial perspective anamorphosis, camaieu, casein painting,
chiaroscuro, divisionism, easel painting, encaustic painting, foreshortening, fresco painting, gouache,
graffiti, grisaille, impasto, miniature painting, mural, oil painting.
o Abstractionism – is a "drawing away from realism" The word abstractionism was
derived from the verb abstract meaning to draw away
o Realism – also termed naturalism, realism is the method of presenting subjects as
they appear in real life
o Distortion – is a presenting the subject in a misshaped form
o Mangling – is a presenting the subject with parts which are cut, lacerated, mutilated, or
hacked with repeated
o Elongation – as the word suggest elongation is presenting the subject in an elongated
form

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o Cubism – is presenting the subject with the use of cubes and other geometric figures
(triangles, squares, rectangles, pentagons, hexagons, heptagons, etc.), Tam Austrias
Fisherman's Family" and Vicente Manansala's "Balut Vendors, "Prayer before Meals,
and "Fruit Vendor with Twin Sons" are examples of cubism
o Surrealism – is "beyond/realism
o Symbolism – is presenting the subject symbolically, that is, the artist shows his subject
as it appears in real life, but he intends to let it represent something
o Fauvism – is an optimistic realism
o Dadaism – is shocking realism
o Expressionism – is emotion realism
o Impressionism – is a realism based on the artist's impression. It is presenting the real-
life subject with emphasis on the impression left in the artists mind or perception,
particularly the effect of light on the object used as subject

 Sculpture
Sculptures are found everywhere. In the Philippines, one can find the "Oblation" in the
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Jose Rizal's monument in Luneta,
Andres Bonifacio's monument in Liwasang Bonifacio, the Katipunan relief sculpture
near Manila City Hall, and the busts of the Filipino heroes in Rizal Park.
 Architecture
Primitive men used to live in caves primarily because they did not have the tools for
building houses and were not equipped with the knowledge of construction.

V. Think Through
OC Module 5 Worksheet
Name: Grade Level & Section:
Date: Score: Parent/Guardian’s Signature:

A. Materials and Techniques.

Name one artwork in your region under each of the genres and identify the local materials and traditional
techniques used for every artwork.

Region: VI – Western Visayas

Genre Materials Techniques

Music

Dance

Drama

Literature

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Painting

Sculpture

Architecture

B. Critique of Materials and Techniques.

Critique the artwork named under each of the genres as to local materials and traditional
techniques used.

Genre Materials Techniques

Music – Francis Magalona’s

“ Mga Kababayan

Dance – Paolo Ballesteros’ air

dance in Eat Bulaga’s
“Eat Bulaga Pa More” Finals

Drama
“The New
Encantadia”

Literature – Lualhati
Bautista’s Bata, Bata…
Paano Ka Ginawa

Painting – Cubist painting

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Sculpture – Our Lady Of

EDSA

Architecture – A high – rise

building

VI. RESOURCES

 (Source: http://arthistory.about.com/od/current_contemporary_art/f/what_is.htm)1pp
 Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions by Jesus Z. Menoy

NOTE!!
For questions about the topic kindly message me through this contact number,
09486404158 (TNT) 09569242928 (GLOBE) or you can message me through messenger
(Mae Ann Miralles Piorque)

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