EE530 Smart Grid

Lecture 08
Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Smart
Energy Storage

Dr. Muhammad Tariq

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical
Engineering
FAST-NUCES Peshawar
Campus

Dr. M. Tariq, EE530 Smart Grid, Lecture 9, Spring 2014

 Content
 Why Plug in Electric Vehicles (PEV)
 What is PEV
 A short history of electric and hybrid technology
 How hybrid and electric cars work
 Why they are fuel efficient
 Advantages and issues
 Technological challenges
 Next generation of green vehicles
 Vehicle to Grid (V2G)

2
 The End of
Cheap Oil
by Colin J. Campbell
and Jean H. Laherrère
Scientific American
March 1998

Global production of
conventional oil will begin to
decline sooner than most
people think, probably within 10
years
World oil production in decline
by 2010
Has Demand exceeded Supply?
 Inflation corrected oil price

• Current high still not as bad as 1980

 Why fuel efficient cars?
 Global warming due to CO2 emission
Combustion (burning)
Fuel(C,H)+O2  CO2 + CO + H2O + energy(heat)

Commercial
15%
CO2 emission 1980- Transportatio
%32 for Transportation Residential
n
32%
19%

Industrial
34%

 Toxic pollutants such as SOX and NOX, CO and unburned

hydrocarbons
7
 Definition of Electric Vehicles
PEV: Plug-in Electric Vehicle
EV: Electric Vehicle PHEV: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
BEV: Battery-only Electric Vehicle EREV: Extended Range Electric Vehicle
Combustion
Engine

Electric Motor
Electric Motor Generator

Batteries
Battery Batteries
Batteries

Gasoline

8
How Does a PHEV or EREV Work?
 How Does a PHEV or EREV Work?
PHEV
HEV  PHEVs overcome the range
problem of BEVs
Combustion  Electric-only range vary with
Engine battery size
 PHEV20 = 20 miles range
 PHEV40 = 40 miles range
Electric Motor
Generator
 PHEVs well suited for our daily
driving patterns
 50% of all daily drives <25 miles
 80% of all daily drives <50 miles
Battery
1 kWh
5-15 kWh  Average daily driving=33 miles
Batteries
Additional Batteries

Gasoline
 History of Electric Vehicles
1891 William Morrison of Des Moines the first successful electric automotive

1907-1939 Detroit Electric successful electric car co.

1974 Vanguard Sebring CitiCar Thomas Edison - 1912

1990 Cal. Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate. 2% by 1998, 10% by 2003

1990-2000 few thousand electric vehicles

2002 GM and DaimlerChrysler sued CARB and ZEV mandate was weakened

2006 PHEVs, retrofits: Prius, Escape Volt Leaf

EREV BEV
2010 GM Volt, other manufacturers
 Where does fuel energy go in a conventional car

•87.4 % of fuel energy is wasted

•Only 12.6 % of fuel energy is transferred to the wheels
•5.8 % is turned to kinetic energy, consumed in the brake
•17.2 % idling losses, engine on with no torque

Source: www.fueleconomy.gov 12
US DOE
 Hybrid Cars Vs Conventional Cars
2009 Toyota Prius 2009 Toyota Corolla
Hybrid Conventional
About $780/year fuel savings
Assume $1 /1L
15000km / year
Invaluable benefit for environment

5.3 Lit/100 Km 10.5 Lit/100 Km

• Better fuel efficiency, up to %80 theoretically possible

• Less CO2 emission and pollution
• Lower maintenance
Source: www.fueleconomy.gov
13
US DOE
 How Hybrids Save Fuel
1. Engine is turned off at:
– Stops
– Lower speed (say less that 15 km/h), an electric motor
drives the car until speed reaches a certain limit, then engine
kicks in
– When vehicle is stopping or going downhill, engine is turned
off, Regenerative braking is applied
2. When engine operates in an inefficient mode(e.g. at very high
or very low engine speeds), the electric motor kicks in and
assists engine. Engine is driven to its optimum operating zone
3. Engine can be made smaller, due to electric motor assistance

