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Lecture9 PDF

This document discusses the key considerations for choosing shipbuilding materials and designing ship structures to withstand stresses. Steel is commonly used due to its reasonable cost, weldability, and strength. High tensile steel can reduce thickness and weight. Aluminum is lighter but more expensive. Composites like carbon fiber are strongest for their weight but also costly. Proper material testing ensures adequate strength, ductility and toughness. Ships experience stresses from waves and other loads. Structural calculations and classification rules determine required scantlings to withstand bending and other stresses.

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Sunil Kumar P G
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
104 views

Lecture9 PDF

This document discusses the key considerations for choosing shipbuilding materials and designing ship structures to withstand stresses. Steel is commonly used due to its reasonable cost, weldability, and strength. High tensile steel can reduce thickness and weight. Aluminum is lighter but more expensive. Composites like carbon fiber are strongest for their weight but also costly. Proper material testing ensures adequate strength, ductility and toughness. Ships experience stresses from waves and other loads. Structural calculations and classification rules determine required scantlings to withstand bending and other stresses.

Uploaded by

Sunil Kumar P G
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Ship Production

Lecture 9 – Loads, Structure & Materials

How do we choose what material


to make the ship out of?

How do we work out


how strong to make
the ship structure?

How do give ship structures


strength?

1
Materials:

• Steel
• Aluminium
• Composites

Materials - Steel:

• Steel is alloy of iron & carbon


• For shipbuilding usually mild steel with 0.15 to
0.23% carbon and reasonably high manganese
content.

2
Materials - Steel:

Advantages:
• Reasonable cost
• Easily welded with simple techniques &
equipment
• Ductility & homogeneity

Materials - Steel:

Disadvantages:
• High weight to strength ratio
• Susceptible to corrosion

3
Materials - Steel:

• Steel sections are rolled from ingots


• Standard section types utilised to reduce work,
(also channel section)

Materials – High Tensile Steel:

• HTS have higher strength than mild steels.


• Used in more highly stressed regions of large
tankers, container ships & bulk carriers.
• Use allows thickness reductions & hence weight
reduction (larger unit fabrications possible) –
however also leads to larger deflections.
• Increased material cost

4
Materials - Aluminium:

Advantages:
• Lighter than mild steel
Aluminium = 2.723 tonnes/m3
Steel = 7.84 tonnes/m3
• Non-magnetic
• High resistance to corrosion (care required with
dissimilar metals, e.g. steel)

Materials - Aluminium:

Disadvantages:
• High initial cost – approx 8 to 10 times price of
steel per tonne
• Large vessels (> 120m) require very large plate
thicknesses, e.g. 25mm plate
• Low melting point – fire protection required

5
Materials - Aluminium:

Good applications:
• Superstructure on steel vessels top reduce total
displacement & lower centre of gravity.
• High speed vessels
• Deadweight/lightship ratio is low
e.g. High speed ferries, passenger liners, military
vessels

Materials - Aluminium:

Mined ore = bauxite


Bauxite purified to obtain pure aluminium oxide
(alumina)
Alumina reduced to metallic aluminium
Alloys added & metal cast in billet or slabs
Plates are rolled from cast slabs
Sections are produced by extrusion – forcing billet
of hot material through a die of required shape.

6
Materials - Composites:

Composites are composed of stiff fibres embedded


in a flexible, tough resin matrix.
The fibres carry the bulk of the loads whereas the
resin protects the fibre, provides watertight
integrity and allows load transfer.
Composite skin may be single skin (monolithic) or
sandwich.
Laminate may be specified by stacking sequence
(orientation of the warp direction for each ply)
and ply list (fibre types)

Materials - Composites:

Typical fibre types:


• Carbon
• Aramid (kevlar)
• Glass
Typical fibre forms:
• chopped strand mat
• Woven
• Uni-directional
• Multiaxial

7
Materials - Composites:

Typical resins:
• Polyester
• Vinylester
• Epoxy
Typical cores:
• Foam
• Balsa
• Honeycomb
• Aluminium

Materials - Composites:
Advantages:
• Stronger & stiffer than metals on density basis
• Highly corrosion resistant
• Excellent formability (intricate shapes)

Disadvantages:
• High cost
Conventional GRP 5-20% heavier than aluminium
but advanced carbon sandwich 40% lighter than
aluminium.

8
Testing of Materials:

Metals are tested to ensure strength, ductility &


toughness are suitable for required function.
Stress is the force acting on a unit area of
material.
Strain is deforming of material due to stress.
Tests:
• Tensile test – axial pull, minimum yield stress,
ultimate tensile stress, elongation.
• Impact test – Charpy V notch, ability to
withstand fracture under shock loading.

Stresses experienced by ships:

In still water

9
Stresses experienced by ships:

In waves

Stresses experienced by ships:

In waves

10
Stresses experienced by ships:
Stress, σ, at any point in a beam is given by:

M
σ= y
I
M = applied bending moment
y = distance from point considered neutral axis
I = 2nd moment of area of beam cross section

Ship as a beam:

11
Ship as a beam:
Hull can be considered a box shaped girder.
Neutral axis generally closer to keel, since
bottom shell thicker than deck (needs to
resist water/slamming pressure as well as
longitudinal bending).
Bending stress greater in mid section of ship
– maximum scantlings at 40% length
amidships.
Uppermost flange often referred to as
strength deck.

Other loads:
Transverse stresses:
Racking – deck moving laterally relative to
bottom structure.
Torsion – twisting moment.

Local stresses:
Slamming – impact loads in waves
Panting – pressure fluctuations
Local loads - towing

12
Scantling Determination:
Structural calculations
Finite element analysis
Classification rules

Construction drawings:

13
How do we choose what material
to make the ship out of?

How do we work out


how strong to make
the ship structure?

How do give ship structures


strength?

Further reading:
Eyres, D., Ship Construction, 5th Edition, Butterworth-Heinmann, Oxford, UK, 2001.
Taylor, D., Merchant Ship Construction, 4th Edition, Institute of Marine Engineers, London,
UK, 1998.
Taggart, R., Ship Design and Construction, SNAME, New Jersey, USA, 1980.
Storch, R., Hammon, C., Bunch H., and Moore R., Ship Production, 2 nd Edition, SNAME
New Jersey, USA, 1995.
Lamb, T., Ship Design and Construction I & II, SNAME, New Jersey, USA, 2003.
Lewis, E., Ed. Principles of Naval Architecture: Volume I - Stability and Strength, SNAME,
New Jersey, USA, 1988.
Sims, E., Aluminium Boatbuilding, Adlard Coles Nautical, London, UK, 2000.
Baker, E., Introduction to Steel Shipbuilding, McGraw-Hill, London, UK, 1953.

14
Recap/Reflect

15

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