o Introduction

o Classification of Rectifiers
• Single-Phase Rectifiers
• Half-Wave Uncontrolled
• Half-Wave Controlled
• Full-Wave Uncontrolled
• Full-Wave Half-Controlled
• Full-Wave Full Controlled
•Three-Phase Rectifiers
• Half-Wave Uncontrolled
• Half-Wave Controlled
• Full-Wave Uncontrolled
• Full-Wave Half-Controlled
• Full-Wave Full Controlled
o Conclusion
o References

2
DC-AC AC-DC AC-AC DC-DC

12 Vdc 220 Vac 12 Vdc

220 Vac

t t t t

12 Vdc
220 Vac 110 Vac 5 Vdc

t t t t

3
DC-AC

A rectifier converts ac to dc. The purpose of a rectifier

may be to produce an output that is purely dc, or the
purpose may be to produce a voltage or current wave-
form that has a specified dc component.
12 Vdc
There are two types of rectification process: controlled
rectification and uncontrolled rectification. Controlled
t rectification is accomplished by silicon-controlled
rectifiers (SCRs), also known as thyristor; uncontrolled
rectification is performed by diodes.
220 Vac

4
 According to Rectifying methods:
 Half Wave Rectifiers
 Full Wave Rectifiers

 According to Input Supply

 Single Phase Rectifiers (fed from single phase source.)
 Three Phase Rectifiers (fed from three phase source and convert three phase AC
voltage to DC voltage.)

 According to Output Voltage

 Fixed Output Voltage  Uncontrolled Rectifiers
 Variable Output Voltage  Half-Controlled Rectifiers
Fully-Controlled Rectifiers
(Controlled Rectifiers for HWR)

5
 Half-Wave Rectifiers

 The half wave circuits are those having a rectifying device in each line of the AC supply, all cathodes of
the varying devices being connected to a common connection to feed into the load being to the AC supply
neutral.
 The expression half-wave describes the fact that the current in each AC supply line is unidirectional.
An alternative to description half-wave is to use the expression single-wave in describing these circuits.

 Full-Wave Rectifiers

 The full-wave circuits are those which are in effect two halfwave circuits in series, one feeding into the
load, the other returning load current directly to he AC lines, eliminating the need to employ the AC supply
neutral.
 The expression full-wave is used because the current in each AC supply line, although not necessarily
symmetrical, is in fact alternating.
 The full-wave circuits are more commonly called bridge circuits, but alternatively are also known as
double way circuits.

6
 Uncontrolled Rectifiers

 The uncontrolled rectifier circuits contain only diodes, giving a DC load voltage fixed in magnitude
relative to AC supply voltage magnitude.

 Full Controlled Rectifiers

In the fully controlled rectifier circuits, all rectifiying elemts are controlled power electronic devices such
as thyristors or power transistors.
In these circuits, by suitable control of the phase angle at which the thyristors are turned on, it is possible
to control the mean (DC) value of, and to reverse, the DC load voltage.
 The fully controlled circuit is often described as bidirectional converter, as it permits power flow in either
direction between supply and load.

 Half Controlled Rectifiers

The half-controlled rectifer circuits contain a mixture of thyristors and diodes which prevent a reversal of
the load voltage but do adjustment of the direct (mean) voltage level.
The half controlled and uncontrolled (diode only) circuits are often described as unidirectional converters,
as they permit power flow only from the AC supply into the DC load

7
8
 Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier

Resistive Load
VD
Is IL

Vs Vo Load VL

Assumption ideal diode 𝑽𝑫,𝑶𝑵 = 𝟎

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨𝟏
𝑽𝒐,𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 =
𝑻
𝟏 𝝅
= 𝟐𝑽𝑺 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝝎𝒕
𝟐𝝅 𝟎
𝟐𝑽𝒔
= − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 𝝅𝟎
𝟐𝝅
𝟐
𝑽𝒐,𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝑽𝒔
𝝅 𝒔