14
 Vehicle Kinetic Energy
1
E m(VA2  VB2 )
A B 2

• VB > VA accelerating, fuel is consumed, kinetic energy is increased

A B
• VA > VB braking, very little fuel is consumed, kinetic energy is
reduced
energy is dissipated in the brakes as heat in conventional
cars

In hybrids braking energy is recovered by an electric

generator and stored in a battery
it is called regenerative energy, or “Regen Energy”

15
 Vehicle Potential Energy
E mgh

Need engine power, fuel is consumed, potential energy is increased

no need for engine power

Braking, very little fuel is consumed, potential energy is reduced energy is

dissipated in the brakes as heat in conventional cars

In hybrids braking energy is recovered, Engine can be turned off

automatically going downhill

16
 How Hybrids Work

Click on the link below to see a hybrid animation

Hybrid Demo

17
 A hybrid System
VCU
Prius does not have
• step gears
• clutch or
• torque converter
• starter motor
• alternator

Electric motors
and planetary
gear system
work as a CVT (
Continuously
Variable
Transmission)
Schematic diagram of Prius
www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info
18
 How Hybrids Work

Electric motors
and planetary
gear system
work as a CVT

Prius Planetary Gear

19
www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info
 Hybrid engine and electric motors
Hybrid engine
is smaller than
conventional
the engine

Prius Hybrid
www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info 20
How Electric cars work

21
 Electric Cars Advantages
 Have comparable speed and power
 High overall fuel efficiency, thermal power plants100can
years old

have up to 80% efficiency and lower emission

 No IC engine, no transmission, no engine oil, no gearbox
fluid
 Lower maintenance
 Lower price
 Good for inner city short trips
 Simple and mature tech
 Low noise

22
 Electric cars issues
• Needs heavy duty power plug terminal (high current) everywhere:
home, parking and street with metering device
• Electric energy infrastructure (generation, transmission and
distribution) must be expanded to provide extra energy for this type
of cars.
• Travels short distances, inner city
• Low speed
• Battery charging takes time
• Limited battery life
• Safety issues
• Need new regulatory standards and
• New building electric code

23
 Plug in Hybrid Advantages
• Plug in hybrid has advantages of the both

• GM 2011 Chevrolet Volt can run for 40 miles on

electric power alone
• Only uses gasoline to power a generator if the 40-
mile range is exceeded

Chevrolet Volt

24
 Hybrid Cars Issues
• Currently more expensive than conventional
• Heavier than conventional, due to battery pack and electric motors
weight
• Limited battery life
• Expensive battery pack if you want to replace it
• Safety issues, high voltage battery and fuel
• Reliability, still under study,
• More complex computer controlled systems
• May have drivability issues
• Expensive to repair

25
 Technology Challenges and Opportunities
 Battery capacity reduces by time, even you do not use it.
 This will impact fuel economy

The Honda Insight’s battery pack

 Fuel economy is dependant 120 Panasonic 1.2-volt cells (total 144 V)
Nickel metal hydride
on battery capacity 100A discharge, and 50A charge rates
The system limits the usable capacity to 4ah to
extend battery life

26
 Technology Challenges and Opportunities
(contd.)
 Time of battery changing is long(plug in hybrid)
 Batteries are heavy (100kg extra weight consumes 2L/100km more)
 Batteries are expensive
 Low performance in hot or cold temperatures also may damage the
battery
 Very sensitive to overcharge/undercharge(Battery life reduces
dramatically)
 Contain toxic heavy metals, disposal issue

27
 Next generation of green vehicles

• Plug in hybrids with Lithium Ion Batteries and Ultra Capacitors

• Hybrid Buses
• Hybrid trucks with compressed gas energy storage systems
• Hybrid trains
• EVs everywhere

Hybrids on the Market

28
 Hybrids vs. EVs
Electric Vehicles (EVs) Hybrids (HEVs)
• Large battery pack: • Minimised battery pack
– Expensive + Cheaper
– Limited range + Long range
– Uncertain life + Manageable lifetime
• Pure electric drivetrain • ICE based drivetrain
+ Excellent energy efficiency – Incremental efficiency
+ Independence from oil gain
– 100% dependant on oil

Can’t we have the best of both worlds?

