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Design Of Reinforced Concrete

Structures

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 1

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

Historical background on design

methods
1. Working Stress Method or Alternative Design
Method or Allowable stress design method:
– used form the early 1900s to the 1960s, in a
nutshell the method assumes lower values than
the actual compressive strength of concrete and
yield stress of steel in way that assures that the
stresses are in the elastic range under normal
service loading.

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Historical background on design

methods
• Some of the drawbacks of this method are:
– It does not account for the uncertainty of the
loads
– Creep and shrinkage are not counted for by the
elastic calculation of stresses
– Concrete stress is not proportional to strain up to
its crushing strength so that the inherent safety is
unknown when a percentage of fc’ is used as the
allowable stress

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Historical background on design

methods
2. Ultimate Strength or Strength Design
method:
– Used from 1963 till now
– Design basis: The single most important
characteristic of any structural member is its
actual strength, which must be large enough to
resist with some margin to spare, all foreseeable
loads that may act on it during the life of the
structure without failure

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Types of Loads
1. Dead Loads: are those that are constant in
magnitude and fixed in location throughout
the lifetime of the structure. Such as weight
of the structure itself.
2. Live loads: are those that change in
magnitude and location during the lifetime of
the structure. Their magnitude and
distribution at any given time are uncertain.
Such as traffic loads on bridges and
occupancy loads in buildings.
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Types of Loads
3. Environmental loads: are mainly snow, wind
pressure and suction, earthquake loads soil
pressures on subsurface portion of structures
and temperature differentials

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Why steel is used for reinforcement?

• Bond between concrete and steel prevents
slippage of bars relative to concrete
• Proper concrete mix provides protection
against corrosion
• Similar rates of thermal expansion (0.00001 to
0.000013 for concrete and 0.000012 for steel
per degree C

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Fundamental Assumptions for

Reinforced Concrete Behavior
1. The internal forces at any section are in
equilibrium with the acting external forces at
that section

2. The strain in an embedded reinforcing bar

(Tension or Compression) is the same as that
of the surrounding concrete, i.e., perfect
bonding exists between steel and concrete,
no slipping between the two materials.

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Fundamental Assumptions for

Reinforced Concrete Behavior
3. Cross sections that were plane prior to
loading continue to be plane in the member
under load. This assumption is not absolutely accurate as
experiments show deviations from this assumption.

4. Concrete is not capable of resisting any

tension and is carried exclusively by the steel.
This assumption is a simplification of the actual situation because
concrete does resist some tension stresses of small magnitudes more will
be said when discussing the resistance of RC beams to shear.

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Fundamental Assumptions for

Reinforced Concrete Behavior
5. The theory is based on the actual stress-
strain relationships and strength properties
of the two constituent materials or some
reasonable equivalent simplification thereof.

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RC Behavior

• Low load (Elastic Range, less than modulus of

rupture)
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RC Behavior

1 '
fc < fc
2

• Increase load until the tensile strength of

concrete is reached. (tension cracks develop)
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RC Behavior

• Increase load up to near failure

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Ductile Failure
• If relatively moderate amounts of reinforcement
are employed at some value of the load the steel
will yield, and the steel will stretch a large
amount with noticeable deflection of the beam.
– Yield failure is gradual and proceeded by visible signs
of distress (widening and lengthening of cracks)
– Brittle failure is sudden, compressive strength of
concrete is exhausted before steel starts yielding and
concrete fails by crushing (0.003 to 0.004 code uses
0.003)

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Example I-1
Elastic Case (No Cracking)
• Determine the stresses caused by applying a
moment of 60 kN-m

b=0.25m
f c' = 28 N/mm 2
f y = 420 N/mm 2
d=0.60m h=0.65m
f r = 3.25 N/mm 2
3φ25

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Example I-1
Elastic Case (No Cracking)

Ec = 4700 f c' = 24870 N/mm 2

y E s = 2 ×105 N/mm 2
N.A.
πφ 2
As = 3 = 1472.62 mm 2
4
Es
n= =8
Ec

650
650 × 250 × + 1472.62 × (8 − 1) × 600 = y (650 × 250 + 7 ×1472.62)
2
y = 341.4 mm
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Example I-1
Elastic Case (No Cracking)

250 × (341.4 ) 250 × (308.6 )

3 3
I NA = + + 1472.62 × 7 × 258.6 2
3 3
= 6.454 ×10 −3 m 4 341.4mm
N.A.
M y 60 × 103 × .3414
fc = = = 3.17 MPa < 28 MPa 258.6mm
I 6.454 ×10 −3
60 ×103 × .3086
f ct = = 2.87 MPa < f r
6.454 × 10 −3
nM y 8 × 60 ×103 × .2586
fs = = = 19.23 MPa < 420 MPa
I 6.454 × 10 −3