9
 Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier

Inductive Load
VD VL
Is IL
D L

Vs Vo R VR

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨𝟏 − 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨𝟐
𝑽𝒐,𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 =
𝑻
𝜽
𝟏
= 𝟐𝑽𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝝎𝒕
𝟐𝝅 𝟎
𝟐𝑽𝒔 𝜽
= − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 𝟎
𝟐𝝅
𝟐
𝑽𝒐,𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝑽 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝟐𝝅 𝒔
10
 Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier

 Inductive Load

− 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅 𝑰 𝟎~𝜽𝟏 : 𝑽𝑺 > 𝑽𝑹 → 𝑽𝑳 > 𝟎 → 𝟎 → 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑳 → 𝑰𝒔 ↑

− 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅 𝑰𝑰 𝜽𝟏~𝝅 : 𝑽𝑺 < 𝑽𝑹 → 𝑽𝑳 < 𝟎 → 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑳 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 → 𝑰𝒔 ↓

− 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅 𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝝅~𝜽 : 𝑰𝑺 > 𝟎 → 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒕′ 𝒔 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 → 𝑰𝒔 ↓
𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍 𝑰𝒔 = 𝟎
−𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅 𝑰𝑽 𝜽~𝟐𝝅 : 𝑵𝒐 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝑳 → 𝑰𝒔 = 𝟎 → 𝒅𝒊𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝑫 𝒊𝒔 𝑶𝑭𝑭

11
 Free Wheeling (Commutating) Diode

The functions of Free-wheeling diode are;

 To prevent reversal of load voltage.

 To transfer the load current away from the main rectifier, thereby
allowing all of its thyristors to regain their blocking state.

12
 Free Wheeling (Commutating) Diode

 During the positive half cycle, thyristor is triggered at a firing angle α, voltage is induced in the
inductance which changes its polarity as soon as the negative half cycle appeares. Then the
inductance finds a path to discharge its stored energy pressing the inductor current through Dfw.
 If the load inductance is large, load current flows continuously till the thyristor is fired in the
next positive half cycle. When the thyristor is tiggered, the diode is commutated, thus the thyistor
or diode conducts. VD1
Is IL

D1

Vs VL =Vo
IDfw inductive
load
VD1
Is Io IL Is IL

D1 D1
Io
Vs VL =Vo Vs VL =Vo
Vo=Vs
IDfw IDfw inductive
inductive
load load

D1 is ON, Dfw is OFF Dfw is ON, D1 is OFF

13
 Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier

SCR Operation
VT1
Is IL
• To turn on T1: T1
Ig
1) ig>0, Vs Vo Load VL
2) VT1>0

• To turn off T1, let IL=0,

• If IL>0, T1 is ON even ig=0

14
 Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier
Main : Graphs

VT1
Is IL
Vs
T1
Ig
Vs Vo Load VL
VL

VT1

IL

0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 ...

...
...

15
 Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier
Main : Graphs

Vs
VT1
Is IL

T1 Vo
Ig
Vs VL =Vo
IDfw VT1

Is

𝝅
𝟏 ID,fw
𝑽𝒐,𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐 𝑽𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝝎𝒕
𝟐𝝅 𝜶

𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝟐 Iload
= 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
𝟐𝝅
0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 ...
...
...

16
The single phase half-wave circuit with a commutating diode as shown in figure is
used to supply a heavily inductive load of up to 15 A from a 240 V ac supply.
Determine the mean load voltage for firing delay angles of 0,45,90,135 and 180,
neglecting the thyristor and diode volt-drops. Specify the required rating of the
thyristor and diode.

