RC - 9

Contents
• Test Drive
•
•
What’s Psychology?
Dream Interpretation VA - 27
• Concept of Id, Ego, Superego
• Practice Passages CEX-V-0264/20

Number of Questions : 30

Test Drive D. However, the need to have more IIMs was

still felt.
Time Limit 5 Minutes E. Subsequently, a few more IIMs were set
up at various locations in India.
Directions for questions 1- 3: In each of the following
questions, a paragraph is given where the sentences (1) EDBAC (2) DBACE
have been jumbled up. Select the most logical order (3) CBDEA (4) BCAED
of the sentences to create a meaningful paragraph.
(GBO, 2015) 3. A. As indicate by a number of surveys in
2012, Indian employer will have trouble
1. A. She got offers to sing from a number of finding highly qualified people.
music directors. B. This has made it a perennial challenge
B. Consequently, today her name is all over for HR managers in the days to come.
as a popular singer. C. India Inc has transformed into a volatile
C. However, she was really reluctant to give ground for breeding talent with the
auditions, which delayed her entry into amplification of the demand-supply gap.
D. This trend is set to continue for the next
the field of music.
three years.
D. Not only was she good looking, she had
E. This revelation has come as an eye-
tremendous talent for music, especially
opener, as in order to run the game from
singing.
here on, the challenge of a talent crunch
E. When she did start singing, she made a
will be amongst the foremost snags.
mark for herself in a short time.
(1) ECDAB (2) BDEAC
(1) AECDB (2) BCAED
(3) CBADE (4) BAEDC
(3) DCEAB (4) EACBD
Genre: Psychology
2. A. Presently, we have thirteen IIMs.
B. The first IIM was established in 1961 in What is Psychology?
Kolkata.
C. At the time of independence, India did not “It is the scientific discipline that studies mental
have any management institute of high states and processes and behaviour in humans and
repute. other animals.” – Encyclopaedia Britannica

VA - 27 Page 1
Points of discussion: 7. The phrase that describes the feeling that men
• Difference between Psychiatrists, are superior to women first used by Clifford
Psychologists, and Psychotherapists Odets play “Till the Day I die” (1935):
• Difference between Psychopaths, Sociopaths,
and Narcissists 8. The obsession with stealing things:
• Why is Mental Health in news and how should
we proceed? 9. A morbid fear of pain:
• What is depression?
• What is NLP – is it relevant to Psychology?
10. A psychological state characterized by
• What’s difference between phobia and mania?
delusions of grandeur:
Tips to improve you understanding of Psychology:
(a) Go through the crash course videos on 11. An uncontrollable desire to set fire to things:
YouTube.
(b) Read articles on motivation and NLP. 12. A fear of foreigners or strangers:
(c) Familiarise yourself with the works of Freud
and Jung. 13. What’s the term that describes the human
(d) Make sure to understand the concept of Id, tendency to respond to stimulus (image or
Ego, and Superego, a Freud specialty. sound) by finding a pattern or shape where
none exists?
Class Exercise:
14. Fear or marriage or commitment:
4. Match the psychologists with the names of
their theory. 15. Fear of being buried alive:
Psychologist Theory
(1) Sigmund Freud i. C o n d i t i o n e d / Direction for questions 16- 30: Read each passage
Unconditioned
and answer the questions that follow.
Response
(2) Ivan Pavlov ii. C o l l e c t i v e
Passage 1
Consciousness and
Archetypes
(3) Carl Jung iii. S e l f - r e g u l a t e d For Sigmund Freud and his followers, our lives are
learning shaped by forces we are totally unaware of. Although
(4) William James iv. Psychoanalysis we think we’re in charge, we just keep repeating the
(5) Barry Zimmerman v. Stream of same blunders without knowing it. Like a broken
Consciousness record, we choose jobs we don’t enjoy, we fall out
with friends and we alienate our partners. Sometimes
Direction for questions 5-15: Read each question we are forced to realize that something is awry: a
and name the psychological disorder. bad dream that won’t go away, an unexplained
physical symptom or a bizarre intrusive thought
5. A personality disorder where one has makes us realize that we are not masters in our
exaggerated feelings of self-importance: own house. This, Freud believed, is the unconscious
at work.
6. A mental disorder where people feel the need
to check things repeatedly or perform certain Sigmund Freud’s fascination with the unconscious
routines (called rituals) repeatedly:
was triggered by his work as a neurologist. In case