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Working Stress Method

Elastic Case-Cracked Section

Locate the N.A

kd Solve quadratic equation to get k
bkd = nAs (d − kd )
and hence I and other properties
2
Let ρ=reinforcement ratio ρ = As  As = ρbd
bd
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Working Stress Method

Elastic Case-Cracked Section
b(kd ) 2
= nρbd 2 − nρbd 2 k
2
2
k
= nρ − nρk  k 2 + 2nρk − 2nρ = 0
2

 k = −2 n ρ ±
(2nρ )2 − 4(− 2nρ )
2
Since k must be positive
k = − nρ + (nρ )2 + 2nρ
Also
kd k
jd = d −  j =1−
3 3
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Working Stress Method

Elastic Case-Cracked Section
Both tension and compression forces are computed as
follows
1
C= f cbkd
2
T = As f s
Equilibrium requires that the couple
constituted by the two forces C and
T be equal to the external bending
moment M M
M = Tjd = As f s jd  f s =
As jd
fc 1 2M
M = Cjd = bkdjd = f c kjbd 2  f c =
2 2 kjbd 2
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Working Stress Method

Elastic Case-Cracked Section
General notes
1. The previously derived equations are only valid for:
a) Rectangular sections.
b) No axial loads are present (Pure Bending).
c) Sections with no compression reinforcement.
2. According to ACI 318-95 for flexure design use:
a) fc ≤ 0.45f ’c
b) fs=170 MPa for steel grade 420 MPa (fy=420 MPa)
3. No provisions are available in the new ACI 318-2014

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Example I-2
• Determine the stresses caused by applying a
moment of 120 kN-m

b=0.25m f c' = 28 N/mm 2

f y = 420 N/mm 2
d=0.60m h=0.65m f r = 3.25 N/mm 2
3φ25

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Example I-2
120 × 0.3086
f ct = = 5.74 > f r Section Cracked
6.454 ×10 −3

k = − nρ + (nρ )2 + 2nρ
y = kd
As
n = 8, ρ= = 9.817 ×10 −3
bd
k = 0.325, y = 195.3 mm
I NA = 2.55 ×10 −3 m 4

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Example I-2
2 ×120 × 103
fc = = 9.2 MPa
0.325 × 0.892 × 0.25 × 0.6 2
120 × 103
fs = = 152.5 MPa
1.47 ×10 −3 × 0.892 × 0.6
Doubling the moment led cracking of concrete.
fc increased by almost 3 times
fs increased by almost 8 times
N.A. moved up
INA reduced by 2.5 times (influence on deflection)
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Ultimate Design Method

Design Basis
• To serve its purpose the structure must be
safe against collapse, deflection is adequately
small and cracks kept at tolerable limits.
Load Distribution Strength Distribution
Pf is small

Safety Margin M=S-Q

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Design Basis
Why is a margin of safety needed?
1. Actual loads may differ from those assumed.

2. Actual loads may be distributed in a manner

different from that assumed.

3. The assumptions and simplifications inherent

in any analysis may result in calculated load
effects different form actual load.
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Design Basis
4. Actual member dimensions may differ from
those specified.

5. Reinforcement may not be in proper

position.

6. Actual material strength may be different

from that specified.
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Safety Margin
• Coefficients are highly dependent on the
variance of the quantity to which they are
applied (namely S or Q) and the chosen value
of β, usually β is between 3 and 4 which gives
a probability of failure of the order 1:100,000.

ψ s S ≥ψ L Q
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Safety Margin
• The further the mean M is from zero the
better, this can be achieved by

ψ s S ≥ψ L Q
Ψs: is a partial safety coefficient less than 1.0
ΨL: is a partial safety coefficient larger than 1.0

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Safety Margin
• In practice it is usually more convenient to
introduce the partial safety coefficients with
respect to code specified loads, which already
exceeds the average loads (more safety). Similarly
the partially safety coefficients are introduced to
with respect to the nominal strength values thus
the previous equations changes to

φSn ≥ γQd U = γQd

• These factors are based on statistical information,
experience, and engineering judgment.
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Safety Margin
• Typical load factors based on ACI 318M-14

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Safety Margin
• Typical load factors based on ACI 318M-14

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Safety Margin
• Typical load factors based on ACI 318M-14

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Safety Margin
• Typical load factors based on ACI 318M-14

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Safety Margin
• Design Strength ≥ Required Strength