𝟏 𝝅 VT1
𝑽𝒐,𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐 𝑽𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝝎𝒕 Is IL
𝟐𝝅 𝜶
T1
𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝟐 Ig
= 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 Vs VL =Vo
𝟐𝝅
IDfw

17
 𝟏 𝝅 α 0ᵒ 45ᵒ 90ᵒ 135ᵒ 180ᵒ
𝑽𝒐,𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐 𝑽𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝝎𝒕
𝟐𝝅 𝜶 Vmean 108 V 92 V 54 V 16 V 0V
𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝟐
= 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 Thyristor rating:
𝟐𝝅 Peak forward(or reverse) voltage=Vmax
PFV=PRV= 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝟐=340 V
The thyristor will conduct for a maximum duration at α=0ᵒ of one
VT1 half cycle and, if one assumes level current, then using two
Is IL equal time intervals the rms current rating can be calculated
as 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
T1 𝟐
𝟏𝟓 + 𝟎
Ig 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 = = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟔 𝑨
𝟐
Vs VL =Vo
IDfw Diode rating:
PRV= 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝟐=340 V

As the firing delay angle approaches 180ᵒ, the diode will

conduct for almost the whole cycle; hence the required
current rating would be 15 A; however, in practice, some
delay in this current would occur.

18
 Single Phase Full Wave (Bridge) Uncontrolled Rectifier

Resistive Load

Io
Is D1 D3

Vs R
Dfw
Vo
D4 D2

Assumption ideal diodes: VD,ON=0

Note: Conduction angle of each diode=180ᵒ

19
 Single Phase Full Wave (Bridge) Uncontrolled Rectifier

Inductive Load

Io
Is D1 D3
Is D1 D3
L
Io
Vs Dfw
Vo Vs Dfw
Vo
R
D4 D2
D4 D2

Assumption Simplified circuit with constant

current source
(1) Ideal diodes: VD,ON=0

(2) L is very large  Io = Constant

20
 Single Phase Full Wave (Bridge) Uncontrolled Rectifier

 Average dc voltage Vo
𝝅
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨𝟐 𝟏
𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = = 𝟐𝑽𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝝎𝒕
𝑻 𝝅 𝟎

𝟐 𝟐
= 𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝑽𝒔
𝝅 𝒔

 Fourier series of Io
𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑰𝒐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝝎𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝝎𝒕+ . . .
𝝅 𝟑 𝟓

Fundamental component of Is

𝟐 𝟐
𝑰𝒔𝟏,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝑰𝒐
𝝅 𝒐

21
 Single Phase Full Wave (Bridge) Half Controlled Rectifier

Io
Is T1 T2
Is T1 T2
L
Io
Vs Dfw
Vo Vs Dfw
Vo
R
D2 D1 D2 D1

Simplified circuit with constant

Assumption
current source
(1) Ideal diodes: VD,ON=0
(2) Ideal thyristors: VT,ON=0
(3) L is very large  Io=constant

22
 Single Phase Full Wave (Bridge) Half Controlled Rectifier

 At α, ig1>0 and T1 is forward biased  T1 is

ON, D1 is ON  current path:
Vs+T1LRD1Vs-
 At ωt1, ig1=0, io>0 T1 and D1 remanin ON
 At π+, Vs starts to be negative, it T1 and D1
remain ON, Vo<0  Dfw is forced to turn on
 iDfw=io T1 is turned off D1 is turned
OFF, the process is called commutation
 ωt>π, Vs<0, T1 remains OFF, Dfw remains
ON  iDfw=io
 At π+α, ig1>0 and T2 is forward biased  T2
is ON, D2 is ON  current path: Vs-T2 
LRD2Vs+

23
 Single Phase Full Wave (Bridge) Half Controlled Rectifier

 Average dc Voltage Vo
𝝅
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨𝟐 𝟏
𝑽𝒐,𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = = 𝟐𝑽𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝝎𝒕
𝑻 𝝅 𝜶
𝟐 𝝅
𝟐
= 𝑽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 = 𝑽 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
𝝅 𝒔 𝜶
𝝅 𝒔

𝑽𝒐,𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝑽𝒔

 RMS value of Vo
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝑽𝒐,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝑽𝒐 𝟐 𝒅𝝎𝒕 = 𝟐𝑽𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝝎𝒕
𝝅 𝜶 𝝅 𝜶

