Explanation

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are irregular auxiliary verbs (they don't have regular past and present forms, for
example) that express ability, necessity, requests, advice, permission, probability and so on.
They are generally used with other verbs in the infinitive:

I ​must​ ​go​ to the hotel tomorrow.

They ​can​ ​be​ very selfish!
We ​should​ ​leave​ now.

There are modal verbs which have different meanings and different functions.

Should / Shouldn't

This is used to give advice or to express what you expect.

Examples:

You ​should​ go to the doctor if your headaches continue.

They ​should​ win the championship this year. They are the best team.

We use "shouldn't" to talk about something you are advising a person not to do.

Examples:

If you want to pass your exams, you ​shouldn't​ go out tonight.

You ​shouldn't​ speak to your mother like that - show some respect!

May / Might

These are similar in meaning and are used to express possibility.

Examples:

Q: Are you going to the cinema tonight?

A: I don't know. I ​might​ go or I ​might​ stay at home.

Used in questions, these two are ways of asking for something in a polite/formal way.

Might​ I borrow your telephone for a few moments?

May​ I open the window a little, please?
Can / Could

We have already seen that "can" can be used to talk about ability, with "could" used in the
past:

Examples:

I ​can​ see, but I ​can't​ dance.

Could​ you speak French from a young age?
My mum ​couldn't​ swim until she was 24!

We can also use "can" to talk about possibility, permission and make polite requests:

Examples:

I ​can't​ come to the party tonight. (possibility)

You ​can't​ go in there! (permission)
Can​ you help me with this package? (request)
Could​ you lend me ten dollars? (polite request)

_________________________________________________________________________
Note that all three of these modal verbs are followed directly by an infinitive verb without "to".
_________________________________________________________________________

'Will' or 'Going To'

We have already discussed the use of "going to" to talk about the future. It is used to talk
about plans already made and also to make predictions based on evidence we see now.

We will now talk about "will" and then see how they differ in direct comparison.

Will is a modal verb and is followed directly by an infinitive verb without "to".

I ​will​ see you tomorrow.

He​'ll​ go to the meeting tomorrow.

The main functions of "will" are:

a.​ to predict a future event:

The party ​will​ be at my house at eight o'clock.

The exam ​will​ finish in one hour.

b.​ to express a spontaneous decision:

I​'ll​ answer the phone.

You don't have bread! We​'ll​ go to the supermarket.

Note the difference between will and going to in this use. We use going to if a decision has
been made before speaking, but will if the decision is made now.

John: What are you doing this weekend?

Mary: I​'m going​ to visit Howard in Boston.
John: But Howard is in Chicago this weekend with his parents.
Mary: Oh! I didn't know that! I​'ll​ go and visit his brother Stefano then.

In this dialogue, Mary's first answer uses going to as it is a plan she made before. Her
second answer uses will as she now has to make a new plan, and her plan to visit Stefano is
made now, as she speaks.

c.​ to express a prediction based on opinion, not on fact.

Howes ​will​ win the election.

I think she​'ll​ get married next summer.

Here, expressions of opinion and belief are common:

I hope we​'ll​ see the start of the film

I wonder what ​will​ happen if I press this red button. Aaagh!!
She ​will​ probably be very late because of the traffic.
He's sure he​'ll​ get the job. He said the interview went quite well.

d.​ The old form of will, "shall" is often used to make offers and suggestions.

Shall​ we leave now? It's late.

That bag is very heavy. ​Shall​ I help you with it?

"Have To" and "Must"

These two are very similar and both are used to talk about obligation.

Used in the positive/affirmative, these two are almost identical. They are used to say that
there is an obligation, necessity for someone to do something.

Drivers in England ​have to​ drive on the left of the road.

All students ​must​ finish the exam by eleven o'clock.
All young Israelis ​have to​ do military service.

Usually, ​have​ to is used when there is an external obligation on you, ​must​ when the
obligation comes from the speaker.

Note the difference:

It's late, I'm really tired, I ​must​ go now. Bye!
It's late. I'd love to stay but I have a meeting tomorrow morning. I ​have to​ go now. Bye!

