Lecture9 PDF
Lecture9 PDF
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Materials:
• Steel
• Aluminium
• Composites
Materials - Steel:
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Materials - Steel:
Advantages:
• Reasonable cost
• Easily welded with simple techniques &
equipment
• Ductility & homogeneity
Materials - Steel:
Disadvantages:
• High weight to strength ratio
• Susceptible to corrosion
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Materials - Steel:
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Materials - Aluminium:
Advantages:
• Lighter than mild steel
Aluminium = 2.723 tonnes/m3
Steel = 7.84 tonnes/m3
• Non-magnetic
• High resistance to corrosion (care required with
dissimilar metals, e.g. steel)
Materials - Aluminium:
Disadvantages:
• High initial cost – approx 8 to 10 times price of
steel per tonne
• Large vessels (> 120m) require very large plate
thicknesses, e.g. 25mm plate
• Low melting point – fire protection required
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Materials - Aluminium:
Good applications:
• Superstructure on steel vessels top reduce total
displacement & lower centre of gravity.
• High speed vessels
• Deadweight/lightship ratio is low
e.g. High speed ferries, passenger liners, military
vessels
Materials - Aluminium:
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Materials - Composites:
Materials - Composites:
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Materials - Composites:
Typical resins:
• Polyester
• Vinylester
• Epoxy
Typical cores:
• Foam
• Balsa
• Honeycomb
• Aluminium
Materials - Composites:
Advantages:
• Stronger & stiffer than metals on density basis
• Highly corrosion resistant
• Excellent formability (intricate shapes)
Disadvantages:
• High cost
Conventional GRP 5-20% heavier than aluminium
but advanced carbon sandwich 40% lighter than
aluminium.
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Testing of Materials:
In still water
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Stresses experienced by ships:
In waves
In waves
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Stresses experienced by ships:
Stress, σ, at any point in a beam is given by:
M
σ= y
I
M = applied bending moment
y = distance from point considered neutral axis
I = 2nd moment of area of beam cross section
Ship as a beam:
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Ship as a beam:
Hull can be considered a box shaped girder.
Neutral axis generally closer to keel, since
bottom shell thicker than deck (needs to
resist water/slamming pressure as well as
longitudinal bending).
Bending stress greater in mid section of ship
– maximum scantlings at 40% length
amidships.
Uppermost flange often referred to as
strength deck.
Other loads:
Transverse stresses:
Racking – deck moving laterally relative to
bottom structure.
Torsion – twisting moment.
Local stresses:
Slamming – impact loads in waves
Panting – pressure fluctuations
Local loads - towing
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Scantling Determination:
Structural calculations
Finite element analysis
Classification rules
Construction drawings:
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How do we choose what material
to make the ship out of?
Further reading:
Eyres, D., Ship Construction, 5th Edition, Butterworth-Heinmann, Oxford, UK, 2001.
Taylor, D., Merchant Ship Construction, 4th Edition, Institute of Marine Engineers, London,
UK, 1998.
Taggart, R., Ship Design and Construction, SNAME, New Jersey, USA, 1980.
Storch, R., Hammon, C., Bunch H., and Moore R., Ship Production, 2 nd Edition, SNAME
New Jersey, USA, 1995.
Lamb, T., Ship Design and Construction I & II, SNAME, New Jersey, USA, 2003.
Lewis, E., Ed. Principles of Naval Architecture: Volume I - Stability and Strength, SNAME,
New Jersey, USA, 1988.
Sims, E., Aluminium Boatbuilding, Adlard Coles Nautical, London, UK, 2000.
Baker, E., Introduction to Steel Shipbuilding, McGraw-Hill, London, UK, 1953.
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Recap/Reflect
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