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Statistics: Afrah Umran

This document provides information about statistics including: 1) Statistics is used to summarize, analyze, and interpret groups of numbers through procedures and formulas. It enables the presentation of raw data in a more meaningful way through descriptive statistics. 2) Descriptive statistics are used to describe, summarize, and organize sets of data through measures of central tendency and dispersion. Inferential statistics deals with drawing conclusions from analyzing samples. 3) Variables can be qualitative, quantitative, discrete or continuous and data can be collected through primary or secondary sources. Frequency distributions organize data by grouping values into classes to simplify large datasets.

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علي عبد الحمزه
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23 views

Statistics: Afrah Umran

This document provides information about statistics including: 1) Statistics is used to summarize, analyze, and interpret groups of numbers through procedures and formulas. It enables the presentation of raw data in a more meaningful way through descriptive statistics. 2) Descriptive statistics are used to describe, summarize, and organize sets of data through measures of central tendency and dispersion. Inferential statistics deals with drawing conclusions from analyzing samples. 3) Variables can be qualitative, quantitative, discrete or continuous and data can be collected through primary or secondary sources. Frequency distributions organize data by grouping values into classes to simplify large datasets.

Uploaded by

علي عبد الحمزه
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Statistics

Afrah Umran
Statistics
• Statistics: a bunch of mathematics used to summarize, analyze,
and interpret a group of numbers or observations by the
procedures and formulas used to this .

• Statistics is concerned with scientific methods for collecting


organizing, summarizing, presenting and analyzing data, as
well as drawing valid conclusions and making reasonable
decisions on the basis of such analysis.
Definitions
Definitions

 if we simply presented our raw data it would be hard to visualize


what the data was showing.
 Descriptive statistics therefore enables us to present the data in a
more meaningful way.
 For example, if we had the results of 100 pieces of students'
coursework, we may be interested in the overall performance of
those students. We would also be interested in the distribution or
spread of the marks.
Descriptive statistics
• Use descriptive statistics to describe, summarize,
and organize set of measurements.

• Use descriptive statistics to communicate with


other researchers and the public.

• Descriptive statistics: Central tendency and


Dispersion.
Definitions
Inferential Statistics: It deals with conditions under which
important conclusions can be inferred from analysis of sample.

• If you do not have access to the whole population you are


interested in investigating, but only a limited number of data
instead.
• For example, you might be interested in the exam marks of all
students in the Iraq and It is not feasible to measure all exam
marks of all students so you have to measure a
smaller sample of students (e.g., 100 students), which are used
to represent the larger population of all Iraq students.
Sampling Methods
• Random Subjects are selected by random numbers.

• Systematic Subjects are selected by using every kth number


after the first subject is randomly-selected from 1 through k.

• Stratified Subjects are selected by dividing up the population


into groups (strata), and subjects are randomly selected within
groups.

• Cluster Subjects are selected by using an intact group that is


representative of the population
Variables

• So we can say a variable is a characteristic, number, or


quantity that increases or decreases over time, or takes
different values in different situations or individuals such as
weight, place, temperature, ….etc.
Types of Variables.

• Qualitative variables are not ordered on a numerical scale in


statistics. With measurements of qualitative variables you
cannot do things like add and subtract, and multiply and
divide, and get a meaningful result.

• For example city, gender,.. etc.


Types of Variables.

• A quantitative variable is measured numerically. With


measurements of quantitative variables you can do things like
add and subtract, and multiply and divide, and get a
meaningful result.

• For example weight, age


Types of Variables.

• A discrete variable is a quantitative variable with a finite


number of values. For example, imagine you rolled a six-sided
dice . What are your possible outcomes? { 1, 2, 3, 4,5,6}.
Types of Variables.

• A continuous variable is a quantitative variable with an infinite


number of values. Take temperature for example. Temperature
can take on an infinite number of values, such as 80 degrees, or
80.01 degrees, or 80.0050592359 degrees.
Collection of Data.

 Type of Data
1. Primary Data
2.Secondary Data
Primary Data

Primary data can be collected by:-


1. Direct Personal interviews.
2. Indirect Oral interviews.
3. Information from Correspondents.
4. Mailed Questionnaire Method.
5. Schedules sent through enumerators.
Secondary Data.
Frequency Distributions
• After collecting data, the first task for a researcher is to
organize and simplify the data so that it is possible to get
a general overview of the results. This is the goal of
descriptive statistical techniques. One method for
simplifying and organizing data is to construct a
frequency distribution.
Frequency Distribution
• Grouped Frequency Distribution:

• Sometimes, however, a set of scores covers a wide range of


values. In these situations, a list of all the X values would be
quite long - too long to be a “simple” presentation of the data.
• To remedy this situation, a grouped frequency distribution
table is used.
Frequency Distribution
• Example : Data represent the record high temperature in F
Grouped Frequency
Distribution
• The procedure for constructing a grouped frequency
distribution for numerical data follows.
• Determine the classes. Find the highest value . lowest value:
H=134 and L=100. Find the range: R = highest value — lowest
value = H-L, so R = 134-100 = 34
• Select the number of classes desired (usually between 5 and
20). In this case. 7 is arbitrarily chosen.

• Find the class width by dividing the range by the number of


classes.
𝑅 34
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = = = 4.9
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 7
Grouped Frequency
Distribution
• Round the answer up to the nearest whole number if there is
a remainder: 4.9 ~ 5.

• Select a starting point for the lowest, class limit. This can be
the smallest data value or any convenient number less than
the smallest data value, In this case, 100 is used. Add the
width, to the lowest, score taken as the starting point to (jet
the lower limit of the next class.

• Keep adding until there are classes, as shown, 100. 105. 110.
etc.
Grouped Frequency
Distribution
• Subtract, one unit, from the. lower limit of the second class to
get the upper hunt of the first class. Then add the width to
each upper limit to get all the upper limits. 105 — 1 = 104

• The first class is 100-104 . the second class is l05-l09, etc


Grouped Frequency
Distribution
• Subtract, one unit, from the. lower limit of the second class to
get the upper hunt of the first class. Then add the width to
each upper limit to get all the upper limits. 105 — 1 = 104

• The first class is 100-104 . the second class is l05-l09, etc


Tabular Representation of
Data
• A statistical experiment usually consists of collecting data from
a random se-lection of the population. For example, suppose
the systolic blood pressure of two hundred individuals are
taken from a random sample of the population.
127 115 132 117 138 138 152 121 142 120 104 116 139 165 150 132 142 94 124 145

157 137 118 163 138 159 140 87 162 132 156 148 159 136 164 103 125 136 136 146

102 111 142 116 145 156 167 95 148 143 120 130 95 171 115 87 139 119 148 132

169 121 138 128 129 143 143 128 108 77 120 128 157 109 173 125 159 100 97 144

119 129 131 124 161 144 154 119 125 97 123 129 113 119 109 112 156 168 135 136

135 145 156 125 140 130 86 101 139 184 144 118 150 149 142 118 134 124 154 142

186 130 127 168 122 139 156 146 107 168 117 100 134 113 104 115 149 148 133 128

121 148 133 144 127 127 168 102 117 123 156 129 89 138 136 100 153 110 112 150

104 148 124 114 121 126 153 128 114 137 131 104 135 124 146 115 152 127 113 143

139 147 134 142 133 124 149 156 142 109 147 96 142 163 120 118 180 125 157 118
Summation Notation
Summation Notation

i=3
Summation Notation
Product Notation

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