Principles of CDMA
Uploaded by
sai devireddyPrinciples of CDMA
Uploaded by
sai devireddyPrinciples of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Professor A. Manikas
Chair of Communications and Array Processing
Autumn 2009
Contents
1 Introduction 3
1.1 De…nition of a SSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2 Classi…cation of SSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 Modelling of b(t) in SSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4 Applications of Spread Spectrum Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.5 De…nition of a Jammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.6 Processing Gain (PG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.7 Equivalent EUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 Principles of PN-sequences 21
2.1 Comments on PN-sequences Main Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2 An Important "Trade-o¤" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 m-sequences 29
3.1 De…nition of m-sequ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Shift Register and Primitive Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3 Implementation of an m-sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4 Autocorrelation of ‘m-sequences’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4 Gold Sequences 36
5 Basics of CDMA 39
5.1 Basic Properties of CDMA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.2 DS-CDMA: Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.3 Mobile Cellular Systems: Conventional & CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.3.1 Channel Reuse and Reuse Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.3.2 Signal Overlay: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6 Analysis of a Direct Sequence CDMA System 54
6.1 Main Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.2 DS/BPSK CDMA System: Modelling and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.2.1 SNIRout as a function of EUE, N c and K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.2.2 BER as a function of EUE, N c and K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6.2.3 BPSK Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1
6.3 DS/QPSK CDMA System: Modelling and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.3.1 Using Two Di¤erent PN-codes per QPSK-user . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.3.2 QPSK Example with 2 PN-codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
6.3.3 Using One PN-code per QPSK-user . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.3.4 SNIRout and BER as a function of EUE, N c and K . . . . . . . . . 80
6.3.5 Symbol Error Probability pe;cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.3.6 QPSK Example with One PN-code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7 Some Important CDMA System Components 86
7.1 Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.2 Voice Activity Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.3 Sectorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
8 Appendices 93
8.1 Appendix-1: Proof of DS-BPSK/CDMA SNIRout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.2 Appendix-2: Proof of DS-QPSK/CDMA SNIRout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
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