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after case, he found symptoms that did not behave We think we get angry with our bosses because
as anatomy dictated. The distribution of pain or the they are unreasonable, without noticing it is because
loss of sensation ought to have followed the medical, they are echoing the behaviour of our father. We are
biological map. Instead it was as if these bodies excessively kind to other people, not realizing this
obeyed a different anatomy, made up of words and is overcompensation against our wish to harm them.
ideas. In one case, a boy’s hand froze after his mother
urged him to sign a letter denouncing his father in a 16. Based on the above passage, which of the
divorce: the paralysis saved him from the violence of following is not true?
the denunciation. (1) Sigmund Freud’s concept of the
unconscious was a departure from the
Why couldn’t the boy just have refused to sign the prevailing belief that people are fully aware
letter? The boy may have felt both the wish to sign of the forces affecting their behavior.
and not to sign the letter. This would have stirred up (2) Sigmund Freud’s approach towards the
his oedipal conflict with his father and the guilt that unconscious grew out of his efforts to treat
went with it. The symptom allowed him not to sign mental disorders.
and, through the physical pain of the paralysis, (3) Sigmund Freud’s work with patients and
punished him for his guilty wish. his own self-exploration persuaded Freud
of the existence of what he called the
Contradictory thoughts generate tensions in our unconscious.
minds, and symptoms in our bodies. Through (4) Sigmund Freud found that psychological
listening carefully to his patients, Freud discovered disturbances are largely caused by
that our conscious thought is just the tip of the personal conflicts existing at an
iceberg: most of what we think takes place at an unconscious level.
unconscious level, yet exerts powerful effects on our
lives. 17. Why does Freud give the example of the
paralysis of the boy?
(1) To show that our unconscious thoughts
The other major discovery Freud made at the same
are much more powerful than our
time was about our need to rationalize. If a hypnotized
conscious thoughts.
subject is told there is no furniture in a room, and
(2) To show that our unconscious thoughts
then instructed to cross it, he will naturally avoid the
conflict with our conscious thoughts.
furniture. When asked why he took such an odd
(3) To show that our unconscious thoughts
route, rather than admit the existence of the furniture
are undermined by our conscious
he will invent false explanations: for example, the
thoughts.
picture on the wall looked interesting so he moved
(4) To show that our conscious and
towards it. Rather than seeing these false
unconscious thoughts are never in
explanations as restricted to the hypnotic state,
alignment.
Freud believed that they were a basic feature of the
human ego.
18. According to the passage,
(1) the world of unconsciousness isn’t good.
Although we might not crash into furniture, we spend
(2) we are in control of our actions and lives.
every day deceiving ourselves about why we do (3) paradoxical thoughts effect are bodies.
things. We tell ourselves we love this person because (4) getting to know one’s own consciousness
of some inner quality, rather than because they share isn’t tough.
some trait with our mother.

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 Passage 2 of ‘the ghost in the machine’. With regard to the
second problem, psychologists had the view that
Most people think of Sigmund Freud as a minds are transparent to themselves – in other words,
psychologist or a psychiatrist. But he was neither. that the mind is entirely conscious. Each of us has
He was trained as a neuroscientist and went on to direct access only to our own mental states, and
create a new discipline that he called we cannot be mistaken about those states. This
‘psychoanalysis’. But Freud should also be thought implied that psychological research should proceed
of as a philosopher – and a deeply insightful and by means of introspection, which is why the first
prescient one at that. As the philosopher of science psychologists came to be known as
Clark Glymour observed in 1991: ‘introspectionists’.

