ENGLISH VI 1

YUZON, KEZIA VIENICE PORE
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE Reviewer
IDIOMS:
Literal means exactly what it says. have a change of heart – to have a different decision
Figurative means something different to (and usually early bird – a person who is early
more than) what it says on the surface: see red – to become angry suddenly
be/feel under the weather – to be sick
Alliteration at home – comfortable
-repetition of the beginning sounds of neighboring words beat around the bush – to avoid getting to the point
She sells seashells. best of both worlds – enjoy advantages of 2 different
Nick needed new notebooks. things at the same time
break the ice – to start a conversation
Euphemism burn the midnight oil – to work late into the night
-a mild, indirect, or vague term that often substitutes a bury the hatchet – to settle an argument
harsh, blunt, or offensive term feel blue – to be extremely sad
'A little thin on top' instead of 'going bald.' in a nutshell – to summarize
'Fell of the back of a truck' instead of 'stolen.' in the flesh – in person
'Letting you go' instead of 'firing you.' in the nick of time – just in time
'Passed away' instead of 'died.' night owl – a person who tends to stay up until late at night
'Economical with the truth' instead of 'liar.' through thick and thin – in bad and good times
out of the blue – suddenly, unexpectedly
Hyperbole see eye to eye – to have similar opinion or attitude
-uses exaggeration for emphasis or effect two peas in a pod – very much alike
I've told you to stop a thousand times.
I could do this forever.
PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS
Irony
-contrast between what is said and what is meant, or Some nouns have no plural form.
between appearance and reality alphabet expenditure furniture money
"How nice!" she said, when I told her I had to work all Information offspring poetry scenery
weekend. (Verbal irony)
A traffic cop gets suspended for not paying his parking Plural of Greek and Latin Nouns
tickets. (Situational irony)
When the audience knows the killer is hiding in a closet in an axis……axes a basis ……bases
a scary movie, but the actors do not. (Dramatic irony) a datum……data a crisis ……crises
an oasis……oases a radius……radii
Metaphor a thesis……theses an index……indices
- makes a comparison between two unlike things or ideas a phenomenon ……phenomena
Heart of stone Time is money an appendix……appendices
The world is a stage She's a night owl
Some nouns have no singular form.
Onomatopoeia alms amends billiards cards
-a word that sounds like what it is describing contents goods riches scales
Whoosh, splat, buzz, click, oink spectacles trousers wages

Personification Plural of compound nouns by adding S or ES to the last noun.

-gives human qualities to non-living things or ideas a book-keeper…….book-keepers
The flowers nodded. a handful…….handfuls
The snowflakes danced. a man-servant…….men-servants
a woman-servant…….women-servants
Simile
-comparison between two unlike things using the words When nouns are followed by a preposition put the noun
"like" or "as" only in plural.
As slippery as an eel a brother-in-law……. brothers-in-law
Like peas in a pod a daughter-in-law……. daughters-in-law
a passer-by……. passers-by
Idiom a mother-in-law……. mothers-in-law
-a word or phrase that means something different from its a looker-on…….lookers-on
literal meaning
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SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
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A sentence is made up of 2 parts:

SUBJECT that tells us what the sentence is about. (It can be a NOUN or a PRONOUN.)
VERB represents the action of a sentence (is, went, will place, have taken, etc)

How to make the subject and verb agree:

1. Identify the subject of the sentence.
2. Decide if the subject is singular or plural.
3. Lastly, decide which verb form will match with the subject.

RULE 1: The subject and verb must agree in number: both must be singular, or both must be plural.
The car belongs to my brother. (SINGULAR)
They also play football.(PLURAL)

RULE 2: The number of the subject (singular or plural) is not changed by words (or a phrase) that come in between the
subject and the verb.
One of the boxes is open.
Here, the subject “one” and the verb “is” are both singular.

RULE 3: Some subjects always take a singular verb even though the meaning may seem plural.
Someone in the game was (not were) hurt.

RULE 4: The following words may be singular or plural, depending upon their use in a sentence: some, any, all, most.
Most of the news is good. (singular)
Most of the flowers were yellow. (plural)

RULE 5: Subjects joined by “and” are plural. Subjects joined by “or” or “Nor” take a verb that agrees with the last subject.
Bob and George are leaving.
Neither Bob nor George is leaving.

RULE 6: “There” and “here” are never subjects. In sentences that begin with these words, the subject is usually found later
on in the sentence.
There were five books on the shelf. (were, agrees with the subject “book”)

RULE 7: Collective nouns may be singular or plural, depending on their use in the sentence.
The orchestra is playing a hit song. (Orchestra is considered as one unit—singular)
The orchestra were asked to give their musical backgrounds. (Orchestra is considered as separate units-plural)

RULE 8: Some nouns, while plural in form, are actually singular in meaning.
Example: Mathematics is (not are) an easy subject for some people.