Exercises

1. Put the two halves of the sentence together by joining the numbers and the letters.
Simply write the letter that goes with each number and press 'Mark Answers'.

1. I was going to sell my car

2. I was going to ring you yesterday evening
3. I was going to withdraw some money
4. I was going to quit my job
5. I was going to buy a new hi-tech watch
6. I was going to visit my aunt in New Zealand
7. I was going to take a bus to work for a change
8. I was going to watch the late movie last night
9. I was going to learn to play piano last year
10. I was going to speak to Angelo in Italian

a) but then I remembered he speaks English well.

b) but I lost my bank card.
c) but no-one wanted to buy it.
d) but then I realised it was too difficult.
e) but then there was a strike.
f) but then she decided to move to Britain.
g) but then I saw the price of it!!
h) but I didn't have any coins.
i) but then I heard about the coming recession!
j) but then I fell asleep on the sofa.

2. For each space, choose which is better - '​must'​ or '​have to​'.

1. Professor Watkins told me today that I ______ give in that assignment by Friday at the
latest.

2. John! This is a one way street. You ______ turn back and use Smith Street.

3. My back has been hurting for weeks. I ______ go to the doctor's.

4. My company said that if I want this promotion, I _______ go to the doctor's for a thorough
medical check-up first.

5. I went to see "Alien 9" at the cinema last night. What a great film! You ______ go and see
it!
6. Jane. Thanks for everything. It was a great party. I ________ go now. I am really tired.

7. Jane. Thanks for everything. It was a great party. I _______ go now. My husband is
waiting for me outside.

8. I am taking out a bank loan this month. I _______ pay a lot of taxes all together.

9. Hey, you boys!! You are not supposed to be in this room. You ________ leave now!!

10. The local council is really strict about protecting that piece of lawn! You _______ walk
around it!

3. "Can" can be used to talk about many things in English. In this exercise, decide if
"can" is being used to talk about permission, ability or to make a request.

1. I can't sleep with all that noise!

- permission
- ability
- request

2. Can you come and look at my TV, Marcus? It's broken and my favorite show starts at
9pm.

- permission
- ability
- request

3. I don't know if they can go into the park at this time. I think it closes at seven thirty.

- permission
- ability
- request

4. Can I have another week to finish the project? It's very complex.

- permission
- ability
- request

5. My new company is very happy that I can speak Spanish because they have an office in
Madrid.

- permission
- ability
- request
6. Hello, Sir? Can you just hold the line for two minutes?

- permission
- ability
- request

7. I can stay in the building until ten o'clock, but I can't stay after that.

- permission
- ability
- request

8. Jenny told me she can ride a horse, but she can't ride a bike. How strange!

- permission
- ability
- request

Vocabulary

1. For each question, fill in the space with one of the words from the table below.

- stomach
- teeth
- neck
- mouth
- back
- finger
- nose
- head
- eyes
- feet

1. If your _________ hurt, you should go to the dentist.

2. If you open your ________, you will see better!!

3. A wedding ring is worn on the ________.

4. Pinocchio got a very big __________ because he told too many lies.

5. If you are very cold, put a woollen scarf around your ________.
.

6. Eating is very easy. You just put food into your _______!
7. If you drink too much beer, your ______ will hurt the next day.

8. Be careful not to injure your _______ when you lift something heavy.

9. Men who drink a lot of beer often have a large ______.

10. You put socks on your ________.

.
2. Choose the best answer for each of gaps in these travel-related sentences.