For neuroscientific researchers, the daunting During the course of the 19th century, the Cartesian
scientific challenge of figuring out how the brain works concept of mind-body dualism came under increasing
(without the benefit of the sophisticated technologies pressure. Early on, the law of the conservation of
available today) was compounded by the equally energy – the principle that the quantity of energy in
formidable philosophical challenge of explaining the the physical universe remains constant – clashed
relationship between the electrochemical impulses with the notion that bodily movement is explained
coursing through a massively complex network of by a non-physical mind injecting energy into the
neurons and the experiential fabric of our subjective physical world. The study of the aphasias, disorders
mental lives – our thoughts, values, perceptions, and of speech caused by lesions to the brain, showed
choices. that the mental faculty of language was intimately
bound up with particular regions of the ball of nerve
Unlike most scientists today, the neuroscientists tissue between our ears.
and psychologists of that era understood that science
is inevitably rife with philosophical assumptions. For Scientists of the mind responded to this sort of
the most part, they worked within a paradigm that challenge with two explanatory strategies, both
they had inherited from the 17th-century polymath based on the assumption that nothing that is mental
René Descartes. Two components of the Cartesian can be unconscious, and nothing that is unconscious
intellectual tradition were especially relevant to their can be mental. Some granted that ostensibly
work. One concerned the ‘mind-body problem’ – the unconscious mental states were indeed mental but
problem of understanding the precise relation that insisted that they were not really unconscious.
holds between our mental states and our bodily According to this view, a person’s consciousness
states. The other concerned what might be called can be split apart, resulting in a ‘main’
‘the mind-mind problem’ – the problem of consciousness and one or more ‘sub’-
understanding how our minds are related to consciousnesses, an approach that’s sometimes
themselves. The first of these was primarily of interest called dissociationism. These hypothetical centres
to neuroscientists, while the second was mainly of
of consciousness were considered to be something
interest to psychologists.
akin to separate and distinct persons inhabiting a
single human brain, each of which has direct access
With regard to the first problem, 19th-century
only to its own mental states, but without access to
neuroscientists mostly took the view that minds and
the mental states of the others.
bodies are radically different kinds of things. Bodies
are material things – flesh-and-blood machines that
A second strategy was to accept that ostensibly
can be studied from a third-person perspective. But
unconscious mental states are genuinely
minds are immaterial things that can be accessed
unconscious, but to deny that they are mental.
only from the ‘inside’, a view that was later ridiculed
Advocates of this dispositionalist approach believed
by the British philosopher Gilbert Ryle as the theory

