Brief Description for CS1 presentation slides

Slide 2
1. From this slide, evolution and different generations of cellular/mobile communication
is discussed in detail.
Slide 3
1. Figure 1 (a), and 1 (b) respectively shows the percentage of customers subscribed (or
subscribing) to different generations of mobile communication in years 2019, and
2025.
2. Even though 5G is expected have 29% of worldwide customer by 2025, second
generation (2G) cellular will still have a small percentage of customers.
3. Hence, 2G, which started its operation around year 2000 will be still operational even
after 2 decades along with other generations of mobile communication.
4. Thus it is vital to have basic understanding of evolution and different generations of
mobile communication.
Slide 4
1. The table summarizes and compares different generations of mobile communication
and is briefly described as follows
a. 1G or first generation mainly focused on voice, and accommodating large
number of simultaneous users with breakthrough technologies such as cellular
technology/spectrum reuse, and frequency division multiple access.
b. 2G included advance digital signal processing technologies to improve voice
quality, and improve spectral efficiency (more number of simultaneous active
users within given spectrum). 2G is provided under two different standards
namely GSM, and CDMA. This generation also introduced new low data rate
applications such as SMS, and internet browsing.
c. WCDMA was introduced in 3G for providing multimedia services requiring
data rates in order of few Mbps.
d. Main focus of 4G was mobile broadband (MBB) with data rates in order of
few hundred of Mbps. Key technologies were MIMO antennas, and OFDM.
e. Unlike previous generations, 5G will enable communication between two
machines, which is called machine to machine communication (M2M). Use
cases of 5G are enhanced MBB, ultra-reliable low latency communication, and
massive M2M. This generation uses milli-meter wave frequency band for
higher bandwidths in order to provide high data rates. Another key technology
is massive MIMO antennas.
f. 6G which is still in the standardization process, focuses on achieving data
rates in order of Tbps and new use case scenarios such as extremely low
power communication, and long distance high mobility communication.
Terahertz spectrum band, which provide bandwidth in order of gigahertz is a
key technology for this generation.
Slide 5
 1. Zeroth generation consisted of high power transmitter providing coverage to a large
area of approximately 50 Km. Due to the then technological constraints, the RF (radio
frequency) channel bandwidth is very much greater than the telephone grade speech
signal.
2. Served only fewer customers and many were in waiting list for obtaining new
connection.
3. More users can be accommodated by additional spectrum allocation. But, spectrum is
a costly and scarce which is controlled governments.
Slide 6
1. First generation mobile communication used the breakthrough technology “cellular
concept or spectrum reuse” for improved spectral efficiency (Spectral efficiency is
nothing but accommodating increased number of active users within allocated
spectrum).
2. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) was used for sharing common pool of
channels among large number of users.
3. Two-way communication was enabled using frequency division duplexing (FDD),
where transmitting and receiving is carried out using two separate frequency bands.
Slide 7
1. In 2G, advanced digital signal processing techniques such as digital modulation, and
speech coding techniques was used for improving spectral efficiency, and voice
quality.
2. Following two standard exists based on multiple access schemes
i. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) : Time division multiple
access (TDMA).
ii. Interim standard (IS) – 95 : Code division multiple access (CDMA).
Slide 8
1. Based on TDMA, different standards were implemented in different parts of the
world, such as
a. GSM in Europe, Asia, Australia, South America, and parts of US.
b. IS-136 or NADC or USDC in north America, South America, and Australia.
c. Pacific Digital Standard (PDC) in Japan.
Slide 9
1. This table compares (in terms of technology) the TDMA based standards across
different parts of the world.
Slide 10
1. The table here provides technical specification of IS-95 also known as “cdmaone”
Slide 11
1. 2G uses circuit switched modem and the data rate for each user is limited to a single
circuit-switched voice channel.
 2. Following data centric standards (for TDMA) represented as 2.5G was developed and
“overlaid” on exiting 2G network for increasing the data rates.
i. High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD).
ii. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).
iii. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).
3. For cdmaone (IS-95), IS-95B data centric standard is developed for providing
increased data rates.
Slide 12
1. The main objective of 3G was to significantly improved data rates (as compared to
2.5G) to support high speed and multimedia applications.
2. Different standards in 2G merged and evolved into two different standards
i. Merged standards based on TDMA – “Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) also
called as Universal Mobile Telecommunication service (UMTS)”
ii. Standards based on CDMA evolved to “cdma2000”
3. To further improve data rates, i.e. for 3.5G, high speed packet access (HSPA)
standard was developed for UMTS.
4. Similarly, evolution data optimized (EV-DO) packet access standard was developed
for cdma2000.
This completes a brief overview of different generations or evolution of mobile
communication systems.
Slide 13
1. This slide mentions different kinds of wireless communication systems
1. TV remote control.
2. Garage door opener.
3. Paging system – Sends brief real time messages to users. A message (page) is
sent to a subscriber via the paging system access number. The common paging
standards are
i. Post Code Standard Advisory Group (POCSAG).
ii. FLEX.
iii. ReFLEX.
iv. ERMES.