 Why to Buy Plug in Electric Vehicles

• Lowest total cost of ownership today

• Excellent performance

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 Why to Buy Plug in Electric Vehicles
Electric motor Internal combustion engine

Tesla Roadster
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 Why to Buy Plug in Electric Vehicles

• Lowest total cost of ownership today

• Excellent performance
• Good for the environment

32
 How Does Transportation
Contribute to Climate Change?
3,000

2,500
Transportation

2,000
million tons of C02

Industrial

Residential
1,500

Commercial

1,000

500

0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

EIA: 2007 Annual Energy Outlook, Reference Case

Regional Emissions Impacts (Well-to-Wheel*)
with Today’s Generation Mix
Nationally, greenhouse gases
* Argonne National Laboratory’s reduced 27% despite increased
GREET well-to-wheel model reliance on coal

AZN& US
ECAR ERCOT MACC MAIN MAPP NPCC FRCC SERC SPP PNW CNV
US Plant
Regions
mix RMP total
for valley fill Power Generation Composition
Natural Gas 32% 94% 74% 42% 1% 91% 69% 57% 78% 43% 63% 93%
Coal 68% 6% 26% 58% 99% 9% 31% 43% 22% 57% 37% 7%
Emissions Emissions Ratio (Electric Vehicle/Gasoline Vehicle)
GHGs gases
Greenhouse 0.87 0.60 0.69 0.83 1.01 0.61 0.71 0.76 0.66 0.84 0.73 0.61 0.73
VOC: Total 0.11 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.14 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.07
CO: Total 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
NOx: Total 1.02 0.38 0.59 0.93 1.35 0.41 0.64 0.76 0.54 0.93 0.71 0.39 0.69
PM10: Total 1.55 0.81 1.06 1.45 1.94 0.86 1.13 1.26 0.99 1.46 1.19 0.84 1.18
SOx: Total 3.94 0.42 1.68 3.59 5.96 0.64 2.05 2.67 1.34 3.77 2.35 0.53 2.25
Urban: VOC:
VOCsUrban 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
CO Urban
CO: 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
NOxUrban
NOx: 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10
Particulates
PM10: Urban 0.60 0.62 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.62 0.61 Urban
0.61 air
0.62 0.61 emissions
0.61 0.62 0.61
quality
SOx Urban
SOx: 0.35 0.04 0.14 0.30 0.51 0.05 0.17 0.22 0.12 0.31 0.20 0.04 0.19
greatly reduced:
VOCs/CO/NOx > 90%
 Moving emissions from tailpipes to smokestacks: SOx = 80%
 solves an intractable problem for CO2 capture Particulates = 40%
 improves cost effectiveness for other emissions
 Three Reasons (Plus Three More)
for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

• Lowest total cost of ownership today

• Excellent performance
• Good for the environment
• Good for national security

35
 U.S. Energy Landscape
about 40% of
total supply

about 30% of total about 80% of energy in

consumption transportation is LOST
Source: EIA, 2006
 Significant Potential to Reduce
Dependence of Fossil Fuel
The idle capacity of the U.S. grid could supply
73% of the energy needs of today’s cars, SUVs,
pickup trucks, and vans…
without adding generation or T&D capacity
73% electric
(158 mill.
Vehicles)
25
Res, Com,
Total Electricity
20.6 1.8
20
Millions Barrels Per Day

US
Production
Industry
15
8.2
5.0  Potential to displace 6.7 MMbpd
(equiv. to 52% of net imports)
 Reduces CO2 emissions by 27%
10
 Emissions move from tailpipes to
52%
potential
smokestacks (and base load plants)
5 Net
Trans-
portation
Gasoline PHEV … cheaper to clean up
Imports 9.1 displacement
12.5
13.8
6.5  Reduce the imports of petroleum
0 worth $900 per day

Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2005

 Why to Buy Plug in Electric
Vehicles

• Lowest total cost of ownership today

• Excellent performance
• Good for the environment
• Good for national security
• Good for the electricity grid

