Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP)

Faculty of Science & Technology

Department of Information & Communication Technology
Course Title: Optical Fiber Communication Lab (ICE4110)

Lab Sheet
Submitted By:
Humayra Anjumee Jeba (17511059)
Mahmuda Mou (17511069)
Imtiaz Pranto (17511079)
Shakil Chowdhury (17511089)
Yasin Billah (17511099)
Group No: 09
Section: B
Date of Submission: 02/03/2020
 BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF PROFESSIONALS (BUP)
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Subject: Optical fiber communication (ICE-4109)

Experiment No 03

Title:
Using video bar generator and external camera displaying video on LCD color monitor to understand the
operating principle of the biasing point of LED optical source and optical receiver with PIN photodiode.

Objectives:
1. To get clear idea about the optical fiber and fiber optics panel of the EF041/EV circuit board.
2. To understand the operating principle of LED optical source and optical receiver with PIN photodiode.
3. To describe how the audio signal can be multiplexed with the video signal using a frequency translation.

Introduction:
Optical fiber communication is one of the modern communication technique. It transmits information by the
pulses of infrared light. It can pass more bandwidth within higher distance than the copper wire. It is highly
preferred because of it offer low power loss over high bandwidth it also have long time lifespan and it have
immunity to electromagnetic interference. Optical fiber have many applications such as sensors,
communications, sonar, broadcasting etc. [1]

Figure: Fiber Optic Communication.

Theory:
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses
of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry
information. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized the
telecommunications industry and have played a major role in the advent of the Information Age. Because of its
advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications in
core networks in the developed world. Nowadays, there are a lot of communications like audio communication
and video communication using optical fiber. As long as it uses the light as a transmission medium, so it can
call be an optical communication. This experiment is about to design and built ways of audio communication
system3 using the optical cable. Generally, this audio communication system consists of a transmitter, which
encodes a messages into an optical signal, a channel (optical cable), which carries the signal and convert the
signal into form that can be understood like an audio. [2]
 figure: Optical Fiber structure

Fiber-optic Cable:
An optical fiber is a dielectric waveguide that operates at optical frequencies. This is normally in a cylindrical
wave. It confines the electromagnetic energy in the form of light to within its surface and guides the light in the
direction parallel to its axis. The simplest fiber optic cable consists of two concentric layers of transparent
materials. The inner portion (the core) transports the light; the outer covering (the cladding) must have a lower
refractive index than the core so the two of them are made of different materials. To provide mechanical
protection to the cladding, an additional plastic layer, the Primary Buffer is added. The way the material
composition of the core is varied gives rise to the two commonly used fiber types
1. Step index fiber
2. Graded index fiber

Refractive Index Profile:

The refractive index profile describes the relationship between the indices of the core and cladding. Two main
relationships exist: step index and graded index. The step index fiber has a core with a uniform index
throughout. The profile shows a sharp step at the junction of the core and cladding. In contrast, graded index has
a non-uniform core. The index is highest at the center of the core and gradually decreases until it matches that
of the cladding. Therefore, there is no sharp transition between the core and the cladding. By this classification,
there are three types of fibers:
• Multimode step index fiber, commonly called step index fiber.
Single-mode step index fiber, called single-mode fiber.
• Multimode degraded index fiber, called graded index fiber.
The characteristics of each type have an important bearing on its suitability for particular applications. [3]

PIN photodiode:
PIN photodiode is a kind of photo detector, it can convert optical signals into electrical signals. This technology
was invented in the latest of 1950’s. There are three regions in this type of diode.
There is a p-region an intrinsic region and an n-region. The p-region and n-region are comparatively heavily
doped than the p-region and n-region of usual p-n diodes. The width of the intrinsic region should be larger than
the space charge width of a normal p-n junction. The PIN photo diode operates with an applied reverse bias
voltage and when the reverse bias is applied, the space charge region must cover the intrinsic region completely.
Electron hole pairs are generated in the space charge region by photon absorption. The switching speed of
frequency response of photodiode is inversely proportional to the life time.
The switching speed can be enhanced by a small minority carrier lifetime. For the photo detector applications
where the speed of response is important, the depletion region width should be made as large as possible for
small minority carrier lifetime as a result the switch speed also increases. This can be achieved PIN photodiode
as the insertion of intrinsic region the space charge width larger. [4]

figure: video transmission in fiber optic communication

Questions and Answers:

