Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture 02

Design of Singly Reinforced

Beam in Flexure

By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
[email protected]

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Topics Addressed

 Behavior of RC Beam under gravity load

 Mechanics of RC Beam under gravity load

 ACI Code Recommendations

 Design Steps

 Example

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Objectives

At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

 Explain behavior of RC Beam under gravity load

 Identify Relevant ACI 318 code recommendations

for RC Beam

 Analyze and Design RC Beam for flexure

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Behavior of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

Story

Bay

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Behavior of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

 Beam Test
In order to clearly understand the behavior of RC members subjected
to flexure load only, the response of such members at three different
loading stages is discussed.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 5

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Behavior of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

 Beam test video

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

1. Un-cracked Concrete – Elastic Stage:

 At loads much lower than the ultimate, concrete remains un-
cracked in compression as well as in tension and the behavior of
steel and concrete both is elastic.

2. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) – Elastic Stage

 With increase in load, concrete cracks in tension but remains un-
cracked in compression. Concrete in compression and steel in
tension both behave in elastic manner.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 7

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

3. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) – Inelastic

(Ultimate Strength) Stage
 Concrete is cracked in tension. Concrete in compression and steel
in tension both enters into inelastic range. At collapse, steel yields
and concrete in compression crushes.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

Stage-1: Behavior

Load, lower than ultimate

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 9

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

Stage-1: Behavior
Compression zone
fc

d ft = f r
h M = Mcr
fc = ft << fc'

Strain Diagram ft
b Stress Diagram Compressive Stress

Tension Zone fc'

• This is a stage where concrete is at the

verge of failure in tension
ft = fr = 7.5fc‘
Tensile Stress (ACI 318-19 19.2.3.1)
Concrete stress-strain
diagram

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

Stage-1: Calculation of Forces

Compression zone
fc
C= 0.5fc × (b × 0.5h)
1/2 h
d 2/3 h
h M

1/2 h
T= 0.5ft × (b × 0.5h)

ft
b
C = T ; fc = f t fc = ft = Mc/Ig
M = 0.5fc × (b × 0.5h) × (2/3 h) OR where c = 0.5h
= 1/6 fc × b × h2 Ig = bh3/12
fc = ft = 6M/(bh2) fc = ft = 6M/(bh2)
The contribution of steel is
At ft = fr , where modulus of rupture, fr = 7.5 fc′ ignored for simplification.
Cracking Moment Capacity, Mcr = fr × Ig/(0.5h) = (fr × b × h2)/6 If there is no reinforcement,
member will fail in tension.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 11

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

Stage-2: Behavior

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

Stage-2: Behavior

Compression zone
(ACI 318-19 25.5.4.1)
c < 0.003 fc = 0.45fc'
f t > fr
M > Mcr
d fc = 0.45fc'
h
fs = 0.5 fy
s = fs/Es fs = 0.5 fy

b Strain Diagram Stress Diagram

Tension Zone
Concrete Cracked Compressive Stress
fc'
fy 0.45fc'

0.5fy c 0.003
Es
t
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 13

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

Stage-2: Calculation of Forces

Compression zone
fc
C = 0.5fc  (bc)
c
M
d
h la = d – c/3
T= Asfs

b Stress Diagram

In terms of moment couple (∑M = 0) C=T (∑Fx = 0)

M = Tla = Asfs (d – c/3) (½)fcbc = Asfs
As = M/fs(d – c/3) c = 2Asfs / fcb {where fs = nfc and n =Es/Ec}
c = 2Asn/b

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

Stage-3: Behavior
Ultimate Load

T
C

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 15

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

Stage-3: Behavior
Compression zone
(ACI 318-19 22.2.2.1)
c = 0.003 fc
ft > >fr
M > >Mcr
c fs = fy
d
h fc = αfc′, where α < 1

s = fy/Es T = A sf y

b
Strain Diagram Stress Diagram
Compressive
Tension Zone f c' Stress
Concrete Cracked fy

Es
c 0.003
t
Stress-Strain Diagram for Stress-Strain Diagram for Concrete
Reinforcing Steel in Tension in Compression

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

Stage-3: Calculation of Forces

fc
c = 0.003 0.85fc′ (ACI 318-19 22.2.2.4.1)
C = 0.85fc′ab
c a = β1c
d la = d – a/2
h
M
T = A sf y
s = fy/Es T = A sf y

b
Stress Diagram Equivalent Stress Diagram

In terms of moment couple (∑M = 0) C=T (∑Fx = 0)

M = Tla = Asfy (d – a/2) 0.85fc ′ab = Asfy
As = M/fy(d – a/2) a = Asfy/ 0.85fc ′ b

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 17

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

 Basic Assumptions: (ACI 318-19, 22.2)

 A plane section before bending remains plane after bending.