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that the (non-physical) mind is distinct from the (2) Current neurologists are re-evaluating the
(physical) brain, and that only the brain processes works of Sigmund Freud in the light of
behaviour. They believed that mental states Cartesian theory of mind-body dualism
accompany these physical processes, but denied knowledge.
that they make any contribution to human behaviour. (3) Freud’s contributions to the development
So, in their view, the so-called unconscious mental of psychoanalysis have been greatly
states weren’t really mental at all. As the 19th-century appreciated by Clark Glymour.
neuroscientist Gustav Fechner put it: ‘Sensations, (4) Philosophers should re-examine Freud’s
ideas, have, of course ceased to actually exist in place in neuro-analysis theory.
the state of unconsciousness.’
20. Which of the following, if true, most strongly
Both of these theories were also harnessed to supports the psychologists’ interpretation of
explain the puzzling phenomenology of mental the study?
illness. Consider the splitting of the mind associated (1) Most human behaviours have conveyed
with the mental disorder that was then known as either acceptance or rejection through
hysteria. Many of those diagnosed as suffering from their mental states and physical actions.
hysteria seemed to have multiple personalities, each (2) The human behaviours indicating
of which was separate or ‘dissociated’ from the acceptance or rejection are exhibited by
others. It was natural to explain this phenomenon trauma and emotional imbalances.
as the splitting or fragmentation of a single self into (3) Acceptance and rejection are the easiest
several others. As the philosopher and psychologist to recognise of all sensational human
William James put it in The Principles of Psychology behaviours.
(1890): (4) In dispositionalist approach, the mind is
distinct from the brain and only the brain
A hysterical woman abandons part of her processes behaviour.
consciousness because she is too weak nervously
to hold it together. The abandoned part may 21. According to the passage, which of the
meanwhile solidify into a secondary or subconscious following can be inferred about mental illness?
self. This ‘dispositionalist’ story was also deployed (1) The study of mental illness is a
to throw light on psychiatric disorders. The fact that bewildering doctrine based on neuro-
mentally ill people often engaged in compulsive analysis and dispositionalist approach.
behaviours that they could neither control nor (2) Freud believed that when we explain our
understand could perhaps be explained by behaviour to ourselves or others
unconscious brain activity that is somehow cut off (conscious mental activity), we rarely give
from the person’s mind. In cases of compulsive hand- a true account of our motivation.
washing, for instance, the sufferer seemed to be (3) On the surface is consciousness, which
hostage to alien forces within himself that were not consists of those thoughts that are the
part of his consciousness, and therefore – according focus of our attention now, is seen as the
to the prevalent assumptions of the time – not mental tip of the iceberg.
at all. (4) The basic dilemma of all human existence
is that each element of the psychic
19. Which of the following is true about Sigmund apparatus makes demands upon us.
Freud according to the passage?
(1) Freud made use of ideas without 22. The word ‘ostensibly’ means
acknowledging his predecessors for the (1) Lightly (2) Apparently
sources of those ideas. (3) Beautifully (4) Lively

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23. Which of the following can be inferred from momentum in the US, including in places like New
the last paragraph of the given passage? York City where mayor Bill de Blasio announced
(1) A mentally ill person’s activities may be last month that he intended to expand the program
related to his/her mind and not the for four-year-olds to three-year-olds. But others argue
unconscious pineal lobe. the push for more academic pre-K is overwrought.
(2) A mentally ill person’s activities can be Kids are expected to sit for longer and focus on more
explained by his\her unconscious brain. academic tasks, relegating play to recess time.
(3) A mentally ill person’s activities are a result According to Daphna Bassok, an assistant professor
of only dispositionalist nature of the of education and public policy at the University of
unconscious brain. Virginia, 80% of teachers believed that children should
(4) A mentally ill people often fail to learn to read while in kindergarten in 2001, up from
differentiate real from apparent. 30% in 1998.

24. What can be inferred from the given passage Many Head Start programs and pre-kindergartens
about author’s intentions? have been designed to better prepare kids for school,
(1) Analysis of mind and brain based on leading some educators to wonder if too much
dispositionalist and neuro analysis. academic pressure on children could be crowding
(2) Analysis of mental illness based on out play, and critical, social, and emotional skills
Freudian psychoanalysis and Cartesian children also need, including emotional regulation,
theory. perseverance, and empathy.
(3) Philosophical analysis of psychological
trauma experienced by human. These advocates argue the development of these
(4) Analysis of human mind and human brain skills underpins the academic ones, enabling or
via Cartesian theory. unleashing them: A child who cannot control his/her
emotions cannot learn; a child who is hungry, or
Passage 3 does not feel he/she belongs, or who lacks in love
and care will have a harder time learning.
In the mid-1980s, Betty Hart and Todd Risley,
psychologists who lived in Kansas, studied how 42 When children reach the age of three, they are not
families spoke to their children. The sample was only rapidly developing thinking skills that are
small, but they tracked the families—who were from important predictors of academic success in school,
welfare homes, working-class homes and but also developing life skills, like how to work in a
professional homes—for three years. They found that group, stay on task, and control one’s emotions.
the professionals’ children were exposed to an Many developmental psychologists and progressive
average of more than 1,500 more spoken words per educators share the belief that too much academics
hour than kids in the welfare homes. That’s 8 million too soon can squash a childhood, which should be
words a year, by age four, rich kids had a 32 million- protected for child-led inquiry and imagination. Peter
word gap advantage over poor kids. Gray, a psychologist, wrote: “My hypothesis is that
the generational increases in externality, extrinsic
The 32 million-word gap has become a short-hand goals, anxiety, and depression are all caused largely
way to explain an achievement gap that starts young, by the decline, over that same period, in opportunities
and is stubbornly persistent. It is among the for free play and the increased time and weight given
arguments underpinning programs like Head Start to schooling.”
and universal pre-kindergarten, which have gained

