POWER SYSTEMS LECTURE SERIES

PART VI. DEVELOPMENT OF SEQUENCE

NETWORKS

Prepared by:
Michael C. Pacis Ph.D.
BSEE (Mapua University)
MEng’g-EE (Mapua University)
PhD-EEE (University of the Philippines-Diliman)
UNSYMMETRICAL SERIES IMPEDANCES

- systems that are normally balanced and become

unbalanced only upon the occurrence of an
unsymmetrical fault. However, at the equations of a
three phase circuit when the series impedances are
unequal, the methods of symmetrical components are
important in such analysis. Za
Ia
Assume, a a’

Ib Zb

b’
b

Zc
Ic
c c’

Fig. 1. Portion of a three phase system showing three unequal impedances

UNSYMMETRICAL SERIES IMPEDANCES

- if no mutual inductance (coupling) between the three

impedances and with Y connected source, the voltage
drops across the part of the system will be:
Vaa’ Za 0 0 Ia
Vbb’ = 0 Zb 0 Ib
Vcc’ 0 0 Zc Ic
- in terms of symmetrical components of voltage and
current:
Vaa0’ Za 0 0 Ia0
a Vaa1’ = 0 Zb 0 a Ia1
Vaa2’ 0 0 Zc Ia2
UNSYMMETRICAL SERIES IMPEDANCES

- premultiplying both sides of the equation by a-1 yields the

matrix equation:
Vaa’1 = 1/3 Ia1 [ Za + Zb + Zc] + 1/3 Ia2 [ Za + A2 Zb + A Zc] +
1/3 Ia0 [ Za + AZb + A2 Zc]
Vaa’2 = 1/3 Ia1 [ Za + AZb + A2 Zc] + 1/3 Ia2 [ Za + Zb + Zc] +
1/3 Ia0 [ Za + A2 Zb + A Zc]
Vaa’0 = 1/3 Ia1 [ Za + A2 Zb + A Zc] + 1/3 Ia2 [ Za + AZb + A2
Zc] + 1/3 Ia0 [ Za + Zb + Zc]
UNSYMMETRICAL SERIES IMPEDANCES

- If the impedances are made equal (that is, if Za = Zb = Zc), it will be

further reduced to:

Vaa’1 = Ia1 Za Vaa’2 = Ia2 Za Vaa’0 = Ia0 Za

Thus, the symmetrical components of unbalanced currents

flowing in a balanced load or in balanced series impedances
produces voltage drops of like sequence only, provided no
coupling exists in each phases. If the impedances were
unequal, the voltage drop of any one sequence is dependent on
the currents of all three sequences.
 SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES AND
SEQUENCE NETWORKS
Sequence Networks – the single phase
equivalent circuit composed of the impedances
to current of any one sequence only is called
sequence network for a particular sequence.
- the sequence network includes any generated
emf of the like sequence. Sequence network
carrying the currents Ia1, Ia2 and Ia0 are
interconnected to represent various unbalanced
fault conditions.
 TYPES OF SEQUENCE NETWORKS

1. Positive Sequence Networks

2. Negative Sequence Networks
3. Zero Sequence Networks
 SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF
UNLOADED GENERATOR
Consider: Ia = Ia1 + Ia2 + Ia0
a

+
In Ea
- -
- Eb
+ +
Ib = Ib1 + Ib2 + Ib0
Zn Ec
b
Ic = Ic1 + Ic2 + Ic0
c

Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of an unloaded generator grounded through a