𝑽𝒔 𝟐 𝝅
𝑽𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜶
= 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝎𝒕 = 𝝅−𝜶+
𝝅 𝜶 𝝅 𝟐

 firing angle 0<=α<=π

𝒊𝒇 𝜶 = 𝟎 → 𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝑽𝒔 , 𝑽𝒐,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝑽𝒔
𝒊𝒇 𝜶 = 𝝅 → 𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝑽𝒐,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟎

24
 Single Phase Full Wave (Bridge) Half Controlled Rectifier

Is T1 T2

Io
Vs Dfw
Vo
D2 D1

Note

Conduction angle of thyristors=π-α

Conduction angle of diodes D1,D2=π-α
Conduction angle of diode Dfw=α

25
 Single Phase Full Wave (Bridge) Full Controlled Rectifier

Io
Is Is D1 D3
D1 D3
L
Io
Vs Vs Dfw
Vo
Dfw
Vo
R
D4 D2 D4 D2

Simplified circuit with constant

Assumption current source
(1) L is very large  Io= Constant
(2) Ideal thyristors: VT,ON=0

26
 Single Phase Full Wave (Bridge) Full Controlled Rectifier

 At α,ig1,ig2>0 and T1,T2 are forward

biased  T1 is ON, T2 is ON 
Current path:
Vs+T1LRT2Vs-

 At π,Vs starts to be negative, but

Io>0  T1,T2 remain ON

At π+α, ig3, ig4>0 and T3,T4 are

forward biased T3 is ON, T4 is ON
 current path:
Vs-T3LRT4Vs+

27
 Single Phase Full Wave (Bridge) Full Controlled Rectifier

 Average dc Voltage Vo
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨𝟏 − 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨𝟑 − 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨𝟒
𝑽𝒐,𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 =
𝑻
𝝅+𝜶
𝟏
= 𝟐𝑽𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝝎𝒕
𝝅 𝟎

𝟐 𝝅+𝜶 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝑽𝒔 −𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 𝟎 = 𝑽 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜶 = 𝟎.𝟗𝑽𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜶
𝝅 𝝅 𝒔
RMS value of Vo:Vo,rms=Vs

28
 Single Phase Full Wave (Bridge) Full Controlled Rectifier

 firing angle 𝟎≤𝜶≤𝝅

𝒊𝒇 𝜶 = 𝟎 → 𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝑽𝒔 , 𝑽𝒐,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝑽𝒔

𝝅
𝒊𝒇 𝜶 = → 𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝑽𝒐,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝑽𝒔
𝟐
𝒊𝒇 𝜶 = 𝝅 → 𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = −𝟎. 𝟗𝑽𝒔 , 𝑽𝒐,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝑽𝒔

29
 Single Phase Full Wave (Bridge) Full Controlled Rectifier

Is T1 T3

Io
Vs Dfw
Vo
T4 T2

30
A single phase fully controlled bridge is supplied of 120 V. Determine the mean load
voltage for firing delay angels of 0ᵒ,45ᵒ, and 90ᵒ assuming continuous load current.
Allow a thyristor voltage drop of 1.5 V. Determine the required peak voltage of each
thyristor.
Solution:
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝑽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 − 𝟐 × 𝟏, 𝟓
𝝅 𝒑𝒉(𝒎𝒂𝒙) 0ᵒ 45ᵒ 90ᵒ
𝟐 𝟐 Vmean 105 V 73,4 V 0V
= 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 − 𝟐 × 𝟏, 𝟓
𝝅

𝑷𝑹𝑽 = 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝟏, 𝟓 𝑽
= 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟐 − 𝟏, 𝟓 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟔𝟖, 𝟓 𝑽

31
32
 Uncontrolled Halfwave
Vd1 D1 D2 D3
Io
Ia

Three phase Va
𝟓𝝅/𝟔
𝟏 star connected
𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝑽𝒑𝒉,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 supply Vb Ib Vo
𝟐𝝅 𝟑 𝝅/𝟔
N

𝟑 𝟑 Vc
= 𝑽 Ic
𝟐𝝅 𝒑𝒉,𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝟏 𝟐 Main : Graphs
𝑰𝑳 𝟐 + 𝟎𝟐 + 𝟎𝟐 Va Vb Vc
𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 400

𝟑 300

200

𝑰𝑳 100
=
y (kV)

0
𝟑
-100

-200

-300

-400

0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 ...