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25. How do kids belonging to affluent backgrounds Passage 4
hold an advantage over kids from
impoverished backgrounds? (XAT, 2017)
(1) Kids who belong to affluent backgrounds Some psychologists and sociologists believe that
are exposed to more words per hour and psychopathy can be an asset in business
this provides an advantage early on in life. and politics and that, as a result, psychopathic traits
(2) Kids who belong to affluent backgrounds are over-represented among successful people. This
get more time to play and this makes a would be a puzzle if it were so. If our moral feelings
huge difference. evolved through natural selection, then it shouldn’t
(3) Kids who belong to affluent backgrounds be the case that one would flourish without them.
are more empathetic. And, in fact, the successful psychopath is probably
(4) Kids who belong to affluent backgrounds the exception. Psychopaths have certain deficits.
need not encounter working class Some of these are subtle. The psychologist Abigail
environment and thus have ample time to Marsh and her colleagues find that psychopaths are
study. markedly insensitive to the expression of fear. Normal
people recognize fear and treat it as a distress
26. What is the major critique against a program cue, but 13 psychopaths have problems seeing it,
like Head Start? let alone responding to it appropriately. Other deficits
(1) That it is elitist in nature and shuns away run deeper. The overall lack of moral sentiments -
the marginalized. and specifically, the lack of regard for others - might
(2) That too much academic pressure on turn out to be the psychopath’s downfall. We non-
children can have an adverse effect on psychopaths are constantly assessing one another,
childhood and stun essential areas of looking for kindness and shame and the like, using
psychic development. this information to decide whom to trust, whom to
(3) That the program is not well staffed. affiliate with. The psychopath has to pretend to be
(4) That, kids should not learn to read before one of us. But this is difficult. It’s hard to force yourself
the age of 6. to comply with moral rules just through a
rational appreciation of what you are expected to
27. How does the imbalance in school time and do. If you feel like strangling the cat, it’s a struggle
play time help in creating anxiety related to hold back just because you know that it is frowned
problems in children? upon. Without a normal allotment of shame and guilt,
(1) Too much academics can squash child- psychopaths succumb to bad impulses, doing
led inquiry and imagination which would terrible things out of malice, greed, and simple
result in distortion of childhood and boredom. And sooner or later, they get caught. While
generating psychological disorders from psychopaths can be successful in the short term,
a young age. they tend to fail in the long term and often end up in
(2) Without proper play time children will have prison or worse. Let’s take a closer look at what
difficulty in learning to read and thus propel separates psychopaths from the rest of us. There
a child towards depression. are many symptoms of psychopathy, including
(3) Too much academic pressure makes kids pathological lying and lack of remorse or guilt, but
utter less words than children who have the core deficit is indifference toward the suffering of
more than enough play time. This gap other people. Psychopaths lack compassion. To
creates anxiety. understand how compassion works for all of us non-
(4) Kids who do not engage in play as much psychopaths, it’s important to distinguish it
as they engage themselves in studies turn from empathy. Now, some contemporary researchers
out to be anti-social and thus suffer from use the terms interchangeably, but there is a big
depression over their inability to connect. difference between caring about a person