reactance.
 SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF
UNLOADED GENERATOR
let:
Ea, Eb and Ec – emf’s per phase of the alternator
Z1, Z2, and Z0 – the positive, negative and zero impedances
of the generator reactor (impedances to sequence
currents)
Va, Vb and Vc – the terminal voltage to neutral
Thus, from figure 2, the terminal voltage to neutral will be:
Va = Ea – (Z0 Ia0 + Z1 Ia1 + Z2 Ia2)
Vb = Eb – (Z0 Ib0 + Z1 Ib1 + Z2 Ib2)
Vc = Ec – (Z0 Ic0 + Z1 Ic1 + Z2 Ic2)
 SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF
UNLOADED GENERATOR
for zero sequence component:
Recall: Va0 = 1/3 [ Va + Vb + Vc ]
Substitute Va, Vb and Vc
= [1/3 [ Ea + Eb + Ec ] – Z0 / 3 [Ia0 + Ib0 + Ic0] – Z1 / 3 [Ia1 + Ib1 + Ic1] –
Z2 / 3 [Ia2 + Ib2 + Ic2] ]
since, Ea + Eb + Ec = 0
Recall: Ib1 = A2 Ia1 and Ic1 = A Ia1
therefore: Ia1 + Ib1 + Ic1 = 0
Recall: Ib2 = A Ia2, Ic2 = A2 Ia2
therefore: Ia2 + Ib2 + Ic2 = 0
Recall: Ia0 = Ib0 = Ic0
Therefore: Ia0 + Ib0 + Ic0 = 3 Ia0
Thus, Va0 = -Ia0 Z0 EQ. 11
 SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF
UNLOADED GENERATOR
for positive sequence component:
Recall: Va1= 1/3 [ Va + AVb + A2Vc ]
Substitute Va, Vb and Vc
= [1/3 [ Ea + AEb + A2 Ec ] – Z0 / 3 [Ia0 + AIb0 + A2 Ic0] – Z1 /
3 [Ia1 + AIb1 + A2 Ic1] – Z2 / 3 [Ia2 + AIb2 + A2 Ic2] ]
since, Ea + AEb + A2 Ec = 3Ea
Ia0 + AIb0 + A2 Ic0 = 0
Ia1 + AIb1 + A2 Ic1 = 3Ia1
and Ia2 + AIb2 + A2 Ic2 = 0
Thus, Va1 = Ea – Ia1Z1 EQ. 12
 SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF
UNLOADED GENERATOR
for negative sequence component:
Recall: Va1= 1/3 [ Va + A2 Vb + A Vc ]
Substitute Va, Vb and Vc
= [1/3 [ Ea + A2 Eb + A Ec ] – Z0 / 3 [Ia0 + A2 Ib0 + A Ic0] –
Z1 / 3 [Ia1 + A2 Ib1 + A Ic1] – Z2 / 3 [Ia2 + A2 Ib2 + A Ic2] ]
since, Ea + A2 Eb + A Ec = 0
Ia0 + A2 Ib0 +A Ic0 = 0
Ia1 + A2 Ib1 + A Ic1 = 0
and Ia2 + A2 Ib2 + A Ic2 = 3 Ia2
Thus, Va2 = – Ia2Z2 EQ. 13
POSITIVE SEQUENCE NETWORK for an
Unloaded Generator
1. Positive Sequence Network
Reference Bus
- -
Va1 = Ea – Ia1Z1
Ea
conventional flow
+ Va1
+ Ia1
Z1

- +

Fig. 3. Positive Sequence Network (-)Ia1 Means wrong assumption

 NEGATIVE SEQUENCE NETWORK for
an Unloaded Generator
2. Negative Sequence Network
Reference Bus

- -
Va2 = – Ia2Z2

Va2
conventional flow
Z2
Ia2
+ +

Fig. 4. Negative Sequence Network (-)Ia2 Means wrong assumption

 ZERO SEQUENCE NETWORKS
3. Zero Sequence Network
- in case there is an impedance Zn connected between
the generator neutral and the ground, the zero sequence
voltage drop from the ground to generator neutral will be:

= - ( InZn + Ia0 Z0 )
= - (Ia0 + Ib0 + Ic0 ) Zn + Ia0 Z0

Thus, Va0 = - ( 3Zn + Z0 ) Ia0 EQ. 14

 ZERO SEQUENCE NETWORK for an
Unloaded Generator
3. Zero Sequence Network
Reference Bus
-
Va0 = - ( 3Zn + Z0 ) Ia0
-
3Zn
+
Va0
- conventional flow
Z0
Ia0
+ +