RULE 9: “Doesn’t” is a contraction of “does not” and should be used only with a singular subject.”
Don’t” is a contraction of “do not” and should be used only with a plural subject.
He doesn’t (does not) like it.

RULE 10: Nouns such as ‘civics’, ‘mathematics’, ‘dollars’, and ‘news’ require singular verbs.
A million dollars is needed to renovate that building.

VERB TENSES

VERB TENSES past present future

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SIMPLE It snowed yesterday. It snows every winter. It is going to snow tonight.

Simple past verb Simple present verb It will snow this winter.
Will / be going to + simple
present
PROGRESSIVE It was snowing when I It is snowing. It will be snowing by the
drove to work. Am/is/are+-ing verb time I get home.
Was/were + -ing verb Will be + -ing verb
PERFECT It had already snowed I have driven in snow It will have snowed 6
before I left. many times. inches by the end of the
Had + past participle verb Have/has + past participle day.
verb Will have + past participle
verb
PERFECT It had been snowing for It has been snowing all It will have been snowing
PROGRESSIVE two days before it month long. for three days by the time
stopped. Has/have + -ing verb + it stops.
Had been + -ing verb + for/since Will have been + -ing verb
for/since + for/since

MODALS

Modal Verb Expressing Example

must Strong obligation You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
logical conclusion / Certainty He must be very tired. He's been working all day long.
must not prohibition You must not smoke in the hospital.
can ability I can swim.
permission Can I use your phone please?
possibility Smoking can cause cancer.
could ability in the past When I was younger I could run fast.
polite permission Excuse me, could I just say something?
possibility It could rain tomorrow!
may permission May I use your phone please?
possibility, probability It may rain tomorrow!
might polite permission Might I suggest an idea?
possibility, probability I might go on holiday to Australia next year.
need not lack of necessity/absence of I need not buy tomatoes. There are plenty of tomatoes in the
obligation fridge.
should/ought to 50 % obligation I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache.
advice You should / ought to revise your lessons
logical conclusion He should / ought to be very tired. He's been working all day
long.
had better advice You 'd better revise your lessons

TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES

SYNONYM -words with the same meaning

"That charlatan!" he cried. "That absolute fake!"

ANTONYM -words with opposite meanings.

"You look pretty content about it, not like you're all bent out of shape at all," he noted.

DEFINITION context clues just spell out the meaning in a straightforward manner:
In Britain, they call the trunk of a car the "boot."

An EXPLANATION OR ILLUSTRATION can also show the context of the word:

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She looked at the random collection that had been thrown in the packing box at the last minute—from toothpaste
and razors to spatulas and sticky notes. "Well, that's quite a mélange, isn't it?" she remarked.

COMPARISON -similarities to other items or elements, similies or metaphors:

"No," she said, "I'm as carefree about it as a bird floating among the clouds."

CONTRAST -dissimilar elements

"It isn't exactly the melee that I expected from your description," he said. "
The kids are just roughhousing a little. I expected them to be bruised and bleeding."

ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word that describes a person, place, or thing.

Descriptive adjectives
-describes noun referring to its action, state or quality
-sometimes it answers the question, "What kind?"

Limiting adjectives
-such as a, an, and the

Demonstrative adjectives
-such as this, that, those, and these

Possessive adjectives
-such as his, her, their, our, its, your, and my.

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

Adjectives Examples
1st – Article/Possessive Adjective/ the, an, his, her, that, his
Demonstrative Adjective
2nd – Number four, seven
3rd – Observation lovely, mesmerizing
4th – Size massive, tiny
5th – Age new, old
6th – Color green, blue
7th – Shape square, oval
8th – Origin Japanese, Korean
9th – Material/Purpose paper, metal

Example:
1. We saw the amazing, gigantic, ancient structure at the site.
2. Those seven award-winning, Filipino films were screened at the festival.

ADVERBS

ADVERBS OF MANNER
-describe HOW something happens ADVERBS OF INTENSITY
-express the DEGREE of a verb
The reporter thoroughly explained the characteristics of Ex: Jill’s dress is very beautiful.
adverbs of manner. ADVERBS OF TIME
How did the reporter explain? thoroughly -tell the TIME, WHEN, or HOW LONG the action took
place
ADVERBS OF PLACE -last year, later, months ago, soon, then, tonight,
-tell the LOCATION where actions happen yesterday

Ex: The dog hides in the closet. Ex: I have heard this before.
My friends go there to read books. She will visit the hospital tomorrow.
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ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY Ex: You should walk the dog often.