VA - 27 Page 7
(compassion) and putting yourself in the 28. The core deficit of Psychopaths affects their
person’s shoes (empathy). long term success because:
(1) they cannot sustain the behaviour.
I am too much of an adaptationist to think that a (2) they are less likely to succeed as HR
capacity as rich as empathy exists as a managers than as finance managers.
freak biological accident. It most likely has a (3) they cannot hide their lack of compassion
function, and the most plausible candidate here is for long.
that it motivates us to care about others. Empathy (4) empathy is essential for long term
exists to motivate compassion and altruism. Still, the success.
link between empathy (in the sense of mirroring (5) natural selection enables moral feelings.
another’s feelings) and compassion (in the sense of
feeling and acting kindly toward another) is more 29. Which of the following options is correct
nuanced than many people believe. First, although according to the author?
empathy can be automatic and unconscious - a (1) Compassion exists for a reason.
crying person can affect your mood, even if you’re (2) Empathy is a chance event.
not aware that this is happening and would rather it (3) Empathy is the cause of moral choice.
didn’t - we often choose whether to empathize with (4) Caring for others is psychopathy.
another person. So when empathy is present, it may (5) Long term success in business is a freak
be the product of a moral choice, not the cause of it. accident.
Empathy is also influenced by what one thinks of
the other person. Second, empathy is not needed 30. A student approached a faculty pleading to
to motivate compassion. As the psychologist Steven increase his marks because failure in one
Pinker points out, “If a child has been frightened by more subject will result in the student having
a barking dog and is howling in terror, my to leave the program. The faculty said, “I am
sympathetic response is not to howl in terror with sorry. But I cannot change your grades as it
her, but to comfort and protect her” Third, just as would be unfair to others”. In the given
you can have compassion without empathy, you can circumstance, which of the following best
have empathy without compassion. You might feel describes the faculty?
the person’s pain and wish to stop feeling it - but (1) The faculty is a psychopath.
choose to solve the problem by distancing yourself (2) The faculty was compassionate.
from that person instead of alleviating his or her (3) The faculty was both empathetic and
suffering. Even otherwise good people sometimes compassionate but unfair.
turn away when faced with depictions of pain (4) The faculty displayed empathy but not
and suffering in faraway lands, or when passing a compassion.
homeless person on a city street. (5) The faculty displayed compassion but not
empathy.

Visit “Test Gym” for taking Topic Tests / Section Tests on a regular basis.

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 VA - 27 : RC - 9 CEX-V-0264/20
Answers and Explanations

1 3 2 3 3 3 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9 – 10 –
11 – 12 – 13 – 14 – 15 – 16 3 17 2 18 3 19 3 20 4
21 1 22 2 23 2 24 1 25 1 26 2 27 1 28 3 29 1 30 4

Test Drive 15. Taphophobia

1. 3 B is clearly the last sentence. All the other sentences 16. 3 Option 1 is true as it can be inferred from the opening
talk about the singer’s story before she became sentence of the passage. Option 2 is indicated in the
famous. There are two mandatory pairs in the opening sentence of paragraph 2. Option 4 can be
paragraph: DC (however shows the contrast between inferred from the example of the paralysis of the boy.
her talent and her reluctance), EAB (when she did … Option 3 is beyond the scope of the passage; hence it
she got offers…consequently became famous). is the correct answer.