 Stresses and strain are approximately proportional up to moderate

loads (concrete stress ≤ 0.5fc′). When the load is increased, the
variation in the concrete stress is no longer linear.

 Tensile strength of concrete is neglected in the design of reinforced

concrete beams.

 The bond between the steel and concrete is perfect and no slip
occurs.

 Strain in concrete and reinforcement shall be assumed proportional to

the distance from neutral axis.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

 Basic Assumptions: (ACI 318-19, 22.2)

 The maximum usable concrete compressive strain at the extreme fiber
is assumed to be 0.003.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 19

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics of RC Beam Under Gravity Load

 Basic Assumptions: (ACI 318-19, 22.2)

 The steel is assumed to be uniformly strained to the strain that exists at
the level of the centroid of the steel. Also if the strain in the steel ɛs is
less than the yield strain of the steel ɛy, the stress in the steel is Esɛs. If
ɛs ≥ ɛy, the stress in steel will be equal to fy.
Figure 9

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

1. Strength Design Method (ACI 318-19, 4.6)

• According to the ACI Code, the RC Members shall be

designed using the strength design method.

•Figure
In the
9 strength design method, the loads are amplified
and the capacities are reduced.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 21

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

1. Strength Design Method

• The loads are amplified in the following manner.

• Load combinations (ACI 318-19, 5.3)

 W U = 1.2 W D + 1.6 W L
Figure 9
 MU = 1.2 MD + 1.6 ML

 Where; WD = Service Dead load and W L = Service Live load

 W U = Amplified load or Ultimate load

 MU = Amplified moment or Ultimate moment

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

1. Strength Design Method

• According to strength design method the resisting member flexural
capacity calculated from specified dimension (size of members) and
specified material strength called as the nominal flexural capacity Mn =
A f (d - a/2) shall be reduced by multiplying it with strength reduction
Figures 9y
factor Φ = 0.9, to get the design flexural capacity (Md).

Md = Φ Mn ; Φ = 0.9

For no failure; Φ Mn ≥ Mu

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 23

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

2. Nominal Flexural Capacity of RC Member

• The nominal flexural capacity of RC Members shall be calculated from
the conditions corresponding to stage 3.

• ACI 318-19, R21.2.2 — The Nominal Flexural Strength (Mn) of a RC

Figure 9member is reached when the strain in the extreme compression fiber
reaches the assumed strain limit of 0.003, (i.e. strains at stage 3.)

• In other words, the member finally fails by crushing of concrete, even if

steel in tension has yielded well before crushing of concrete.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

3. Maximum Reinforcement (Asmax): (ACI 318-19, 21.2.2)

• When concrete crushes at εc = 0.003, depending on the amount of steel (As)
present as tension reinforcement, following conditions are possible for steel
strain (εs)

1. εs = εy9
Figure Balanced Failure Condition, Brittle Failure

2. εs < εy Over reinforced condition, Brittle failure

3. εs > εy Under Reinforced Condition, Ductile Failure

• For relatively high amount of tension reinforcement, failure may occur under
conditions 1 & 2, causing brittle failure. It is for this reason that ACI code
restricts maximum amount of reinforcement in member subjected to flexural
load only.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 25

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

3. Maximum Reinforcement (Asmax): (ACI 318-19, 21.2.2)

• To ensure ductile failure & hence to restrict the maximum amount of
reinforcement, the ACI code recommends that for tension controlled
sections (Beams) εs = εt = εty + 0.003.

Figure 9

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

3. Maximum Reinforcement (Asmax): (ACI 318-19, 21.2.2)

 From equilibrium of internal forces,

 ∑Fx = 0 → C = T

 0.85fc′ab = Asfy …………(a)

Figure 9
 From similarity of triangles,

in strain diagram at failure condition,

 c/εu = (d – c)/εs

 c = dεu/(εu + εs)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 27

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

3. Maximum Reinforcement (Asmax): (ACI 318-19, 21.2.2)

 For ductility in Tension Controlled sections (Beams)

