Chapter 9: Tides
Chapter 9: Tides
What Are Tides?
• Tides—periodic raising and lowering of ocean
sea level
• Occur daily
• Isaac Newton’s gravitational laws explain
relationship.
• Tides recognized even by early sailors!
• Tides caused by combination of gravity and
motion between Earth, Moon, and Sun
• Barycenter between Moon and Earth
• Common center of mass or balance point
• Beneath Earth’s surface because of
Earth’s greater mass
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KlWpFLfLFBI
Gravitational Forces
• Gravitational force derived from
Newton’s Law of Universal
Gravitation
• Every object that has mass in the
universe is attracted to every other
object.
• Gravitational force proportional to
product of masses
• Increase mass, increase force
• Inversely proportional to square of
separation distance
Gm1m2
Fg
r2
Gravitational Force and
Distance
• Greatest force at zenith
• Closest to moon
• Least force at nadir
• Furthest from moon and opposite
zenith
Centripetal Force
• Center‐seeking force
• Keeps planets in orbit via
gravitational attraction
• Tethers Earth and Moon to
each other
Required
Centripetal
Forces
• Mathematical difference between gravitational and centripetal
Resultant Forces forces
• Relatively small
Tide‐Generating
Forces
• Resultant force has significant horizontal
component
• Tangential or parallel to Earth’s
surface
Tide‐Generating Forces
• Tidal bulges
• Result when force pushes water
into two simultaneous bulges
• One toward Moon
• One away from Moon
• Called lunar bulges
• Differences in centripetal and
gravitational forces
Idealized
Tidal Bulges
• Tidal period—time between high tides
Moon’s Tidal • Lunar day
Bulges • Time between two successive overhead
moons
• 24 hours, 50 minutes
• Solar day—24 hours
• High tides are 12 hours and 25 minutes apart
Lunar Day
• Solar bulges
Tidal Bulges— • Similar to lunar bulges but about half the size
Sun’s Effect • Sun is 27 million times more massive than
the Moon, but is 390 times further from
Earth.
• Moon’s closer distance to Earth results in
Moon exerting more control over Earth’s
tides.
Moon, Sun, and Earth
Earth’s • Flood tide—water moves toward shore
• Ebb tide—water moves away from shore
Rotation and • Tidal bulges are fixed relative to the Sun’s and
Moon’s positions.
• Earth’s rotation moves different
Tides geographic locations into bulges.
Monthly Tidal
Cycle
• Tidal range—difference between high and low
tides
• Syzygy—Moon, Earth, and Sun aligned
• Quadrature—Moon in first or third quarter
phase
• Spring tides
• New or full moons
• Tidal range greatest
• Syzygy
• Neap tides
• Quarter moons
• Tidal range least
• Quadrature
Monthly Tidal Cycle
• New Moon—Moon between Earth and Sun;
cannot be seen from Earth
• Full Moon—Moon and Sun opposite
• Quarter Moon—Moon appears half lit
• Other Moon phases
• Waxing crescent—Moon moving from new to first
quarter
• Waxing gibbous—Moon moving from first
quarter to full
• Waning gibbous—Moon moving from full to last
quarter
• Waning crescent—Moon moving from last
quarter to new moon
• Declination—Angular distance of the Moon or
Sun above or below Earth’s equator
Complicating • Sun to Earth: 23.5 degrees north or south of
equator
• Moon to Earth: 28.5 degrees north or south of
Factors equator
• Lunar and solar bulges shift from equator
• Unequal tides
Declination and Tidal Bulges
Complicating Factors
• Slightly elliptical orbits
• Earth’s orbit around Sun
• Tidal range greatest at perihelion, when Earth is closest to
the Sun
• January
• Tidal range least at aphelion, when Earth is furthest from
the Sun
• July
• Moon’s orbit around Earth
• Tidal range greatest at perigee
• Moon closest to Earth
• Tidal range least at apogee
• Moon furthest from Earth
• Perigee–apogee cycle is 27.5 days.