...
...

33
 Uncontrolled Halfwave

34
 Uncontrolled Halfwave

35
 Uncontrolled Halfwave

36
 Controlled Halfwave

VT1 T1 T2 T3
Io
Ia
𝑽𝒂 = 𝟐𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕

Three phase Va
𝑽𝒃 = 𝟐𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 − 𝟏𝟐𝟎° star connected
supply Vb Ib Vo
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟐𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎° N

Vc
Ic

𝟓𝝅
+𝜶
𝟏 𝟔
𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝑽𝒑𝒉,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟐𝝅 𝟑 𝝅
+𝜶
𝟔

𝟑 𝟑
= 𝑽𝒑𝒉,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
𝟐𝝅

37
 VT1 T1 T2 T3
Io
 Controlled Halfwave Ia

Three phase Va
star connected
supply Vb Ib Vo

Vc
Ic

3 Phase Controlled half-wave rectifier with resistive load

38
 Controlled Halfwave

39
 Uncontrolled Full Wave

Ia Id1
Io
Va Vd1 D1 D3 D5
Three phase
Vb Ib

Load
star
connected Vo
supply N
D4 D2 D6
Vc Ic

𝑽𝒂 = 𝟐𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕
𝑽𝒃 = 𝟐𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 − 𝟏𝟐𝟎°

𝑽𝒄 = 𝟐𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎°

40
 Ia Id1
 Uncontrolled Full Wave Io
Va Vd1 D1 D3 D5
Three phase
Vb Ib

Load
• Assumption: star
Vo
connected
(1) Ideal diodes: VD, ON=0 supply N
D4 D2 D6
(2) L is very large →Io=constant Vc Ic
(3) Three-phase balanced input.

𝝅
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝝅
𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝝅 = 𝟑 𝟐𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝒅𝝎𝒕
𝟑 𝝅 𝝅 𝟔
𝟔
𝟐𝝅
𝟑 𝟔 𝟑
= 𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝝎𝒕
𝝅 𝝅
𝟑

𝟑 𝟑
𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐 × 𝑽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
𝟐𝝅 𝒑𝒉(𝒎𝒂𝒙)
𝟑
= 𝑽
𝝅 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆(𝒎𝒂𝒙)

41
  Uncontrolled Full Wave

Ia Id1 Main : Graphs

Io I1
Va Vd1 D1 D3 D5
Three phase
Vb Ib

Load
star
connected Vo I2

supply N
D4 D2 D6
Vc Ic I3

I4

I5

I6

0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.110 ...

...
...

42
 Half Controlled Full Wave

Ia IT1
𝑽𝒂 = 𝟐𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 Io
Va Vd1 T1 T3 T5
𝑽𝒃 = 𝟐𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 − 𝟏𝟐𝟎° Three phase
Vb Ib

Load
star
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟐𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎° connected Vo
supply N
D4 D2 D6
Vc Ic
𝟐𝝅
+𝜶
𝟏 𝟑
𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝑽𝒑𝒉(𝒎𝒂𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝝎𝒕 Main : Graphs
𝟐𝝅 𝜶
Vab Vbc Vca Vo VT1
𝟑 2.5k
2.0k
1.5k
𝟑 𝟑 1.0k
𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝑽 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
𝟐𝝅 𝒑𝒉(𝒎𝒂𝒙)
0.5k
y (kV)

0.0
-0.5k
𝟑 -1.0k
= 𝑽 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
𝟐𝝅 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆(𝒎𝒂𝒙) -1.5k
-2.0k
-2.5k

0.0600 0.0650 0.0700 0.0750 0.0800 0.0850 0.0900 0.0950 0.1000 ...
...
...