 εs = εt = εty + 0.003 (ACI Table 21.2.2)

 and at failure εu = 0.003 (ACI R21.2.2),
Figure 9
 For fy = 40 ksi
 c = dεu/(εu + εs) → c = 0.41d and, a = β1c = β10.41d
 For fy = 60 ksi
 c = dεu/(εu + εs) → c = 0.37d and, a = β1c = β10.37d
 Therefore, when a = β10.41d (fy = 40 ksi), a = β10.37d (fy = 60 ksi), and
As = Asmax in equation (a). Hence equation (a) becomes,
 0.85fc′β10.41db = Asmaxfy (fy = 40 ksi)
 0.85fc′β10.37db = Asmaxfy (fy = 60 ksi)
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

3. Maximum Reinforcement (Asmax):

• ACI 318-19, 22.2.2.4.3 — Factor β1 shall be taken as 0.85 for
 For β1 = 0.85 when f′c ≤ 4000 psi concrete strengths fc′ up to and including 4000 psi. For strengths
above 4000 psi, β1 shall be reduced continuously at a rate of 0.05 for
′ each 1000 psi of strength in excess of 4000 psi, but β1 shall not be
 Asmax = 0.3 (fy = 40 ksi) taken less than 0.65.

′
 Asmax = 0.27 (fy = 60 ksi)

 For fc′ = 3 ksi ; and fy = 40 ksi ; Asmax = 0.0225 bd;

 Let ρ = Reinforcement ratio = Area of steel / Effective area of concrete

 ρ= As / bd

 ρmax = Asmax / bd = 0.0222; which means 2.22 % of effective area of concrete.

 For fc′ = 3 ksi ; and fy = 60 ksi

 Asmax = 0. 0135 bd; which means 1.35 % of effective area of concrete.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 29

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

 Video of beam having reinforcement more than maximum reinforcement

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

4. Minimum Reinforcement (Asmin): (ACI 9.6.1.1 & 9.6.1.2)

 A minimum area of flexural reinforcement, As,min, shall be

provided at every section where tension reinforcement is
required by analysis.

 As,min shall be the greater of (a) and (b), for fy ≤ 80 ksi

 a 3 bd

 b bd

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 31

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

• Video of beam having reinforcement less than minimum reinforcement

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Recommendations

 ρmax and ρmin for various values of fc′ and fy

Table 01: Maximum & Minimum Reinforcement Ratios

fc′ (psi) 3000 4000 5000

fy (psi) 40000 60000 40000 60000 40000 60000

ρmin 0.005 0.0033 0.005 0.0033 0.0053 0.0035

ρmax 0.0222 0.0134 0.0296 0.018 0.0348 0.021

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 33

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

 The design involves the following steps:

 Selection of Sizes

 Calculation of Loads

 Analysis

 Design

 Drafting

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

1. Selection of Sizes
 Minimum depth of beams as per ACI 9.3.1

Support Conditions Minimum h (fy = 60 ksi)

Simply supported l /16
One end continuous l /18.5
Both ends continuous l /21
Cantilever l /8
Where l is the span length of the beam

For fy other than 60 ksi, the expressions in Table shall be

fy
multiplied by (0.4 + ,
).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 35

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

2. Calculation of Loads
 Loads are calculated as follows:

W u = 1.2W D + 1.6W L

3. Analysis
 The analysis of the member is carried out for ultimate load including
self weight obtained from size of the member and the applied dead
and live loads.

 The maximum bending moment value is used for flexural design.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

4. Design
 Assume “a”

 Then calculate area of steel using the equation,

As = Mu/ {Φfy (d – a/2)}

 Confirm the ‘a’ value using the equation,

a = Asfy/0.85fc′b

 Perform trial and success procedure until same As value is obtained from two
consecutive trials.
c = 0.003 fc 0.85fc′
C = 0.85fc′ab
a = β1c
d la = d – a/2
h
M
T = Asfy
s = fy/Es T = Asfy
b Stress Diagram Equivalent Stress Diagram

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 37

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

4. Design

 Check for Asmax and Asmin

′
 Asmax = 0.3 (fy = 40 ksi)
(for f′c ≤ 4000 psi)
′
 Asmax = 0.27 (fy = 60 ksi)

 =3 ≥ (whichever is greater) for fy ≤ 80 ksi

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

4. Design
 No of Bars Calculation

 No of bars = As / Ab (Ab = Area of one bar to be used)

 The calculated no. of bars must be placed according to the ACI code
criteria which is discussed next.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 39

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

4. Design
 Placement of bars:

 Concrete clear cover

 Minimum concrete clear cover for RC beams reinforcement

shall be 1-1.5 in. (ACI 318-19, 20.5.1.3). Usually concrete clear
cover is taken as 1.5 in.
2,#6 bars