• Proxigean tides—spring tide
coincides with perigee
• Exceptionally high tidal range
• Every 1.5 years or so
Moon at
Apogee and
Perigee
Idealized Tide
Prediction
• Moon’s declination
determines position of tidal
bulges.
• Moon directly overhead
yields high tide.
• Two high tides/two low
tides per lunar day
• Six lunar hours between
high and low tides
• Continents and friction with seafloor modify tidal
bulges.
• Idealized tides do not account for continents or
friction.
• Tides are forced waves, not freely propagating, due to
being pulled on by astronomical forces.
• Idealized tidal bulges cannot form.
• Cannot keep up with Earth’s rotation
Real Tides • Crests and troughs of tides rotate around
amphidromic point.
• Point where there is no tidal range
• Cotidal lines
• Radiate from amphidromic points
• Connect simultaneous high tide points
• Tide wave rotates once in 12 hours.
Cotidal Map
• Continents interrupt free movement of tidal
bulges.
Effect of • Tidal ranges amplify over shallow continental
shelves.
Continents • Internal waves created by tides over rough
topography near land
• Almost 400 factors affect tides at any coast.
Other
• Complexity of tides prohibitive to completely
Considerations mathematical model to describe them
Tidal Patterns
• Diurnal
• One high tide/one low tide per day
• Semidiurnal
• Two high tides/two low tides per day
• Tidal range about the same
• Mixed
• Two high tides/two low tides per day
• Tidal range different
• Most common
• Various depths, sizes, and shapes of ocean
basins modify tides.
Monthly
Tidal Curves
• Standing Waves
Tides in Coastal • Tide waves reflected by coast
Waters • Amplification of tidal range
Tides in Coastal
Waters
• Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia
• World’s largest tidal range
• Tidal Bores
• Tide‐generated wall of water
• Moves up certain rivers
Tides in • Conditions needed for tidal bores
• Large spring tidal range of at least 6
Coastal meter (20 feet)
• Abrupt flood tide and short ebb tide
Waters phases
• Low‐lying river with seaward current
• Shallowing of landward sea floor
• Narrowing of basin in upper reaches
Tidal Bore
Coastal Tidal Currents
• Rotary Current
• Current that accompanies the slowly turning tide crest in a Northern Hemisphere basin
• Rotates counterclockwise
• Reversing current
• Alternating current
• Moves in and out of narrow coastal passages
• Flood current
• Water rushes up a bay or river with incoming tide
• Ebb current
• Water drains from bay or river as tide goes out
• High slack water
• Peak of each high tide with no current motion
• Low slack water
• Peak of each low tide with no current motion
Coastal Tidal
Currents
Coastal Tidal Currents
• Whirlpool
• Rapidly spinning seawater,
also called a vortex
• Can be created in a
restricted channel
connecting two basins with
different tidal cycles
• Larger tidal difference
and smaller passage
generates a greater
vortex.
• Maelstrom near Arctic
Norway is one example.
Tides and Marine
Life
• Grunion spawning
• Small silvery fish
• Come out of water in
California to spawn
• Spawn only after each
night’s higher high tide has
peaked on the three or four
nights following the night of
the highest spring high tide
Tide‐Generated Power
• Tides can be trapped in one of the two ways.
• Tidal water trapped behind coastal barriers in bays and estuaries turns
electrical turbines.
• Tidal currents in narrow channels turn underwater turbines.
• Clean
• Renewable resource
• Lower operating costs than fossil fuel‐burning power plants despite higher
building cost
• United Kingdom proposed building world’s largest tidal power plant
Tide‐Generated Power
• Possible environmental concerns
• Changes habitats of some marine organisms
• Alters ecology of estuaries
• Can affect migrations
• Marine animals can become trapped in moving tidal power devices.
• Noise can disrupt habitats.
Power Plant at Saint‐
Malo, France
• Successfully producing tidal power since
1966
• Potential usable tidal energy increases
with increasing tidal range.