Methods

Find the sum of integers from 1 to 10, from 20 to 30, and

from 35 to 45, respectively.

1
 Problem
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
sum += i;
System.out.println("Sum from 1 to 10 is " + sum);

sum = 0;
for (int i = 20; i <= 30; i++)
sum += i;
System.out.println("Sum from 20 to 30 is " + sum);

sum = 0;
for (int i = 35; i <= 45; i++)
sum += i;
System.out.println("Sum from 35 to 45 is " + sum);

2
 Problem
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
sum += i;
System.out.println("Sum from 1 to 10 is " + sum);

sum = 0;
for (int i = 20; i <= 30; i++)
sum += i;
System.out.println("Sum from 20 to 30 is " + sum);

sum = 0;
for (int i = 35; i <= 45; i++)
sum += i;
System.out.println("Sum from 35 to 45 is " + sum);

3
 Solution
public static int sum(int i1, int i2) {
int sum = 0;
for (int i = i1; i <= i2; i++)
sum += i;
return sum;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Sum from 1 to 10 is " + sum(1, 10));
System.out.println("Sum from 20 to 30 is " + sum(20, 30));
System.out.println("Sum from 35 to 45 is " + sum(35, 45));
}
4
 Defining Methods

A method is a collection of statements that are

grouped together to perform an operation.
Define a method Invoke a method

return value method formal

modifier type name parameters
int z = max(x, y);
method
public static int max(int num1, int num2) {
header
actual parameters
int result; (arguments)
method
body parameter list
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
method
result = num2; signature

return result; return value

}

5
 Method Signature

Method signature is the combination of the method name and the

parameter list.

Define a method Invoke a method

return value method formal

modifier type name parameters
int z = max(x, y);
method
public static int max(int num1, int num2) {
header
actual parameters
int result; (arguments)
method
body parameter list
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
method
result = num2; signature

return result; return value

}

6
 Formal Parameters

The variables defined in the method header are known as

formal parameters.

Define a method Invoke a method

return value method formal

modifier type name parameters
int z = max(x, y);
method
public static int max(int num1, int num2) {
header
actual parameters
int result; (arguments)
method
body parameter list
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
method
result = num2; signature

return result; return value

}

7
 Actual Parameters

When a method is invoked, you pass a value to the parameter. This

value is referred to as actual parameter or argument.

Define a method Invoke a method

return value method formal

modifier type name parameters
int z = max(x, y);
method
public static int max(int num1, int num2) {
header
actual parameters
int result; (arguments)
method
body parameter list
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
method
result = num2; signature

return result; return value

}

8
 Return Value Type
A method may return a value. The returnValueType is the data type
of the value the method returns. If the method does not return a
value, the returnValueType is the keyword void. For example, the
returnValueType in the main method is void.
Define a method Invoke a method

return value method formal

modifier type name parameters
int z = max(x, y);
method
public static int max(int num1, int num2) {
header
actual parameters
int result; (arguments)
method
body parameter list
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
method
result = num2; signature

return result; return value

}

9
animation

Calling Methods

pass the value of i

pass the value of j

10
animation
Trace Method Invocation
i is now 5

11
animation
Trace Method Invocation
j is now 2

12
animation
Trace Method Invocation
invoke max(i, j)

13
animation
Trace Method Invocation
invoke max(i, j)
Pass the value of i to num1
Pass the value of j to num2

14
animation
Trace Method Invocation
declare variable result

15
animation
Trace Method Invocation
(num1 > num2) is true since num1
is 5 and num2 is 2

16
animation
Trace Method Invocation
result is now 5

17
animation
Trace Method Invocation
return result, which is 5

18
animation
Trace Method Invocation
return max(i, j) and assign the
return value to k

19
animation
Trace Method Invocation
Execute the print statement

20
 CAUTION
A return statement is required for a value-returning method. The
method shown below in (a) is logically correct, but it has a
compilation error because the Java compiler thinks it possible that
this method does not return any value.

public static int sign(int n) { public static int sign(int n) {

if (n > 0) Should be if (n > 0)
return 1; return 1;
else if (n == 0) else if (n == 0)
return 0; return 0;
else if (n < 0) else
return –1; return –1;
} }
(a) (b)

To fix this problem, delete if (n < 0) in (a), so that the compiler will
see a return statement to be reached regardless of how the if
statement is evaluated.
21
 Reuse Methods from Other Classes

NOTE: One of the benefits of methods is for reuse. The max

method can be invoked from any class besides TestMax. If
you create a new class Test, you can invoke the max method
using ClassName.methodName (e.g., TestMax.max).