-express the NUMBER OF TIMES actions occur I always forget to lock the door.
-never, yearly, seldom, rarely
LIST OF COMMON PREFIXES

Prefix Meaning Example

a-, an- without amoral, atypical
ante- before antecedent, antenatal
anti- against anti-establishment
auto- self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- with co-conspirator, co-pilot
com-, con- with companion, contact
contra- against contradiction
de- off delist, devalue
dis- not disappear
en- put into enclose, envelop
ex- out of, former extract, ex-governor
extra- beyond, more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- same homonym, homophone
hyper- over, more hyperactive
il-, im-, in-, ir- not, without illegal, impractical, inconsiderate, irresponsible
in- into insert
inter- between internet, intersection,
intra- inside intranet, intravenous
macro- large macronutrients
micro- small microscope
mis- not, wrongly misspell, misplace
mono- one monocle
non- not, without nonentity, nonstarter,
omni- all, every omnipresent, omniscient
over- too much; extra overacting
post- after post-mortem
pre-, pro- before, forward precede, project
re- to repeat recheck, reread
sub- under submarine, substandard
syn- same time synchronize
super- above supervisor, superhuman
trans- across transmit
tri- three tripod, triceratops
un- not undone, unfinished,
uni- one unicorn, unilaterally
LIST OF COMMON SUFFIXES

Suffix Meaning Example

-able, -ible can be done comfortable, passable
-age action or process percentage
-al, -ial having the characteristics of personal
-dom condition or state freedom
-ed past-tense verbs (weak verbs) danced, jumped
-ee a person who is a beneficiary of the action interviewee
-en made of golden, wooden
-er comparative tidier, nicer
-er, -or one who actor, narrator, worker
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-est superlative nicest, greatest

-ful full or full of cupful, careful
-hood condition or state motherhood
-ic having characteristics of linguistic, sarcastic
-ify to make beautify
-ing verb form (present participle and gerund) dancing, singing
-ion, -tion, -ation, ition act or process attraction, attrition
-ity, -ty state of humility, infinity
-ive, -ative, itive adjective form of a noun expensive, plaintive
-less without topless, fearless
-ly adverb ending nicely, quickly
-ment action or process enjoyment, entrenchment
-ness state of, condition of eagerness, kindness
-ous, -eous, -ious possessing the qualities of erroneous, joyous
-pre before prepaid, preheat
-ship state or condition championship
-y characterized by fatty, happy, jumpy

WORDS THAT SHOW TIME RELATIONSHIP

After Afterwards Already As As soon as At last
Before During Earlier Finally First Next
Now Since Then Later Last

4 WORD STRESS RULES TO IMPROVE YOUR PRONUNCIATION

Here are four general rules to keep in mind about word stress as you practice pronunciation:
1. Stress the first syllable of:
o Most two-syllable nouns (examples: CLImate, KNOWledge)
o Most two-syllable adjectives (examples: FLIPpant, SPAcious)
2. Stress the last syllable of:
o Most two-syllable verbs (examples: reQUIRE, deCIDE)
3. Stress the second-to-last syllable of:
o Words that end in -ic (examples: ecSTATic, geoGRAPHic)
o Words ending in -sion and -tion (examples: exTENsion, retriBUtion)
4. Stress the third-from-last syllable of:
o Words that end in -cy, -ty, -phy and -gy  (examples: deMOCracy, unCERtainty, geOGraphy, radiOLogy)
o Words that end in -al (examples: exCEPtional, CRItical)

CONJUNCTIONS
-words used to join words or group of words

COORDINATING
-connect words of the same kind
- join two independent clauses
-FANBOYS:
For - Explains reason or purpose (just like "because")
I go to the park every Sunday, for I long to see his face.

And - Adds one thing to another

I like to read, and I write faithfully in my journal every night.
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Nor - Used to present an alternative negative idea to an already stated negative idea
I neither love nor hate to watch TV.

But - Shows contrast

Television is a wonderful escape, but it interferes with my writing.

Or - Presents an alternative or a choice

Would you rather read a book or watch a good TV show?

Yet - Introduces a contrasting idea that follows the preceding idea logically (similar to "but")
I always take a book to the beach, yet I never seem to turn a single page.

So - Indicates effect, result or consequence

I like to read, so my grammar is always on-point.

SUBORDINATING
-joins an independent and dependent (subordinate) clause
-ON A WHITE BUS:
O: only if, once
N: now that

A: after, although, as, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as though

W(h): where, wherever, when, whenever, whether, while, which, whether or not, whoever, whereas, why
H: How, however
I: in case, if, in order that
T: though, than, therefore, that
E: even though, even if

B: before, because
U: until, unless
S: since, so that

4 TYPES OF SENTENCE ACCORDING TO USE

Function Example sentence (clause) Final punctuation

1 declarative statement: It tells us something John likes Mary. .

2 interrogative question: It asks us something Does Mary like John? ?

3 imperative command: It tells us to do something Close the door. .

4 exclamative exclamation: It expresses surprise What a funny story he told !

us!
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TYPES OF SENTENCE ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE

Simple
-consists of one independent clause
-independent clause (subject + verb; and expresses a complete thought)

I like tea.
They did not go to the party.

