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Database:: Prepared By-Pankaj Mishra (Microsoft Certified System Engineer)

A database is an organized collection of related data stored and accessed electronically. It allows for data to be shared across users and programs. A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that manages databases and allows for defining, creating, querying, updating, and administering a database. Key features of DBMS include data sharing, security, integrity, and recovery.

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64 views4 pages

Database:: Prepared By-Pankaj Mishra (Microsoft Certified System Engineer)

A database is an organized collection of related data stored and accessed electronically. It allows for data to be shared across users and programs. A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that manages databases and allows for defining, creating, querying, updating, and administering a database. Key features of DBMS include data sharing, security, integrity, and recovery.

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aaush
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Database:

A database is organized collection of related data of an organization stored in formatted


way which is shared by multiple users.
The main feature of data in a database are:

1. It must be well organized


2. it is related
3. It is accessible in a logical order without any difficulty
4. It is stored only once

Database Management System (DBMS):


A database management system consists of collection of related data and refers to a set of
programs for defining, creation, maintenance and manipulation of a database.

Function of DBMS:

1. Defining database schema: it must give facility for defining the database structure also
specifies access rights to authorized users.
2. Manipulation of the database: The dbms must have functions like insertion of record into
database updation of data, deletion of data, retrieval of data
3. Sharing of database: The DBMS must share data items for multiple users by maintaining
consistency of data.
4. Protection of database: It must protect the database against unauthorized users.
5. Database recovery: If for any reason the system fails DBMS must facilitate data base
recovery.

Advantages of dbms: Reduction of redundancies:


Centralized control of data by the DBA avoids unnecessary duplication of data and effectively
reduces the total amount of data storage required avoiding duplication in the elimination of the
inconsistencies that tend to be present in redundant data files.

Sharing of data:

A database allows the sharing of data under its control by any number of application programs or
users.

Data Integrity:

Data integrity means that the data contained in the database is both accurate and
consistent. Therefore data values being entered for storage could be checked to ensure that they
fall with in a specified range and are of the correct format.

Data Security:

Prepared By- Pankaj Mishra(Microsoft Certified System Engineer)


Email:- [email protected] Mob:- 9809660645 , 9849195609 Page 1
The DBA who has the ultimate responsibility for the data in the dbms can ensure that proper
access procedures are followed including proper authentication schemas for access to the DBS
and additional check before permitting access to sensitive data.

Disadvantage of DBMS:
1. DBMS software and hardware (networking installation) cost is high
2. The processing overhead by the dbms for implementation of security, integrity and
sharing of the data.
3. centralized database control
4. Setup of the database system requires more knowledge, money, skills, and time.
5. The complexity of the database may result in poor performance.

Logical data and physical data :

Logical data are the data for the table created by user in primary memory. Physical data refers to
the data stored in the secondary memory.

Schema and sub-schema :

A schema is a logical data base description and is drawn as a chart of the types of data that are
used . It gives the names of the entities and attributes and specify the relationships between
them.

A database schema includes such information as :

1. Characteristics of data items such as entities and attributes .


2. Logical structures and relationships among these data items .
3. Format for storage representation.
4. Integrity parameters such as physical authorization and back up policies.

A subschema is derived schema derived from existing schema as per the user
requirement. There may be more then one subschema create for a single conceptual schema.

Database users :

Naive users :
Users who need not be aware of the presence of the database system or any other system
supporting their usage are considered naïve users . A user of an automatic teller machine falls on
this category.

Prepared By- Pankaj Mishra(Microsoft Certified System Engineer)


Email:- [email protected] Mob:- 9809660645 , 9849195609 Page 2
Online users :
These are users who may communicate with the database directly via an online terminal or
indirectly via a user interface and application program. These users are aware of the database
system and also know the data manipulation language system.

Database Administration :
A person who has central control over the system is called database administrator . The function
of DBA are :
1. creation and modification of conceptual Schema definition
2. Implementation of storage structure and access method.
3. schema and physical organization modifications .
4. granting of authorization for data access.
5. Integrity constraints specification.
6. Execute immediate recovery procedure in case of failures
7. ensure physical security to database

Database language :

1) Data definition language(DDL) :


DDL is used to define database objects .The conceptual schema is specified by a set of
definitions expressed by this language. It also give some details about how to implement this
schema in the physical devices used to store the data. This definition includes all the entity sets
and their associated attributes and their relation ships. The result of DDL statements will be a set
of tables that are stored in special file called data dictionary.

2) Data manipulation language(DML) :


A DML is a language that enables users to access or manipulate data stored in the database. Data
manipulation involves retrieval of data from the database, insertion of new data into the database
and deletion of data or modification of existing data.
There are basically two types of DML:
* procedural: Which requires a user to specify what data is needed and how to get it.
* non-rocedural: which requires a user to specify what data is needed with out specifying
how to get it.

3) Data control language(DCL):


This language enables user to grant authorization and canceling authorization of
database objects.

Database manager:

Prepared By- Pankaj Mishra(Microsoft Certified System Engineer)


Email:- [email protected] Mob:- 9809660645 , 9849195609 Page 3
A database manager is a persion who provides the interface between the low level data stored in
the database and the application programs and queries submitted to the system.
The responsibilities of database manager are:
1. Interaction with file manager: The data is stored on the disk using the file system which is
provided by operating system. The database manager translate the the different DML statements
into low-level file system commands. so The database manager is responsible for the actual
storing,retrieving and updating of data in the database.
2. Integrity enforcement:The data values stored in the database must satisfy certain
constraints(eg: the age of a person can't be less then zero).These constraints are specified by
DBA. Data manager checks the constraints and if it satisfies then it stores the data in the
database.
3. Security enforcement:Data manager checks the security measures for database from
unauthorized users.
4. Backup and recovery:Database manager detects the failures occurs due to different
causes (like disk failure, power failure,deadlock,s/w error) and restores the database to original
state of the database.
5. Concurrency control:When several users access the same database file
simultaneously, there may be possibilities of data inconsistency. It is

responsible of database manager to control the problems occurs for concurrent transactions.
query processor:
The query processor used to interpret to online user’s query and convert it into an efficient series
of operations in a form capable of being sent to the data manager for execution. The query
processor uses the data dictionary to find the details of data file and using this information it
create query plan/access plan to execute the query.
Data Dictionary:
Data dictionary is the table which contains the information about database objects. It contains
information like
1. external, conceptual and internal database description
2. description of entities , attributes as well as meaning of data elements
3. synonyms, authorization and security codes
4. database authorization
The data stored in the data dictionary is called meta data.

Prepared By- Pankaj Mishra(Microsoft Certified System Engineer)


Email:- [email protected] Mob:- 9809660645 , 9849195609 Page 4

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