Q1. What is video bar generator?
Ans: A video signal generator is a type of signal generator which outputs predetermined video and/or television
oscillation waveforms, and other signals used in the synchronization of television devices and to stimulate faults
in, or aid in parametric measurements of, television and video systems. There are several different types of
video signal generators in widespread use.

Q2. How LED works?

Ans: LEDs form an inevitable part in the modern electronics as simple indicators to optical communication
devices. Light Emitting Diodes exploit the property of the p-n junction to emit photons when it is forward
biased. LEDs are specially made diodes to emit light when a potential is applied to its anode and cathode.
Q3. Why LED are of interest for fiber optics?
Ans: LEDs are of interest for fiber optics because of five inherent characteristics: 1. They are small. 2. They
possess high radiance (i.e., They emit lots of light in a small area). 3. The emitting area is small, comparable to
the dimensions of optical fibers. 4. They have a very long life, offering high reliability. 5. They can be
modulated (turned off and on) at high speeds.

Q4. What is Biasing point?

Ans: Biasing in electronics means establishing predetermined voltages or currents at various points of an
electronic circuit for the purpose of establishing proper operating conditions in electronic components.

Q5. What is PIN photodiode?

Ans: PIN photodiode is a kind of photo detector, it can convert optical signals into electrical signals. This
technology was invented in the latest of 1950’s. There are three regions in this type of diode.

Components:
 Fiber Optics Educational Panel Module (EF041/EV)
 Analog Driver
 LED Source 1
 PIN PD Detector 1
 Analog Receiver
 Speaker
 Modulator
 Demodulator
 Cabling Components
 Oscilloscope
 Provided Optical Cables:

 Optical cable included in the panel

• length: 300 m
• kind of fiber: glass, Graded-Index
• diameter: 62.5/125μm (Core/Cladding)
• attenuation: < 3.5 dB/km (850 nm); < 1.5 dB/km (1330 nm)
• numerical opening: 0.2
• acceptance angle: 11 °
• pass band: 600 MHz·km
 Optical cable “3”
• length: 3 m
• kind of fiber: glass, Step-index
• diameter: 200/230μm (Core/Cladding)
• attenuation: < 7 dB/km (850 nm)
• numerical opening: 0.35
• acceptance angle: 20 °
• pass band: 20 MHz·km
 Optical cable “4”
• length: 3 m
• other characteristics as cable included in the panel
Procedure:

(a) Built in video:

1. Connect video test generator out7 to modulator video in using connector.

2. Connect video bb out to analog driver in-1 using connector.
3. Turn the switch to an in led source1 and pin PD detector1, and switch to lf of demodulator.
4. Connect out1 of led source1 to pin PD detector1 -in1 using graded index optical fiber.
5. Connect analog receiver out1 to demodulator video bb in using connector.
6. Connect video out of demodulator to video in of the LED display.
7. Turn on the power of the module.
8. Use the keys to tune bias of analog driver, level of analog receiver, level of modulator and demodulator.
9. Observe the video at the LED display.