Compound
-two (or more) independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semi-colon
-each of these clauses could form a sentence alone
-use FANBOYS

I like tea and Mia likes coffee.

Mary went to work but John went to the party.

Complex Sentence
-independent clause plus dependent clause
-dependent clause starts with a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun, but does not express a complete
thought
-uses ON A WHITE BUS
-uses relative pronouns (that, which, who, whom, whose)

We missed our plane because we were late.

Our dog barks when she hears a noise.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Who: Refers to a person (as the verb’s subject)
The woman who came to the door left flowers for you.
Whom: Refers to a person (as the verb’s object)
I am not sure whom this book belongs to.
Which: Refers to an animal or thing
Interpretative dance, which I find a bit disconcerting, is all the rage.
What: Refers to a nonliving thing
Is this what you were talking about?
That: Refers to a person, animal, or thing
She finally visited the coffee shop that had such great reviews.
TERMS TO REMEMBER:
COMPOSITION: EVALUATING
GLOSSARY
-deciding the strengths and weaknesses of a draft (composition)
A
COMPOSITION: REVISING Abandon – (v.) to leave someone that you should take care of
-making changes to improve the composition Amateur – (n.) someone lacking in experience and competence in
an art or science
FOLKTALE
-a popular story that has been orally passed from generation to
B
generation
Besiege – (v.) to surround a place with soldiers, police, and others
GESTURE Bygone – (n.) in the past
-body movement/s that help/s express thoughts and meanings
INDEX
GLOSSARY -a part of a book that helps readers locate topics in it
-a part of a book that helps readers find the meaning of difficult words
that are found in it
-each word defined in a glossary is called an entry
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ACROSTIC POEM
-a poem where the first letter of each line forms a message
HAIKU
-a type of poetry from Japan; consist of 3 lines
1st line: 5 syllables
2nd line: 7 syllables
INFERRING 3rd line: 5 syllables
-using given clues from a text to make an intelligent guess SHAPE POEM
INTERVIEW -a type of poem that describes an object and is shaped the
-a way to collect information same as the object that the poem is describing

INTERVIEWEE PURPOSE OF A TEXT

-person who answers an interview To entertain: makes the audience feel pleased, amused, or interested
To inform: educates, presents facts, enlightens about real-world
INTERVIEWER topics, or makes announcements
-person who asks questions Informative texts – answers the questions WHAT, WHEN, WHERE,
MOCK INTERVIEW / PRACTICE INTERVIEW or HOW
-simulation of an actual interview for training purposes To persuade: convinces the audience to believe in an idea or follow a
suggestion
INTONATION
-the way someone's voice rises and falls as they're speaking RESEARCH REPORTS
-tell important information
LEGEND -can be found in the internet, radio, television, magazines,
-a tale, a story coming down from the past newspapers
-ex: The Origin of Pineapple, The Origin of the Makahiya Plant
RHYMING WORDS
MOOD -words that have final syllables that sound similarly
-your feeling when you listen to the message of the text -ex: beach – itch, claim – flame, could – hood, crew – chew
NARRATING SLOGAN
-a process which recounts and makes sense of events -a short and striking phrase that carries a convincing message
OUTLINE Don’t be so MEAN,
-is a tool used to organize written ideas about a topic Keep the environment CLEAN.
-serves as a plan for a composition SOURCES
Folktale About Clever Characters PRIMARY Sources
-actual and original documents
I. One Thousand and One Nights -ex: diaries, journals, videos
A. Folktale from Iran
B. Characters
1. king SECONDARY Sources
2. first wife -information that is based from actual documents
3. Scheherazade -ex: news reports, articles, reenactment in theaters, documentaries
4. Scheherazade’s sister
C. Main character tells a story per night for 1000 nights to avoid being killed.
SUMMARY
PEER PRESSURE -a short composition that features the main points (of story or novel)
-happens when your peers/friends/classmates try to influence how TONE
you act -speaker’s attitude that is revealed by the text
PHRASING Resources: JOURNEYS 6
-process of putting words together into meaningful units https://examples.yourdictionary.com/figure-of-speech-examples.html
https://cetking.com/10-must-know-rules-for-subject-verb-agreement-grammar/
SLASH https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-modals.php
-is used to indicate pause https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/affixes.htm
https://www.toeflgoanywhere.org/learn-these-4-word-stress-rules-improve-your-pronunciation
-single slash (/) short pause https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/conjunctions/coordinating-conjunctions.html
-double slash (//) long pause https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/sentence/type.htm
https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/sentence/sentence-structure.htm
POEM https://www.grammarly.com/blog/relative-pronouns/
-a very personal form of writing where a poet (the writer of a poem), https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/figures.htm
shares a specific thought, feeling, or experience