Train

1. The Chicago train leaves from ______ 4.

- line
- bank
- quay
- platform

2. Before getting on the train, make sure you get a ticket from the ______.

- ticket office
- box office
- waiting room
- check in

3. I had so much ______ on the train, but this nice man helped me when we arrived in Paris.

- bags
- luggage
- box
- packing

4. I got into St. Louis too late and I missed my ______ to New Orleans.

- connect
- connection
- coincidence
- link

Car

5. After you leave Beaumont, there's a large ______ and you'll be able to get where you
want really quickly.
 - street
- lane
- highway
- path

6. If the police stop you, you will probably have to show them your ______.

- patent
- permission
- photo
- licence

7. You were going 20mph over the ______. I'm going to have to give you a fine.

- speed limit
- speed barrier
- speed rule
- speed maximum

8. It is the driver's responsibility to ensure all passengers in the car are wearing their ______.

- harnesses
- belts
- seat belts
- seat harnesses

Plane

9. After you check in, wait in the ______ until you hear your flight called.

- waiting room
- reception
- check-in lounge
- departure lounge

10. All flights to Canada go out of our southern ______. You can get there on the airport bus.

- block
- terminal
- station
- zone

11. Would you prefer a window seat or a(n) ______ seat, Mr. Robson?

- corridor
- line
 - aisle
- non-window

12. Please ensure you have fully filled out the green form for ______ before we land, stating
anything on the list you are carrying into the country.

- customs
- police
- immigration
- aviation

Lecture Test

1. Leer 1 vez el texto de corrido en inglés grabandose con el celular.

2. Leer de nuevo pero revisando con la traducción las palabras desconocidas.
3. Luego escuchar Audio 1 y seguir la lectura con el texto.
4. Volver a grabarse leyendo el texto una segunda vez, habiendo escuchado el Audio 1
con la pronunciación correcta.

A weekend with the Dobsons Un fin de semana con los Dobson

Mark and Daniela’s kids love the weekends. They Los hijos de Mark y Daniela aman los fines
don’t have to go to school and they get to play de semana. No tienen que ir a la escuela y
with their friends and watch a bit of TV. They are pueden jugar con sus amigos y ver un poco
not allowed to watch TV during the week because de televisión. A ellos no se les permite ver
they have to do their homework and get to bed on televisión durante la semana, porque tienen
time. But on weekends, they get to watch some of que hacer sus tareas y acostarse a tiempo.
their favorite TV shows which were recorded during Pero durante los fines de semana, pueden
the week and they get to sleep late. ver algunos de sus programas de televisión
favoritos que grabaron durante la semana, y
se pueden acostar tarde.

Mark and Daniela also look forward to the Mark y Daniela también esperan con ansias
weekends. There is so much they don’t get to do los fines de semana. ¡Hay tantas cosas que
during the week! The work week is usually so no logran hacer durante la semana! La
stressful that by the time it’s Friday evening, they semana de trabajo es usualmente tan
just want to relax and forget about work. estresante que cuando llega el viernes por la
noche, ellos sólo quieren relajarse y
olvidarse del trabajo.
 On Friday evenings, the Dobson family usually Los viernes por la noche, la familia Dobson
goes to the movies. Picking out a movie is fun but generalmente va al cine. Escoger una
they always have to pick movies that are rated película es divertido, pero siempre tienen
PG-13. Mark and Daniela don’t think that movies que escoger películas que sean clasificadas
that are rated R are suitable for the children. After PG-13. Mark y Daniela piensan que películas
the movie they always have dinner at a restaurant. clasificadas como R no son adecuadas para
los niños. Después de la película, ellos
siempre van a cenar a un restaurante.

On Saturdays, the family has breakfast together. Los sábados, la familia desayuna junta.
After that, the kids usually go out with their friends Después del desayuno, los niños usualmente
or stay home and watch TV. In the afternoon they salen con sus amigos o se quedan en casa y
go grocery shopping. They make sure to buy plenty ven TV. En la tarde ellos salen a comprar el
of fruits and vegetables. In the evening they rent a mercado. Ellos se aseguran de comprar
DVD and have dinner together. bastantes frutas y verduras. En la noche,
rentan un DVD y cenan juntos.

Sundays are usually spent together. Everyone Los domingos los pasan juntos
wakes up late. They have eggs, bacon and toast generalmente. Todos se levantan tarde.
for breakfast. Mark reads the newpaper at the Hacen huevos, tocineta y pan tostado para el
table while the others chat. During the day they go desayuno. Mark lee el periódico en la mesa
to the beach or the mall. They sometimes visit mientras que los demás charlan. Durante el
friends and relatives. día van a la playa o al centro comercial.
Algunas veces visitan amigos o familiares.