φS n ≥ U
• U is the required strength calculated from the
factored load, so if we are designing for
moment, shear and axial loads we will have
the following

φM n ≥ M u φVn ≥ Vu φPn ≥ Pu
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Near the Ultimate Load

• Stresses are no longer proportional to strains
αfc’

f av
α= C = f avbc = αf c'bc
f c'
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Near the Ultimate Load

α = 0.72 f c' ≤ 28 MPa

f c' − 28
α = 0.72 − × 0.04 28 MPa ≤ f c' ≤ 55 MPa
7
α = 0.56 f c' > 55 MPa
β = 0.425 f c' ≤ 28 MPa
f c' − 28
β = 0.425 − × 0.025 28 MPa ≤ f c' ≤ 55 MPa
7
β = 0.325 f c' > 55 MPa

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Near the Ultimate Load

C =T
αf c'bc = As f s
M = Tz = As f s ( d − β c)
M = Cz = αf c'bc(d − β c)
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Near the Ultimate Load

•If yielding in steel occurs first
fs = f y
As f y ρf y d
c= =
αf c'b αfc'
M n = Tz
 βρ f y 
M n = ρ f y bd 2 1 − 
' 
 α f c 

 ρf 
M n = ρ f y bd 2 1 − 0.59 'y 
 fc 
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Near the Ultimate Load

•If Concrete fails first, before steel yields
f s = ε s Es
εu εs fs
= =
c d −c Es ( d − c )
ε u Es ( d − c )
fs =
c
(d − c)
αf c'bc = As f s  αf c'bc = Asε u Es
c
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Near the Ultimate Load

•If Concrete fails first, before steel yields
αf c'bc 2 = − Asε u Es c + Asε u Es d
αf c'bc 2 + Asε u Es c − Asε u Es d = 0
Aε E Aε E d
c 2 + s u' s c − s u ' s = 0
αf c b αf c b
Aε E
δ = s u' s
αf c b
c 2 + δc − δd = 0
1
(
 c = − δ + δ (4d + δ )
2
)
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Near the Ultimate Load

•Balanced Reinforcement Ratio: is the ratio
necessary for the beam to fail by crushing of the
concrete at the same load that causes the steel to
yield. d −c
f s = ε u Es
c
fy d − c
f y = εu  (ε y + ε u )c = ε u d
εy c
εu
c= d
ε y + εu
αf c' εu
αf c'bc = ρbdf y  ρb =
f y ε y + εu
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Example I-3
• Determine the nominal moment Mn at which
the beam will fail
f c' = 28 N/mm 2 = 285.5 kg/cm 2 ≈ 280 kg/cm 2
f y = 420 N/mm 2 = 4282.8 kg/cm 2 ≈ 4200 kg/cm 2
b=0.25m

f r = 3.25 N/mm 2
d=0.60m h=0.65m

3φ25

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Example I-3
As 1472.62
ρ= = = 9.817 × 10 −3
bd 250 × 600
αf c' ε u 0.72 × 28 0.003
ρb = = = 0.0288
f y εu + ε y 420 0.003 + 0.002
Since ρ<ρb it will fail due to yielding of steel
 ρf y 
M n = ρf y bd 2 1 − 0.59 ' 
 fc 
 9.817 × 10−3 × 420 
= 9.817 × 10 −3 × 420 × 250 × 6002 1 − 0.59 
 28 
= 338.84 kN.m
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Example I-3

ρf y d 9.817 × 10 −3 × 420 × 600

c= =
αf c' 0.72 × 28
= 122.71 mm

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Design Of Tension-Reinforced
Rectangular Beams

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Equivalent Rectangular Stress

Distribution (Whitney’s block)

c
C = αf c'cb = γf c' ab from which γ = α
a
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Equivalent Rectangular Stress

Distribution (Whitney’s block)

c α
C = αf c'cb = γf c' ab from which γ = α =
a β1
a a
= βc = β  β1 = 2 β
2 β1
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Equivalent Rectangular Stress

Distribution (Whitney’s block)

≤28 34 41 48 ≥55

α 0.720 0.680 0.640 0.600 0.560

β 0.425 0.400 0.375 0.350 0.325

β 1 =2 β 0.850 0.800 0.750 0.700 0.650

γ = α/β 1 0.850 0.850 0.850 0.860 .860

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Equivalent Rectangular Stress

Distribution (Whitney’s block)
• Thus Regardless of f’c , the concrete
compression force at failure in a rectangular
beam of width b is

C = 0.85 f c' ab
f c' − 28
a = β1c where β1 = 0.85 − 0.05
7
0.65 ≤ β1 ≤ 0.85
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Equivalent Rectangular Stress