22
 Passing Parameters
public static void nPrintln(String message, int n) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
System.out.println(message);
}

Suppose you invoke the method using

nPrintln(“Welcome to Java”, 5);
What is the output?

Suppose you invoke the method using

nPrintln(“Computer Science”, 15);
What is the output?

23
 Modularizing Code
Methods can be used to reduce redundant coding and enable code reuse.
Methods can also be used to modularize code and improve the quality of the
program.

Problem: Greatest Common Divisor, Prime Number

24
 Passing Arrays to Methods
public static void printArray(int[] array) {
for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
System.out.print(array[i] + " ");
}
}

Invoke the method

int[] list = {3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2};

printArray(list);

Invoke the method

printArray(new int[]{3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2});

Anonymous array

25
 Anonymous Array
The statement
printArray(new int[]{3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2});
creates an array using the following syntax:
new dataType[]{literal0, literal1, ..., literalk};
There is no explicit reference variable for the array.
Such array is called an anonymous array.

26
 Pass By Value
Java uses pass by value to pass arguments to a method. There
are important differences between passing a value of variables
of primitive data types and passing arrays.

• For a parameter of a primitive type value, the actual value is

passed. Changing the value of the local parameter inside the
method does not affect the value of the variable outside the
method.

• For a parameter of an array type, the value of the parameter

contains a reference to an array; this reference is passed to the
method. Any changes to the array that occur inside the method
body will affect the original array that was passed as the
argument.
27
 Returning an Array from a Method
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}
list
return result;
} result

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};

int[] list2 = reverse(list1);

28
Passing Tow-Dimensional Arrays to Methods

public static int sum(int[][] m) {

return total;
}

int[][] m = new int[3][4];

sum(m);

29
 Overloading Methods

Overloading the max Method

public static double max(double num1, double

num2) {
if (num1 > num2)
return num1;
else
return num2;
}

30
 Ambiguous Invocation

Sometimes there may be two or more

possible matches for an invocation of a
method, but the compiler cannot
determine the most specific match. This is
referred to as ambiguous invocation.
Ambiguous invocation is a compilation
error.

31
 Ambiguous Invocation
public class AmbiguousOverloading {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(max(1, 2));
}

public static double max(int num1, double num2) {

if (num1 > num2)
return num1;
else
return num2;
}

public static double max(double num1, int num2) {

if (num1 > num2)
return num1;
else
return num2;
}
}

32
 Problem: Converting Decimals to Hexadecimals

Write a method that converts a decimal

integer to a hexadecimal.
public static String dec2hex(int n) {
}
Write a method that returns an amount of
currency in words. Assume the amount <10000.
public static String amountInWords(int n) {
}
Handwritten, On the top page: Assignment 1,
CSE 215.1 (Sum 2018), Name & ID, Date
33
 Problem: Converting Decimals to Hexadecimals

Write a method that converts a hexadecimal

integer to a decimal.
public static int hex2dec(String s) {
}
Write a method that return an amount of
currency in words. Assume the amount <10000.
public static String amountInWords(int n) {
}
Handwritten, On the top page: Assignment 1,
CSE 215.1 (Fall 2017), Name & ID, Date
34
 Scope of Local Variables

A local variable: a variable defined inside a

method.
Scope: the part of the program where the
variable can be referenced.
The scope of a local variable starts from its
declaration and continues to the end of the
block that contains the variable. A local
variable must be declared before it can be
used.
35
 Scope of Local Variables, cont.

You can declare a local variable with the

same name multiple times in different non-
nesting blocks in a method, but you cannot
declare a local variable twice in nested
blocks.

36
 Scope of Local Variables, cont.
A variable declared in the initial action part of a for loop
header has its scope in the entire loop. But a variable
declared inside a for loop body has its scope limited in the
loop body from its declaration and to the end of the block
that contains the variable.

public static void method1() {

.
.
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
.
The scope of i .
int j;
.
The scope of j .
.
}
}

37
 Scope of Local Variables, cont.

It is fine to declare i in two It is wrong to declare i in

non-nesting blocks two nesting blocks

public static void method1() { public static void method2() {

int x = 1;
int y = 1; int i = 1;
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
x += i; for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
} sum += i;
}
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
y += i; }
}
}

38
 Scope of Local Variables, cont.
// Fine with no errors
public static void correctMethod() {
int x = 1;
int y = 1;
// i is declared
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
x += i;
}
// i is declared again
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
y += i;
}
}
39
Scope of Local Variables, cont.