2. 3 CBDE is a definite sequence as C talks about lack of 17. 2 In paragraph 3, where the author speaks about the
IIM during independence. It is followed by the paralysis of the boy, he states- “The boy may have
establishment of the first IIM. ‘However’ in D refers to felt both the wish to sign and not to sign the letter. This
B. E is a result of the need mentioned in D. So, 3 is the would have stirred up his oedipal conflict with his
correct answer. father and the guilt that went with it. The symptom
allowed him not to sign and, through the physical pain
3. 3 It is easy to answer this question by the law of of the paralysis, punished him for his guilty wish.”
elimination. E or B can’t open the paragraph. 3 is the This shows that our conscious and unconscious
only choice left. thoughts conflict with each other. Which of the two is
more powerful, cannot be ascertained. all that is stated
Class Exercise is that the unconscious exerts a powerful effect.
Option 4 is incorrect since ‘never’ is a strong assertion,
which is not mentioned in the passage.
4. 1-iv, 2-i, 3-ii, 4-v, 5-iii
18. 3 The passage states- “Contradictory thoughts generate
5. NPD or Narcissistic Personality Disorder
tensions in our minds, and symptoms in our bodies.”
This makes option 3 correct. Other options are beyond
6. OCD or Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
the scope of the passage.
7. Male chauvinism (Chauvinism – extreme form of
19. 3 Refer to the 1st paragraph of the given passage. “…and
patriotism; nationalism or patriotism are temperate pride
a deeply insightful and prescient one at that. As the
in one’s motherland but chauvinism is intemperate) philosopher of science Clark Glymour observed in
1991…” Option 2 is factually incorrect. Option 1 is out
8. Kleptomania of the given context. The use of the word
‘philosophers’, makes option 4, an incorrect option.
9. Algophobia
20. 4 Option 1 is incorrect. Option 2 is out of the given
10. Megalomania context. Option 3 is not possible. Therefore option 4 is
the correct answer - “…Advocates of this
11. Pyromania dispositionalist approach believed that the (non-
physical) mind is distinct from the (physical) brain,
12. Xenophobia and that only the brain processes behaviour”

13. Pareidolia 21. 1 Other options are factually incorrect. Option 1 is the
only one that can be traced from the given passage.
14. Gamophobia “…these theories were also harnessed to explain the
puzzling phenomenology of mental illness”

VA - 27 Page 1
22. 2 The word ostensibly means apparently. 26. 2 The correct choice is Option 2. In the third last
paragraph it is mentioned that, “ Many Head Start
23. 2 “The fact that mentally ill people often engaged in programs and pre-kindergartens have been designed
compulsive behaviours that they could neither control to better prepare kids for school, leading some
nor understand could perhaps be explained by educators to wonder if too much academic pressure
unconscious brain activity that is somehow cut off on children could be crowding out play, and critical,
from the person’s mind.” Other options therefore are social, and emotional skills children also need, including
incorrect. emotional regulation, perseverance, and empathy”.
The other options shall be eliminated since they are
24. 1 Options 2, 3, and 4 are all partially correct options. The beyond the scope of the passage.
passage somewhat deals with all them but they are
seen as parts of the two prevalent approaches 27. 1 The correct choice is Option 1. In the last paragraph
mentioned in option 1. Hence option 1 is the correct this point is stressed on. Peter Gray, a child psychologist
answer. hypothesizes how decline in play time causes anxiety
related problems. This is also the primary focus of the
25. 1 The correct choice is Option 1. In the first paragraph it passage. The other options shall be eliminated because
has been mentioned that, “In the mid-1980s, Betty Hart they are beyond the scope of the passage.
and Todd Risley, psychologists who lived in Kansas,
studied how 42 families spoke to their children. The 28. 3 Refer to the lines “There are many symptoms
sample was small, but they tracked the families—who of psychopathy...core deficit is indifference toward
were from welfare homes, working-class homes and the suffering of other people. ...and putting yourself in
professional homes—for three years. They found that the person’s shoes (empathy).”
the professionals’ children were exposed to an
average of more than 1,500 more spoken words per 29. 1 The entire paragraph talks about what’s the problem
hour than kids in the welfare homes. That’s 8 million of psychopaths as far as natural selection and
words a year, by age four, rich kids had a 32 million- evolution are concerned. Only 1 is true according to
word gap advantage over poor kids”. Option 2 is this. The other options are incorrect.
incorrect since although psychologists do advocate
for less academic pressure and equal importance to 30. 4 Refer to the last paragraph. It is a clear case of lack of
play time, it is not relevant to the question. Options 3 compassion. But the faculty says ‘I am sorry” so it
and 4 shall be eliminated since they are beyond the can’t be said that he lacks empathy.
scope of the passage.

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