Distribution
a
(Whitney’s block)
M n = As f y ( d − )
2
As f y
a=
0.85 f c'b
As
let ρ =
bd
ρf y
 M n = ρf y bd 2 (1 − 0.59 )
f c'
ρf y
let R = ρ f y (1 − 0.59 ) R = flexural resistance factor
f c'
 M n = Rbd 2
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Equivalent Rectangular Stress

Distribution (Whitney’s block)
• Balanced Strain (Reinforcement Ratio)
condition:
εu
c= d
εu + εy
C =T
ρb f y bd = 0.85 f c'ab
f c' ε u
ρb = 0.85β1
fy εu + εy

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Example f-1
• Determine the nominal moment Mn at which
the beam will fail (Use Whitney’s block)

b=0.25m f c' = 28 N/mm 2

f y = 420 N/mm 2
d=0.60m h=0.65m f r = 3.25 N/mm 2
3φ25

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Example f-1
As 1472.62
ρ= = = 9.817 ×10 −3
bd 250 × 600
f c' ε u 28 0.003
ρ b = 0.85β1 = 0.85 × 0.85 = 0.0289
fy εu + εy 420 0.003 + 0.002

Since ρ<ρb it will fail due to yielding of steel

As f y a
a= '
= 103 .95 mm c= = 122 .29 mm
0 .85 f b
c β1
a
M n = As f y ( d − )
2
 103 .95 
= 1472 .62 × 420 ×  600 − 
 2 
= 338 .95 kN.m
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Under-reinforced Beams
• To ensure failure by yielding of steel ρ should
be less than ρb for the following reasons
– Avoid reaching the compressive strain limit of
concrete.
– Material properties are not known precisely.
– Strain-hardening of reinforcement steel not
accounted for.
– Actual steel area provided will always be larger
than required
– The extra ductility provided increases deflection
capability substantially
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ACI Safety Provisions

• Safety limits are defined by
– Strength reduction factor (φ) ACI-318-14
– Minimum tensile reinforcement strain

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ACI Safety Provisions (318-14)

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ACI Safety Provisions (318-19)

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ACI Safety Provisions

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ACI Safety Provisions

• Both limits are controlled by the net tensile
strain (εt ) of the reinforcement farthest from
the compression face of the concrete at depth
(dt )

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ACI Safety Provisions

• In ACI 318-14
– ACI code 9.3.3.1 with ܲ௨ < 0.1 ݂௖ᇱ ‫ܣ‬௚ establishes εt
to be at least 0.004 '
fc εu
ρ max = 0.85β1
f y ε u + 0.004
• Change in ACI 318-14
– Nonprestressed beams with ܲ௨ < 0.1 ݂௖ᇱ ‫ܣ‬௚ shall be
tension controlled in accordance with Table 21.2.2.
– No ρ max

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Practical Considerations in the

Design of Beams
• Concrete protection for reinforcement (ACI-14)

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Practical Considerations in the

Design of Beams
• Concrete proportions
– Use d=(2-3)b or bw

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Practical Considerations in the

Design of Beams
bmin = n φ bar + ( n − 1) s + 2 (φ stirrups + cover)
s = min of 25 mm and φ bar
1
d = h − ( cover + φ stirrups + φ bar )
2
40 mm min.

Φ10 Stirrups

3Φ32

66 mm min.

40 mm min.

66 mm min.
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Examples
• Example f2: What is the nominal flexural
strength, and what is the maximum moment
that the cross section can handle according to
the ACI code
b=0.30m

f c' = 28 N/mm 2
d=0.45m
f y = 420 N/mm2
4φ25

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Example f2
A s = 1963.50 mm2
1963.50
ρ= = 0.014544
450 × 300
28  0.003 
ρmax = 0.85 × .85 ×   = 0.0206
420  0.003 + 0.004 
ρmax = 0.714ρb
ρ < ρmax (failure by tensile yielding)
1963.5× 420
a= = 115.50 mm
0.85× 28 × 300
 115.5 
M n = 1963.5 × 420  450 −  = 323.48 kN.m
 2 

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Example f2
a 115.50
c= = = 135.88 mm
β1 0.85

εt = εu
(dt − c ) = 0.003× (450 -135.88) = 0.00694
c 135.88
ε t > 0.005
or
c 135.88
= = 0.302 < 0.375
dt 450
 φ = 0.90
 φM n = 0.9 × 324.48 = 291.14 kN.mm
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Example f2
• According to ACI Code 9.6.1.2 the minimum
steel should not be less than
0.25 f c'
As ,min = bw d
fy
and
1.4bw d
As ,min =
fy
• For the example
0 . 25 f c'
ρ min = = 0 . 0031
fy
1 .4
ρ min = = 0 . 0033  ρ min = 0 . 0033 < 0 . 014544
fy