4,#6 bars

b
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

4. Design
 Placement of bars:

 Distance between adjacent bars

 ACI 318-19, 25.2 specifies that the minimum clear distance between
adjacent bars shall be at least the greatest of the nominal diameter
of the bars, 1 in and (4/3)dagg.
2,#6 bars

1″
4,#6 bars

b
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 41

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

4. Design
 Placement of bars:

 Maximum number of bars

in a single layer

 Table A.7 of Appendix A

gives the maximum number
of bars that can be placed in
a single layer in beams,
assuming 1.5 in. concrete
cover and the use of No.4
stirrups.
Table A.7 Appendix A
. Ref: Design of concrete structures, 14th Ed, Nilson

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

4. Design
 Placement of bars:
 Minimum number of bars in a single layer

 There are also restrictions on the minimum number of bars that

can be placed in a single layer, based on requirements for the
distribution of reinforcement to control the width of flexural
cracks. Table A.8 gives the minimum number of bars that will
satisfy ACI Code requirements.

 For beam size upto 15 inch, 2 bars are required.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 43

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

4. Design
 Placement of bars:

 Table A.8

Table A.8 Appendix A, Ref: Design of concrete structures, 14th Ed, Nilson
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

4. Design
 Placement of bars:

 Distance between adjacent layers

 Where beam reinforcement is placed in two or more layers, the clear

distance between layers must not be less than the greatest of 1.5
in.,1.5db, and (4/3)dagg, and the bars in the upper layer should be placed
directly above those in the bottom layer.
2,#6 bars

(4+4),#6 bars 1.5”

b
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 45

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps
2,#6 bars

4. Design h
4,#6 bars
 Placement of bars:
2,#8 bars

 Variation in diameter of bars in a single layer b

 The variation in diameter of bars in a single layer shall be limited to two

bar sizes, using, say, No. 8 and No. 6 bars together, but not Nos. 5 and 8.

 Symmetry of bars

 Bars should be arranged symmetrically about the vertical centerline.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

4. Design
 Flexure capacity check

 After placement of bars, check the flexural capacity from the

actual ‘d’ and actually placed amount of reinforcement.

 ΦMn = ΦAsfy(d – a/2) [Design capacity]

 ΦMn ≥ Mu

 Initially effective depth, d is assumed and for flexure capacity

check actual “d” is calculated as shown on next slide.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 47

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

4. Design
 Flexure capacity check
2,#6 bars
 If the assumed effective depth
“d” is 15.5 in. The actual d h
(3+2),#6 bars
can be calculated by
calculating actual ȳ. ȳ = 3.15 in y1
y2

b
 For h = 18“ ;
y1 =1.5+3/8+1/2(6/8)=2.25 in

d = h- ȳ= 18 – 3.15= 14.85 in y2= 1.5+ 3/8+6/8+1.5+1/2(6/8) = 4.5 in

5 x 0.44 x ȳ=3 x 0.44 x y1+2 x 0.44 x y2

ȳ = 3.15 in

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

5. Drafting
 Based on the design, drawings of the structural members are
prepared showing the dimensions of member and detail of reinforcing
bars.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 49

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 2.1

 Flexural Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Design the beam shown below as per ACI 318-19.

W D = 0.5 kip/ft (Excluding self weight of beam)

W L = 0.5 kip/ft

20′-0″

Take f c′ = 3 ksi & fy = 40 ksi

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 2.1

 Flexural Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 01: Sizes.
 For 20′ length, hmin = l /16 = 20 x 12/16 = 15″

 For grade 40, we have = hmin =15″ x (0.4 + 40,000/100,000) = 12″

 This is the minimum requirement of the code for depth of beam.

 However, we select 18″ deep beam.

 Generally the minimum beam width is 12″, therefore, width of the

beam is taken as 12″

 The final selection of beam size depends on several factors

specifically the availability of formwork.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 51

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 2.1

 Flexural Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 01: Sizes.
 Depth of beam, h = 18″
 h = d + ȳ; ȳ is usually taken from 2.5 to 3.0 inches
 For ȳ = 2.5 in; d = 18 – 2.5 = 15.5″
 Width of beam cross section (bw) = 12″
 In RCD, Width of beam is usually denoted by bw instead of b

d 18"

12"
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 2.1

 Flexural Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 02: Loads. • γc = density of concrete
• γc = 144 lb/ft3 for plain concrete
 Self weight of beam = γcbwh • γc = 150 lb/ft3 for Reinforced
concrete

= 0.15 × (12 × 18/144)

= 0.225 kips/ft

 W u = 1.2W D + 1.6W L

= 1.2 × (0.5 + 0.225) + 1.6 × 0.5 = 1.67 kips/ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 53

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 2.1

 Flexural Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 03: Analysis.

