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L1 Examples - Introduction To First Order Differential Equations

This document contains examples of classifying different types of differential equations. In the first example, it classifies equations as ordinary or partial differential equations based on whether they involve one or multiple independent variables. The second example classifies equations by order and degree based on the highest derivative and its power. The third example classifies equations as linear or non-linear based on whether they contain transcendental functions of the dependent variable, powers greater than one of dependent variables, or products of derivatives and dependent variables.

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Carlo Edolmo
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167 views

L1 Examples - Introduction To First Order Differential Equations

This document contains examples of classifying different types of differential equations. In the first example, it classifies equations as ordinary or partial differential equations based on whether they involve one or multiple independent variables. The second example classifies equations by order and degree based on the highest derivative and its power. The third example classifies equations as linear or non-linear based on whether they contain transcendental functions of the dependent variable, powers greater than one of dependent variables, or products of derivatives and dependent variables.

Uploaded by

Carlo Edolmo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Example #1

Classify the following differential equations


as ordinary differential equations or partial
differential equations.
A. (1 − 𝑦)𝑦 & + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 +
,-. ,.
B.
,/ - + ,0
+ 𝑦 = cos (𝑟 + 𝑢)
,-7 9:
C. =
,8 - 7-

Answers:
A. (1 − 𝑦)𝑦 & + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 +

Ordinary Differential Equation

Since it involves only one independent


variable x

,-. ,.
B.
,/ - + ,0
+ 𝑦 = cos (𝑟 + 𝑢)

Partial Differential Equation

Because it involves two independent variables


r and u.
,-7 9:
C. =
,8 - 7-

Ordinary Differential Equation

Since it involves only one independent


variable x

Example #2

Classify the following differential equations


according to order and degree.
,-.
A. + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 0
,+ -
,-. ,. A
B. + ? @ + 𝑦 = cos(𝑟 + 𝑢)
,/ - ,/
,-. ,. C
C. ?,+ - @ = B1 + ?,+ @

Answers:
,-.
A. ,+ - + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 0

2nd order and 1st degree


The equation only involves a second
derivative whose power is one, thus, the order
is second and degree is 2

,-. ,. A
B. - +? @ + 𝑦 = cos(𝑟 + 𝑢)
,/ ,/

2nd order and 1st degree

The highest derivative in the equation is


second derivative, thus its order is second
order. Although the highest power is 3
however that is not the power of the highest
derivative. In this case the power of second
derivative is 1, therefore its degree is one.

,-. ,. A
C. ? - @ = B1 + ? @
,+ ,+

2nd order and 2nd degree

The equation must be free from rational


exponents. Squaring both sides will
transform the equation into,
C
𝑑C 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 A
D CG = 1 + H I
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
This makes the equation order 2 and degree
2.

Example #3

Classify the following differential equations


as either linear or non linear.
A. 𝑦 & + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 . + 𝑥
,J.
B. ,+ J + 𝑦 C = 0
C. 𝑥 K 𝑦 &&& − 𝑥 A 𝑦 && + 6𝑦 & = 0
,-. ,.
D. ,/ - + ,/ + 𝑦 = cos (𝑟 + 𝑢)

Answers:
A. 𝑦 & + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 . + 𝑥

Non linear differential equation

The equation involves a transcendental


function of the dependent variable y which is
the 𝑒 . , thus, it is non linear.
,J.
B. + 𝑦C = 0
,+ J

Non linear differential equation

The equation contains a dependent variable


with a power more than one which is 2 for 𝑦 C ,
therefore it is non linear.

C. 𝑥 K 𝑦 &&& − 𝑥 A 𝑦 && + 6𝑦 & = 0

Linear differential equation

All derivatives have a power of one, no


transcendental functions involved, and the
existence of product is between derivatives
and independent variable only. Thus, the
equation is linear.

,-. ,.
D. ,/ - + ,/
+ 𝑦 = cos (𝑟 + 𝑢)

Linear differential equation


All derivatives have a power of one, there is
transcendental function involved which is
cos (𝑟 + 𝑢), however it is a transcendental
function involving independent variable r
and constant u and lastly the product
between derivatives and independent variable
does not exist. Thus, the equation is linear.

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