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Basic Research Designs

This document discusses basic research designs in psychology. It describes the goals of psychology research as describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling phenomena. Researchers develop hypotheses involving variables to test. Common research designs include experiments, surveys, case studies, correlational studies, and observational studies. Key aspects of research designs are identifying variables, determining the unit of observation or sample, and establishing methods for data collection and analysis.

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Kaia Louis
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37 views

Basic Research Designs

This document discusses basic research designs in psychology. It describes the goals of psychology research as describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling phenomena. Researchers develop hypotheses involving variables to test. Common research designs include experiments, surveys, case studies, correlational studies, and observational studies. Key aspects of research designs are identifying variables, determining the unit of observation or sample, and establishing methods for data collection and analysis.

Uploaded by

Kaia Louis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basic Research Designs

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Tags Module 2

CONDUCTING RESEARCH
Goals of Psychology

to describe

to explain

to predict

to control

Researchers develop hypotheses - ideas of researchers concerning the nature of


social reality that are expressed with the examination of variables - refers to
characteristics that differ or vary from one individual to another or from one
point in time to another.

Hypotheses Variables Column Methods

What could be the Self-


Social Media Individuals exposed to social media posts
effect of social esteem
Exposure, on personal successes and acquisitions
media to one's rating
Perception of were more likely to rate their self-worth
feeling of self- scale
Self-Worth lower than those who were not.
worth? score

Are entrance tests X Entrance People who score high on X entrance test
predictive of future Test Score, are likely to have high GWA in the first
performance? GWA semester

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Hypotheses Variables Column
Methods

Do similar and Information


conflicting receive prior Receiving similar information prior to
information affect to recall, recalling would make recalling facts
our ability to Recall accurate
remember? accuracy

- we identify variables that affect the topic we are researching about


- cchcheck mo rin kung meron na bang past studies sa hypothesis mo

After identifying the variables of the study, the unit of observation is determined
for the research. Social science research tends to focus their studies on
aggregates - measures across entire collection of people Levin, 2014

Individuals exposed to social media posts on personal successes and


acquisitions were more likely to rate their self-worth lower than those who
were not.

People who score high on X entrance test are likely to have high GWA in the
first semester

X Entrance test score

GWA

Receiving similar information prior to recalling would make recalling facts less
accurate

Recall accuracy in a memory task


"how would you observe or measure the topic (ex. depression)?"

(units that are composed of many individuals, such as cities, states, nations,
schools, clubs, or churches. Aggregate data refers to individual data that have

Basic Research Designs 2


been summed up to larger units)

In aggregates
Those who score high on the entrance test receive high grades in their freshman
year
= not referring to a specific individual or experience

= refers to a general pattern in the observations


= not applicable in all instances and some might deviate depending on the
strength of the association
Generalization are made for groups of people

Looking for general groups or patterns of behavior


what are the general patterns behind behavior

RESEARCH DESIGNS
A research design is a procedure of inquiry which is informed with the
philosophical assumptions and specific methods of data collection, analysis, and
interpretation. The research design provides the direction of the research
procedures.

The post-positivist worldview represents the assumptions of quantitive research


and it is also sometimes referred the scientific method.
The post-positivism claims that we cannot be positive about the claims of
knowledge when studying human behavior.
A post-positivist research begins with a theory, research data, that either support
or refute the theory, and then make possible revisions and further evaluation.

reality is objective - reality is the same no matter who observes it


same thing is applied in quantitive psychology

post positivist - di tayo sure sa claims natin talaga

Basic Research Designs 3


APPROACH

Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed

RESEARCH DESGIN - blueprint of methods

Experimental, survey, case study

METHODS

sampling, measurement, interviews

Descriptive Designs
Observational Method, makes observation of human or other animal behavior

Naturalistic observation involves observing humans or other animals behave


in their natural habitat

Laboratory observation involves observing behavior in a more contrived and


controlled situation

CASE STUDIES
Case study Method, an in-depth study of one or more individuals, it involves
simply describing the individuals being studies

SURVEYS
refers to questioning individuals on a topic or topics and describing their
responses.

Administered by mail, phone, internet, or personal interview.


It allows the researchers to study larger groups individuals.

The survey method is also concerned with the constructions of the questions

Questions should be easy to understand

A survey is also concerned on the sample of the study

CORRELATIONAL
two methods are involved in describing but also predicting from one variable to
another Jackson, 2014

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Correlational method, assess the degree of relationship between two measured
variables.

Correlation does not imply causation


Quasi-experimental method, research allows us to compare naturally occurring
groups of individuals

Groups are according to inherent subject characteristics

EXPERIMENTS
Experimental Designs, a research method that allows a researcher to establish a
cause-and-effect relationship through manipulation of a variable and control of
the situation

one variable is manipulated by the researcher

Minimum requirements for an experiment:


Researcher manipulation to determine the presence of a cause-and-effect
relationship.

Independent Variable, the variable in a study that is manipulated by the


researcher

Dependent Variable, the variable in a study that is measured by the researcher

Control Group - group of participants that does not receive any level of the
independent variable and serves as the baseline in a study.

Experimental Group - the group of participants that receives some level of


the independent varialbe

💡 Random assignment - assigning participant to conditions in such a way


that every participant has an equal probability of being placed in any
condition

Basic Research Designs 5

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