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NETWORKING

The document discusses several networking concepts: 1. A front side bus (FSB) connects hardware components like the CPU to allow for fast performance. 2. Collision domains determine how devices on a network access bandwidth. Hubs place all ports in the same domain while switches separate ports into individual domains. 3. Bridges operate at the data link layer to pass packets between network segments using MAC addresses. Routers operate at the network layer and can connect different network protocols.

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Manish Bangia
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34 views2 pages

NETWORKING

The document discusses several networking concepts: 1. A front side bus (FSB) connects hardware components like the CPU to allow for fast performance. 2. Collision domains determine how devices on a network access bandwidth. Hubs place all ports in the same domain while switches separate ports into individual domains. 3. Bridges operate at the data link layer to pass packets between network segments using MAC addresses. Routers operate at the network layer and can connect different network protocols.

Uploaded by

Manish Bangia
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FSB

A front side bus (FSB) is an electrical pathway on a computer’s motherboard, which connects the
various hardware components to the main microprocessor, or central processing unit (CPU). To realize
the full performance benefits of a fast CPU, a fast front side bus is also required.

Broadcast domain vs collision domain


Collision domain is a logical area where the packets/frames get collied each other in a CSMA/CD(carrier
sense multiple access collision detection) ether network. All the hosts in that area trying to grab the
access of the network/carrier to send out its data.

In the case of Hub all the ports/host are in the same collision domain, means that only on host can able
to send the data. But in the case of switch each port in the switch has seperate collision domain as it has
the intelligence upto MAC layer.

Bridges Vs Routers
Bridge : A bridge is a device that connects and passes packets between two network segments that use
the same communications protocol. Bridges operate at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI reference
model. A bridge will filter, forward or flood an incoming frame based on the MAC address of that frame.
Bridging is a forwarding technique used in packet-switched computer networks. Unlike routing, bridging
makes no assumptions about where in a network a particular address is located. Instead, it depends on
flooding and examination of source addresses in received packet headers to locate unknown devices.
Once a device has been located, its location is recorded in a table where the MAC address is stored so as
to preclude the need for further broadcasting. The utility of bridging is limited by its dependence on
flooding, and is thus only used in local area networks.
Router : A router is an intelligent connecting device that can send packets to the correct LAN segment to
take them to their destination. Routers link LAN segments at the network layer of the OSI Reference
Model for computer to computer communications. The networks connected by routers can use similar
or different networking protocols. The most popular interior routing protocol is OSPF and the most
popular exterior routing protocol is BGP.

Hub Vs Switches
It is a best practice to use switches whenever possible because of the increase in performance over a
standard hub. The bandwidth with a standard hub is shared by all users connected to the hub; however,
with a switch, all users get the full network bandwidth. For example, a 100 Mbps network with a 24-port
hub and 24 PCs allows each user to have 100/24 Mbps bandwidth; with a switch, however, each user
would have a full 100 Mbps bandwidth.

Bridges and switches – Layer 2 Devices(work with mac address)


Router – Layer 3 Device

VLAN
Virtually defining a lan.
1. Layer – 1 switch: Various physical ports on switch is been designed to form VLAN1,VLAN2,VLAN3.

2. Layer – 2 switch: Group of Mac address formed together to form this type of LAN. So in this
concept no need to remember the port where node is plugged in. This is a great feature forlaptop
users who typically roam around on the network—they will always be a member of the same
VLAN unless the switch is reconfigured.
3. Layer -3 switch: A layer-3 switch bases membership to a VLAN on the subnet ID of the layer-3
address of a packet. With layer-3 switches, the workstations do not actually belong to the VLAN,
but the packets that are being sent do belong, because they have the source address information
which contains the network ID in them.

Multi layer Switch


Know that a multilayer switch, such as a layer-2 and layer-3 switch, is a switch that provides the
functionality of a switch (layer-2) and a router (layer-3). These are popular devices today rather than
buying both a switch and a router.

Brouters
A brouter is the combination of a bridge and a router, and it makes the decision whether it needs to
bridge the data or route the data according to the protocol being used.

NAT (Network Address Translation)


Most networks today are connected to the Internet, and having an Internet connection presents a
number of security concerns. For example, if you have your server connected directly to the Internet, it
will take no time at all for the system to be hacked. Network Address Translation (NAT) is a network
service that is responsible for translating internal IP addresses from machines inside the network to a
public address used by the NAT service—essentially hiding your internal network addresses.

Public address translation (PAT)

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