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Example f3
• Find the cross section of concrete and area of
steel required for the beam below '
f c = 28 N/mm 2
wD=25 kN/m
wL=40 kN/m f y = 420 N/mm 2

4.5 m

Drawing not to scale

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Example f3
wu = 1.2 × 25 + 1.6 × 40 = 94 kN/m
1
M u = × 94 × 4.5 2 = 237 .94 kN.m
8
To Maintain φ = 0.9
28  0.003 
ρ = 0.85 × 0.85 ×   = 0.0181
420  0.003 + 0.005 
M u = φM n
 0.0181 × 420 
237 .94 × 10 6 = 0.9 × 0.0181 × 420 × bd 2 1 − 0.59 
 28 
2 6 3
bd = 41.41 × 10 mm

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Example f3
Assume d=2.5b,
thus b=187.89 mm and d=469.11 mm
As = 0.0181×187.89 × 469.11 = 1595.35
Use 4φ25
Assume φ8 stirrup and 40 mm cover
bmin=271 mm thus use b=300 mm
h=469.11+25/2+8+40=529.61 mm
Use h=550 mm, resulting in d=489.5 mm

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Example f3
Check Solution:
a=115.50 mm
c=135.88 mm
εt=0.00781
φ=0.9
ρ=0.01337>ρmin
Mu=320.46 kN.m>237.94 kN.m (35% more, not
economical)

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Example f3
• Another approach would be to calculate the
steel area sufficient to resist the factored load
based on the new b&d
ρf y
M u − φρ f y bd 2 (1 − 0 .59 )=0
f c'
ρ × 420
237 .94 × 10 6 − 0 .9 × ρ × 420 × 300 × 489 .5 2 (1 − 0 .59 )
28
2 .3794 × 10 8 − 2 .71718 × 10 10 (1 − 8 .85 ρ ) ρ = 0
 ρ 1 = 0 .00957 ρ 2 = 0 .103 > ρ max
 ρ = 0 .00957
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Example f3
• ρ can be calculated directly from
1   4 M u ∆  
ρ= 1− 1 − 
2∆   η  
fy
∆ = 0.59 '
η = φf y bd 2
f c

 As = ρbd = 1409.11 mm 2
use 3φ 25
M u = 248.38 kN.m > 237.94 kN.m < 10%
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Example f4
• Find the area of steel required for the beam
below f ' = 28 N/mm 2 c
wD=11.5 kN/m f y = 420 N/mm 2
wL=24 kN/m
b=0.40m

h=0.50m
6.0 m

Drawing not to scale

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Example f4
wu = 1.2 × 11.5 + 1.6 × 24 = 52.2 kN/m
1
M u = × 52.2 × 6 2 = 234.90 kN.m
8
28  0.003 
ρmax = 0.85 × 0.85 ×   = 0.0206
420  0.003 + 0.004 
Assume φ25
420
∆ = 0.59 = 8.85
28
η = φf y bd 2 = 0.9 × 420 × 400 × 439.52 = 2.9206 × 1010
1   4 M u ∆  
ρ= 1− 1 − 
2∆   η  
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Example f4
1   4 M u ∆  
ρ= 1− 1 − 
2∆   η  

1   4 × 234.90 × 106 × 8.85  

ρ= 1 − 1 − 
2 × 8.85   2.9206 × 1010  

= 0.00871504
As = 0.00871504 × 439.5 × 400
= 1532.10 mm 2
use 6φ18

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Example f4
• Use iteration method
– Assume a=60 mm and d=500-40-8-12.5=439.5 mm
234 .9 × 10 6
As = = 1517 .53
 60 
0 .90 × 420 ×  439 .5 − 
 2 
1517 .53 × 420
∴a = = 66 .95 mm
0.85 × 28 × 400
 2 nd iteration a = 67 .52 mm
 As = 1530 .52 mm 2 use 6φ1 8
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Example f4
1526.81× 420
a= = 67.36 mm
0.85× 28× 400
a 67.36
c= = = 79.25 mm
β1 0.85
443 − 79.25
ε t = 0.003 = 0.01377 > 0.005
79.25
1526.81
ρ= = 0.008616 > ρmin
443× 400
 0.008616× 420 
M u = 0.9 × 0.00862× 420× 400× 4432 1 − 0.59 
 28 
= 236.24 kN.m > M u

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