(b) With Step index, Graded Index and coaxial optical fiber cable:

1. Add banana converter to the yellow jack of the camera and connect it to video in of the modulators using
connectors.
2. Connect video bb out to analog driver in-1 using connector.
3. Turn the switch to an in led source1 and pin PD detector1, and switch to lf of demodulator.
4. Connect out1 of led source1 to pin PD detector1 -in1 using step index optical fiber.
5. Connect analog receiver out1 to demodulator video bb in using connector.
6. Connect video out of demodulator to video in of the LED display.
7. Turn on the power of the module and provide power to the red jack of the camera.
8. Use the keys to tune bias of analog driver, level of analog receiver, level of modulator and demodulator.
9. Observe the video at the LED display.
10.Now similarly, do (step 1 to 9) these repeatedly using graded index optical fiber and coaxial cable optical
fiber.
Circuit Diagram:
Step Index Fiber:

CameraDiagram
Input Circuit Diagram
Test generator Input Circuit
Graded Index with Cabling Components:

Test generator Input

Camera
Circuit
Input
Diagram
Circuit Diagram

Graded Index Fiber:

 Test generator Input Circuit Diagram Camera Input Circuit Diagram

Precautions:
When optical fibers and optical components are used the following is recommended:
1. Light can be dangerous for your eyesight. Maybe we can’t see the light because the emitted wavelength
should be out of the visible range. It’s better not to look inside the connector of the optical sources when
connection is operating;
2. The base bending beam is around 2 cm. So, you shouldn’t bend the optical Cables with too narrow
curves as the fiber inside can be cut off or harm;
3. Toward the finish of the operations embed the proper caps into the optical parts and the optical links
connectors, so to protect them from dust the components and the fiber facing the connectors.
4. You should handle the trunks of not connectorized fiber with much more care. The pieces of naked fiber
anticipating from the covering can be risky if in contact with the eyes, the skin, or whenever ingested.
5. Connection should be proper and close-fitting.
6. For avoid the damage, don’t forcefully place connectors.
Before reading the instructions, don’t use any equipment.

Result:
With Step Index Fiber:

Fig: Camera Output using Fig: Test Generator Output using

With Step Index Fiber Step Index Fiber
Graded
Index
fiber:
With Graded Index Fiber using cabling component:

Fig: Test Generator Output using Fig: Camera Output using

Graded Index Fiber Graded Index Fiber

Fig: Test Generator Output using

Fig: Test Generator Output using
Graded Index Fiber with cabling
components. Graded Index Fiber with Cabling
components.
Discussion:
Using input from test generator and camera using step index, graded index and 300 meters of multimode
connectorized graded index 62.5/125 optical fiber with the help of FM modulator and demodulator we
demonstrate analog transmission in this experiment. By doing modulation and demodulation systems we saw
from the TV screen that for various input signals there are different video output. The output had been observed
from the monitor. We observe two kind of picture from monitor for every fiber one with test generator and other
from camera which connected with adapter as well. If camera is connected right or wrong, we can check it with
our phone camera right front of the camera the 6 light in both side of the lens should be seen ON.

Reference:
[1] Fiber optic transmitter/receiver market to hit $20.5bn by 2006. (2002). III-Vs Review, 15(2), p.26.
[Accessed 2nd March. 2020].
[2] Eprints.utem.edu.my. (2020). [online] Available at:
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/1918/1/Optical_Fiber_Audio_Communication_System_-_24_pages.pdf
[Accessed 2nd March. 2020].
[3] Citeseerx.ist.psu.edu. (2020). [online] Available at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?
doi=10.1.1.564.3375&rep=rep1&type=pdf [Accessed 2nd March.
2020].
[4] Fosco Connect. (2020). PIN Photodetector Characteristics for Optical Fiber Communication. [online]
Available at:https://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/blogs/archive-posts/95046662-pin-photodetector-characteristics-for-
optical-fiber-communication [Accessed 2nd March. 2020].

[5] Jachetta, J. (2018, February 6). User's Guide to Fiber Optic Video Transmission - Introduction to Fiber
Optics - Part 1. Retrieved from https://vidovation.com/blog/users-guide-to-fiber-optic-video-transmission-
introduction-to-fiber-optics-part-1/ [Accessed 2nd March. 2020].