 Flexural Analysis:

Mu = W u l2/8 = 1.67 × (20)2 × 12/8 = 1002 in-kips

1.67 kip/ft

16.7k
SFD

1002 in-kips

BMD

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 2.1

 Flexural Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for flexure:

 ΦMn ≥ Mu (ΦMn is Mdesign or Mcapacity)

 For ΦMn = Mu

 ΦAsfy(d – a/2) = Mu

 As = Mu/ {Φfy (d – a/2)}

 Calculate “As” by trial and success method.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 55

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 2.1

 Flexural Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for flexure:

 First Trial:

 Assume a = 4″

 As = 1002 / [0.9 × 40 × {15.5 – (4/2)}] = 2.06 in2

 a = Asfy/ (0.85fc′bw)

 = 2.06 × 40/ (0.85 × 3 × 12) = 2.69 inches

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 2.1

 Flexural Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for flexure:
 Second Trial:

• As = 1002 / [0.9 × 40 × {15.5 – (2.69/2)}] = 1.97 in2

• a = 1.97 × 40/ (0.85 × 3 × 12) = 2.56 inches
 Third Trial:
• As = 1002 / [0.9 × 40 × {15.5 – (2.56/2)}] = 1.95 in2
• a = 1.95 × 40/ (0.85 × 3 × 12) = 2.55 inches
 “Close enough to the previous value of “a” so that As = 1.95 in2 O.K

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 57

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 2.1

 Flexural Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for flexure:

 Check for maximum and minimum reinforcement allowed by ACI:

 Asmin = 3 ( f ′/fy) bwd ≥ (200/fy) bwd

 3 ( f ′/fy) bwd = 3 × ( 3000 /40000) bwd = 0.004 x 12 x15.5 = 0.744 in2

 (200/fy) bwd = (200/40000) x12 × 15.5 = 0.93 in2

 Asmin = 0.93 in2

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 2.1

 Flexural Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for flexure:

 Asmax = 0.3 (fc′ / fy) bwd = 0.3 x (3/40) x 12 × 15.5 = 4.2 in2

 Asmin (0.93) < As (1.95) < Asmax (4.20) O.K

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 59

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 2.1

 Flexural Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for flexure:

 Bar Placement: 5, #6 bars will provide 2.20 in2 of steel area which is
slightly greater than required.

 Other options can be explored. For example,

 4, #7 bars (2.4 in2),

 3, #8 bars (2.37 in2),

 or combination of two different size bars.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 2.1

 Flexural Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:
 Step No. 05: Drafting

2,#6 bars

18″

(3+2),#6 bars

12″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 61

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 2.1

 Flexural Design of Beam

as per ACI: 2,#6 bars

 Solution:
18″
 Step No. 06: Flexure capacity check
(3+2),#6 bars

 Effective depth “d” was initially assumed

y2
as 15.5 in. At this stage actual d can be ȳ = 3.15 in y1

calculated by calculating actual ȳ.

12″
 d= h- ȳ=18 – 3.15=14.85 in
y1 =1.5+3/8+1/2(6/8)=2.25 in

 As= 5 x 0.44=2.2 in2 y2= 1.5+ 3/8+6/8+1.5+1/2(6/8) = 4.5

 a= Asfy/0.85 x fc′ x bw 5 x 0.44 x ȳ=3 x 0.44 x y1+2 x 0.44 x y2

ȳ = 3.15 in
 a= 2.2 x 40/0.85 x 3 x 12 =2.87 in

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 2.1

 Flexural Design of Beam as per ACI:

 Solution:

 Step No. 06: Flexure capacity check

 ΦMn = ΦAsfy(d – a/2)

 ΦMn = 0.9 x 2.2 x 40 x (14.85 – 2.87/2)

 ΦMn= 1062.5 in-kip

 ΦMn(1062.5 in-kip )> Mu(1002 in-kip)

 Design is ok!

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 63

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

3D Model
A

Spacer bar A

2,#6 bars
B L=20'

2,#6 bars

3,#6 bars
Section A-A 18" 18" Section B-B
Spacer bar
(3+2),#6 bars

12" 12"

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

3D Model

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 65

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 2.2

 Class Activity
Design a reinforced concrete simply supported beam having a span length of 30
ft and supporting a service dead load of 1.1 kip/ft and a uniform service live load
of 1.1 kip/ft in addition to its self weight. Take fc′ = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 Design of Concrete Structures 14th / 15th edition by Nilson, Darwin

and Dolan.

 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)

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