Paging system is an classic example for simplex communication.
4. “Cordless” Telephone Systems – Solely as extension telephones to a
transceiver connected to a subscriber line on the PSTN. The following are the
different cordless telephone standards used across different parts of world
i. CT2, and digital European cordless telephone (DECT) in Europe.
ii. PACS is US.
Slide 14
1. Next few slides describe wireless local loop (WLL), last mile “radio link” over
PSTN, i.e., between central office (CO) and customer premises equipment
(CPE).
 2. WLL is fixed wireless communication system, that provides broadband
internet in geographical areas with inadequate telecommunication
infrastructure.
3. WLL is also referred to as broadband wireless telecommunication access.

Slide 15
1. This figure shows the alternative technologies for last mile connectivity,
which are
i. Optical fiber cable.
ii. Copper/DSL.
iii. Cable.
iv. Microwave/Radio link.
Slide 16
1. Salient features of WLL are
a. Operates in millimeter radio wave frequencies (28 GHz) and which enable the
fabrication of CPE with small form factor.
b. Requires line of sight path and is severely affected by weather conditions.
c. Different WLL standards
i. Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) in US.
ii. HIPERLINK interconnection of HIPERLANs and HYPERACCESS in
Europe (next slide, i.e., Slide no. 17).
Slide 18
1. Next few slides discusses about wireless connectivity in indoor areas
a. Wireless LAN.
b. Person’s personal are network – Bluetooth.
Slide 19
1. WLAN - Wireless access between computers, laptops, and printers inside buildings.
2. IEEE 802.11 began standardization of spread spectrum WLAN in ISM band.
3. IEEE 802.11b is named as Wi-Fi.
4. Table in slide 19 and Figure 5 in slide 20 shows the evolution and different
application use cases of Wi-Fi.
Slide 21
1. Bluetooth is a personal area network.
2. Replace cords that connect devices to one another such as
a. Printer cables.
b. Headphone cables.
c. PC to mouse.
3. IEEE 802.15 committee used to maintain Bluetooth standard.
4. Bluetooth standard for connecting different devices is shown in figure 6.
5. Slide 22 shows the different transmission range and data rates in different versions of
Bluetooth.
Slide 23
1. Under the present scenario or context, different wireless protocols or standards exist
for different scenarios or use cases such as
i. Smart City.
ii. Smart Home.
iii. Wearable.
iv. Automotive.
Slide 24: Concept of Cellular Communication/Spectrum reuse.
1. Solves the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity.
Slide 25
1. Replace single high power transmitter (large cell) with many low power transmitters
(small cell).
2. Each low power transmitter also called as base station is allocated a portion of the
total number of channels available to the entire system.
3. Nearby base stations are assigned different group of channels.
Slide 26
1. This figure shows how the total number of channels is dividing among different cell
or base stations.
Slide 27
1. This figure shows block diagram of a cellular system.
2. Here multiple low power transmitters or base stations are connected mobile switching
center (MSC). The MSC controls these base stations and performs various vital task
and it is also connected to PSTN.
Slide 28
1. In dividing the entire geographical or coverage area, cells are represented as
hexagonal shape for the sake of analysis. This is also called as tessellation.
2. The reason for selecting hexagonal shape is that the entire coverage region can be
represented with fewer number of cells as compared to triangle and rectangle.
Slide 29
1. What is capacity analysis? – Given “S” duplex channels (number of channels
purchased or available with a mobile operator), it the procedure to the total number of
duplex channel “C” available for the entire coverage area in a cellular system.
Slide 30
1. Steps in computing number of duplex channels “C”. (It is important to note an
important assumption, i.e., area covered by all base stations or cell is assumed to be
fixed and same)
a. S = N k, where “k” number of unique and disjoint channel are distributed
among “N” cells. Here “N” is called cluster size.
 b. Depending upon the size of geographical area, these “N” cells are repeated
“M” times to provide service to the entire area.
c. Now, the number of channels over the entire service area is given as “C = M S
= M N k”
Slide 31
1. Observations of “C = M S = M N K”
2. The “capacity” can be increased by selecting a small “N” value. However, this would
result in reduced distance between co-channels cells (cells using same group of
channels). This results in increased interference. (Please try to question yourself as to
why capacity will increase with decreasing N and also why interference from co-
channel increases).
Slides 32 – 35
1. An important question is “how to locate co-channels”? Since hexagonal cells are used
for tessellation it can be shown that N satisfies the following equation
N=i 2 +i⋅ j+ j 2
Where i and j are integers.
Slide 36
1. Another important question – What will happen to an ongoing or active call when
mobile user moves from one cell to another?
Slide 37-42
1. Handoff : is a procedure which keeps the ongoing call in progress when mobile
station moves from its present cell to another neighboring cell.
2. What happens during handoff? New base stations allocates its voice and control
channels.
3. What is the parameter that used for deciding the need for handoff? “power”. When
the power level falls below certain threshold, the new cell initiates the handoff
procedure.