43
 Half Controlled Full Wave

44
A 3-phase half controlled full wave rectifier is supplied at a line voltage of 415 V. Plot
a curve relating mean load voltage to firing delay angle and sketch the load voltage
waveform at firing delay angles of 0ᵒ, 30ᵒ and 90ᵒ.(Neglect thyristor and diode
voltage drops.)
Solution:
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝑽𝒑𝒉(𝒎𝒂𝒙) 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 = × 𝟒𝟏𝟓 𝟐 × 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅

Main : Graphs Main : Graphs

Vload Vload
800 800
700 700
600 600
500 500
400 400
y (kV)

y (kV)

300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-100 -100
-200 -200

0.0050 0.0100 0.0150 0.0200 0.0250 0.0300 0.0350 0.0400 ... 0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 ...
... ...
... ...

0ᵒ 30ᵒ
45
A 3-phase half controlled full wave rectifier is supplied at a line voltage of 415 V. Plot
a curve relating mean load voltage to firing delay angle and sketch the load voltage
waveform at firing delay angles of 0ᵒ, 30ᵒ and 90ᵒ.(Neglect thyristor and diode
voltage drops.)
Solution:
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝑽𝒑𝒉(𝒎𝒂𝒙) 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 = × 𝟒𝟏𝟓 𝟐 × 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅

Main : Graphs

800
Vload Vmean
700
600
600
500
400
y (kV)

300
200 300
100
0
-100
-200

0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 ...

... degrees
... 30 60 90 120 150 180

90ᵒ
46
 Full Controlled Full Wave

• Assumption: Ia IT1
(1) Ideal diodes: VT,ON=0 Io
Va Vd1 T1 T3 T5
(2) L is very large →Io=constant Three phase
Vb Ib

Load
star
(3) Three-phase balanced input. connected Vo
supply N
T4 T2 T6
Vc Ic

Main : Graphs
Vab Vbc Vca Vo VT1
800

600
𝝅 +𝜶
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝝅 400
𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝝅 = 𝜶 𝟑 𝟐𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝒅𝝎𝒕
𝟑 𝝅 𝝅 +𝜶 𝟔 200

𝟔
y (kV)

0
𝟐𝝅
+𝜶
𝟑 𝟔 𝟑 -200
= 𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝝎𝒕
𝝅 𝝅
+𝜶
-400
𝟑
-600

𝟑 𝟐 -800
= 𝑽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
𝝅 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆(𝒎𝒂𝒙)
0.0200 0.0250 0.0300 0.0350 0.0400 0.0450 0.0500 0.0550 ...
...
...

47
  Full Controlled Full Wave
Main : Graphs

Ia IT1 IT1

Io
Va Vd1 T1 T3 T5
Three phase
Vb Ib
IT2

Load
star
connected Vo
supply N
T4 T2 T6 IT3
Vc Ic

Main : Graphs IT4

Vab Vbc Vca Vo VT1
800

600

400 IT5
200
y (kV)

-200 IT6
-400

-600

-800

0.0200 0.0250 0.0300 0.0350 0.0400 0.0450 0.0500 0.0550 ... 0.4650 0.4700 0.4750 0.4800 0.4850 0.4900 0.4950 0.5000 ...
... ...
... ...

48
 Full Controlled Full Wave

49
A fully-controlled 3-phase rectifier is fed from a 10 MVA transformer as a Y-
connected, 3-phase 60 Hz, 4160 V source. The load is highly inductive having a
constant resistance. With a firing angle of α=0ᵒ, the output current is measured
to be 356 A. For parts b,c,and d, neglect commutation.
a) Draw a circuit diagram showing the transformer secondary, leakage
inductance, and rectifier
b) For α=0ᵒ find the average value of output voltage and output power.
c) For α=0ᵒ sketch one line current; find the rms line current, the input
apparent power, and the PF.
d) For α=45ᵒ find average output value and current, rms line current and
average input power.

50
51