// With errors
public static void incorrectMethod() {
int x = 1;
int y = 1;
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
int x = 0; // error ...
x += i;
}
}

40
 Method Abstraction
You can think of the method body as a black box that contains the detailed
implementation for the method.

Optional arguments Optional return

for Input value

Method Header
Black Box
Method body

41
 Benefits of Methods

• Write a method once and reuse it anywhere.

• Information hiding. Hide the implementation
from the user.
• Reduce complexity.

Finish!

42
 The Math Class
• Class constants:
• PI
• E
• Class methods:
• Trigonometric Methods
• Exponent Methods
• Rounding Methods
• min, max, abs, and random Methods

43
 Trigonometric Methods

• sin(double a) Examples:

• cos(double a)
Math.sin(0) returns 0.0
• tan(double a) Math.sin(Math.PI / 6)
• acos(double a) returns 0.5
Math.sin(Math.PI / 2)
• asin(double a) returns 1.0
• atan(double a) Math.cos(0) returns 1.0
Math.cos(Math.PI / 6)
returns 0.866
Math.cos(Math.PI / 2)
Radians returns 0
toRadians(90)
44
 Exponent Methods
• exp(double a) Examples:
Returns e raised to the power of a.
• log(double a) Math.exp(1) returns 2.71
Returns the natural logarithm of a. Math.log(2.71) returns 1.0
Math.pow(2, 3) returns 8.0
• log10(double a)
Math.pow(3, 2) returns 9.0
Returns the 10-based logarithm of
a. Math.pow(3.5, 2.5) returns
22.91765
• pow(double a, double b) Math.sqrt(4) returns 2.0
Returns a raised to the power of b. Math.sqrt(10.5) returns 3.24
• sqrt(double a)
Returns the square root of a.

45
Rounding Methods
• double ceil(double x)
x rounded up to its nearest integer. This integer is returned as a
double value.
• double floor(double x)
x is rounded down to its nearest integer. This integer is returned as a
double value.
• double rint(double x)
x is rounded to its nearest integer. If x is equally close to two integers,
the even one is returned as a double.
• int round(float x)
Return (int)Math.floor(x+0.5).
• long round(double x)
Return (long)Math.floor(x+0.5).

46
Rounding Methods Examples
Math.ceil(2.1) returns 3.0
Math.ceil(2.0) returns 2.0
Math.ceil(-2.0) returns –2.0
Math.ceil(-2.1) returns -2.0
Math.floor(2.1) returns 2.0
Math.floor(2.0) returns 2.0
Math.floor(-2.0) returns –2.0
Math.floor(-2.1) returns -3.0
Math.rint(2.1) returns 2.0
Math.rint(2.0) returns 2.0
Math.rint(-2.0) returns –2.0
Math.rint(-2.1) returns -2.0
Math.rint(2.5) returns 2.0
Math.rint(-2.5) returns -2.0
Math.round(2.6f) returns 3
Math.round(2.0) returns 2
Math.round(-2.0f) returns -2
Math.round(-2.6) returns -3

47
 min, max, and abs
• max(a, b)and min(a, b) Examples:
Returns the maximum or
minimum of two parameters.
Math.max(2, 3) returns 3
• abs(a)
Math.max(2.5, 3) returns
Returns the absolute value of the
parameter. 3.0
Math.min(2.5, 3.6)
• random()
returns 2.5
Returns a random double value
in the range [0.0, 1.0). Math.abs(-2) returns 2
Math.abs(-2.1) returns
2.1

48
 The random Method
Generates a random double value greater than or equal to 0.0 and
less than 1.0 (0 <= Math.random() < 1.0).

Examples:

Returns a random integer

(int)(Math.random() * 10)
between 0 and 9.

50 + (int)(Math.random() * 50) Returns a random integer

between 50 and 99.

In general,

a + Math.random() * b Returns a random number between

a and a + b, excluding a + b.

49
 Case Study: Generating Random Characters

As discussed in Chapter 2., all numeric operators can be applied to the char
operands. The char operand is cast into a number if the other operand is a
number or a character. So, the preceding expression can be simplified as
follows:
'a' + Math.random() * ('z' - 'a' + 1)

So a random lowercase letter is

(char)('a' + Math.random() * ('z' - 'a' + 1))

50