38
 EVs Improve the Utilization of the Grid to Achieve higher
Economic Efficiency
ECAR, Summer Additional
Renewable
Renewable
Combined Cycle
MW Additional Other
Fossil Steam Hydro
Conventional
Conventional Hydro
120,000 Additional Coal
Steam
Pumped Storage
additional generation peak Renewable
Pumped Storage
100,000
for 28 mill. PHEVs
Conventional
Combustion Hydro
Turbine/Diesel
Combustion
80,000 Turbine/Diesel
Pumped Storage
Combined Cycle
Combined Cycle
Combustion
60,000 Turbine/Diesel
Other Fossil Steam
Combined Cycle
Other Fossil Steam
40,000 Coal Steam
Other Fossil Steam

Coal
CoalSteam
Steam
Nuclear
20,000
Nuclear
Nuclear
Summer Peak Day
Summer Peak Day
-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Summer
SummerAverage
Average
Summer Average
Hour
 Why to Buy Plug in Electric
Vehicles

• Lowest total cost of ownership today

• Excellent performance
• Good for the environment
• Good for national security
• Good for the electricity grid
• It offers “cool” technology and it will be part of
our future

40
 “Cool” Technology…. An essential part of tomorrow’s
transportation technology
MP3 engine sound
generator
• Ferrari engine
• Mustang
• 396 Chevelle
• Cobra

41
 Ben Franklin Transit: e-Bus
100 miles range

Delivery end of March, 2013

42
Solid Growth in Electric Vehicle Sales in
the US
Total number of Electric Vehicles on the Road

43
 How to Charge the Vehicle at Home?

Charging outside: 120V (Level 1) Charging inside: 240V (Level 2)

With 120V: 8-12 hours charging With 240V: 1-3 hours charging

44
 Public Charging Stations

45
 Public Charging Stations

46
 Public Charging Stations

47
 Public Charging Stations with Solar Roofs
at Google, Mountain View,

48
 Fast Charging in 15 Minutes using DC
electricity DC plug

240V (AC) DC connection

(Level 2) (Level 3) DC connection 240V (AC)
49 (Level 3) (Level 2)
What if you are stranded with an empty
battery?

50
 Vehicle to Grid (V2G)
• PHEVs will mean we choose to plug in our hybrid or electric
vehicle to the grid
• Rather than just another load, can these vehicles be
harnessed as a resource?
• We need to make the grid connection to the battery through
a powerful, bidirectional inverter, not just a battery charger.
• Why not use the traction motor inverter!
 Conventional View of Battery Vehicles

• The conventional view expects battery vehicles to be plugged in to charge their

batteries.
• Hybrid and fuel cell vehicles generate electricity from the fuel in their
tanks.
• Plug-in hybrids can either run from fuel or can charge from the grid.
• In the conventional view, electricity never flows from vehicle to the grid

[1] The Grid-Integrated Vehicle with Vehicle to Grid Technology. University of Delaware. http://www.udel.edu/V2G/. 52
 V2G Concept
• The V2G concept is that battery, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles all can send power to
the electric grid.
• For battery and plug-in hybrid vehicles, the power connection is
already there.
• For fuel cell and fuel-only hybrids, an electrical connection must be
added

53
• University of Delaware

• Utility Trials

PG&E, USA, converting a number of company-owned Toyota

Prius to be V2G PHEVs at Google's campus

Xcel Energy, USA, converting six Ford Escape Hybrids to PHEVs

with V2G

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 Categories of V2G Applications
• Load Shaving
– Aims at using the energy stored in electric vehicles to compensate for the peak load
of the grid

– From the vehicle owners’ point of view, since electricity price is determined by demand,
the transport cost can be relatively reduced by drawing “cheap” energy from the grid,
and vice versa

• Ancillary Services (Frequency Regulation)

– An ancillary mechanism to fine-tune the frequency of the grid in a small time scale,
e.g., minutes

– May not necessarily involve energy delivery but simply the use of the capacity of
vehicle batteries

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