In the evening, they start preparing for the En la noche, se empiezan a preparar para la
following week. The kids finish up their homework semana siguiente. Los niños terminan las
while Daniela cooks something for the week. The tareas mientras que Daniela cocina algo para
kids spend their time playing cards or watching TV la semana. Los niños pasan su tiempo
until bedtime. Mark and Daniela put the food away jugando cartas o viendo la TV hasta que es
and wash the dishes before bed. hora de irse a dormir. Mark y Daniela
guardan la comida y lavan los platos antes
de irse a la cama.

They try to get to bed by 10:30 so that they don’t Ellos tratan de acostarse a las 10:30 para no
have too much trouble getting up on Monday tener mucha dificultad al levantarse el lunes
morning. por la mañana.

Listening Test.

https://www.esl-lounge.com/student/listening/2L6-best-friends.php

Laura asks Mike some questions about friendship to complete a survey.

Choose the answer that Laura writes for each question of the friends survey.

1. How many friends do you prefer to have?

 - One or two
- Three to five
- About 10
- As many as possible
2. When was the last time you forgot a friend's birthday?
- I never have
- This year
- Once many years ago
- I do it quite often
3. Have you ever called a friend of yours at three o'clock in the morning just to chat?
- Never
- Once or twice
- Quite often
- Night-time is for sleeping!
4. Do your friends search for you when they want...
- Cheering up
- Some good advice
- Someone to listen to them
5. How often do you think about your friends?
- Throughout the day
- Every day
- Rarely
- Only when you need them
- Laura doesn't put an answer

Comprehension Reading

The Empire State Building

When exploring New York City, there are several different options for activities during a day
trip. Some visitors come to see a show, visit art museums, or simply to shop in many of the
city’s high-end retailers. However, many tourists simply come to New York City for the
sightseeing. One of the most visited landmarks in New York City is the Empire State
Building.

The Empire State Building, constructed in 1931, is a 102-story skyscraper, the ninth highest
building in the world, and the fourth tallest structure in the United States. It is located in
Midtown, Manhattan. This skyscraper is an iconic symbol of the city, having been featured in
over 90 popular movies (as of 2018) throughout film history. Tourists come from all over the
world to visit this building and view the city from its famous observation decks.

Matthew, an enthusiast of historic buildings, was excited for this trip to New York City
because he has always appreciated architectural design. Matthew purchased a ticket that
granted him access to beautiful 360-degree views of the city. The ticket included an elevator
ride that stopped at two different vantage points, one at the 86th floor and the other at the
rooftop observatory on the 102nd floor. From these observation decks, Matthew took
incredible photographs of the entire New York City skyline. The rooftop views granted
Matthew perfect aerial perspectives of Central Park, the Brooklyn Bridge, Times Square, the
Statue of Liberty, and many other important city landmarks.

1. Which is not a popular reason that tourists come to New York City?

1 Sightseeing 2 Watching a performance

3 Relaxing on its beaches 4 Shopping

2. The Empire State Building has been featured in more than how many films?

1 86 2 102

3 90 4 1931

3. Why was Matthew excited for his trip to the Empire State Building?

1 He had never been to a city before. 2. He appreciates architecture and historical

buildings.

3 He works as a photographer of city skylines. 4 He received a free ticket to the rooftop

observatories.

4. How did Matthew arrive to the top of the building?

1 He climbed the building. 2 He rode a helicopter.

3 He walked up the stairs. 4 He took an elevator.

5. Which is not a landmark that Matthew clearly viewed from the observatory?

1 The Brooklyn Bridge 2 JFK International Airport

3 Times Square 4 The Statue of Liberty

Writing Test.

Write a letter to your friend Sabrina answering the question. the example can guide you
through the exercise, but you have to use your own experiences and ideas