Fig. 4. Zero Sequence Network (-)Ia0 Means wrong assumption

 POSITIVE SEQUENCE
NETWORKS
- is drawn by taking the values of the positive sequence
impedances of the different parts of the power system.
Using the application of per unit systems, the positive
sequence impedances of the transformers, generators
and transmission lines were represented by selecting a
common base MVA and KV. The positive sequence
diagram can be deduced to an equivalent circuit
consisting of a single generator of internal voltage Ea
and an equivalent series impedance Z1.
 NEGATIVE SEQUENCE
NETWORKS
- in the negative sequence network, the impedance of the
various equipment to negative currents were shown. No
emf’s were present as the generators assumed to
generate balanced voltages of positive sequence only.
The negative sequence diagram can be deduced using
Thevenin’s Theorem with an equivalent series
impedance Z2.
 NEGATIVE SEQUENCE
NETWORKS
Important pts. to consider in negative and positive
sequence networks:
1. The synchronous generator has negative sequence
impedance slightly less than its positive sequence value.
However, transmission lines and transformers have the
same value of impedance to positive and negative
sequence currents.
2. Any impedances connected between the neutral point
and earth are not shown in the positive and negative
sequence networks as the loads are considered
balanced and hence all the neutral points must be at the
same potential. Since all the neutral points in a
symmetrical three phase system are at the same
potential when balanced three phase currents were
flowing, Thus, all neutral points must be the same for
either positive or negative sequence currents.
 ZERO SEQUENCE NETWORKS
- zero sequence networks contains no source or emf’s.
Since zero sequence currents are the same in
magnitude and phase at any point in all the phases of
the system, the three phase system operates single
phase in so far as the zero sequence currents are
concerned. Therefore, zero-sequence currents will flow
only if a return path exists through which a complete
circuit is provided. The reference for zero sequence
voltages is the potential of the ground at the point of the
system at which any particular voltage is specified.
 Types of Connections for Zero
Sequence Networks
1. If a circuit is Y connected with no connection from the neutral to
ground or to another neutral point in the circuit, the sum of the
currents flowing into the neutral in the three phases is zero. Since
currents whose sum is zero have no zero sequence components,
the impedance to zero-sequence current is infinite beyond the
neutral point. This in fact is indicated by an open circuit in the zero
sequence network of the Y-connected circuit and the reference bus.
Reference Bus
Z

n
Z
Z
n
Z

Fig. 5. Y connected circuit

 Types of Connections for Zero
Sequence Networks
2. If the neutral of a Y-connected circuit is grounded
through zero impedance, a zero-impedance connection
is inserted to connect the neutral point and the reference
bus of the sequence network.

Reference Bus
Z

n
Z
Z
n
Z

Fig. 6. Y connected circuit grounded with zero impedance

 Types of Connections for Zero
Sequence Networks
3. If the impedance Zn is inserted between the neutral and
the ground of a Y connected circuit, the impedance of 3
Zn must be placed between the neutral and reference
bus of the sequence network.

Reference Bus
Z
3Zn
3Iao
n
Z Zn Iao
Z
n
Z
 Types of Connections for Zero
Sequence Networks
4. In a delta connected circuit, since it can provide no
return path, offers infinite impedance to zero-sequence
line currents. Thus, the zero sequence network is
opened in the delta connected circuit.

Reference Bus

Z
 Zero sequence equivalent circuits of
three phase transformers
SYMBOLS CONNECTION DIAGRAMS ZERO SEQUENCE EQUIV. CKTS
P Q P Q
CASE I.
Z Zo
P Q
n
Z
Z

Reference Bus

CASE II P Q
P Q

P Q Z

n
Z
Z

Reference Bus
 Zero sequence equivalent circuits of
three phase transformers
SYMBOLS CONNECTION DIAGRAMS ZERO SEQUENCE EQUIV. CKTS
P Q
CASE III P Q
Zo
Z
P Q
n
Z
Z

Reference Bus
P Q
CASE IV P Q
Z
Zo
P Q n
Z
Z

Reference Bus
 Zero sequence equivalent circuits of
three phase transformers
SYMBOLS CONNECTION DIAGRAMS ZERO SEQUENCE EQUIV. CKTS

Zo
CASE V. P
P Q Q

P Q

Reference Bus

Zo
CASE VI. P Q

Z
P Q
n
Z
Z
Reference Bus
 SYSTEM IMPEDANCES
1. For non contributing circuit elements.
(transformers, cables etc)

Z1 = Z2 = Z0

2. For transmission lines

Z1 = Z2

Zero sequence reactance = Z0(value greater

than Z1 by 2 to 3.5 times.)
 SYSTEM IMPEDANCES
3. For rotating machineries (generators, motors)
Positive sequence reactance= X1 = X”d
Negative sequence reactance= X2 = (X”d + Xq) / 2
where xq is the quadrature axis reactance
if xq is not given, X2 = X1 = X”d
Zero sequence reactance = X0(value of X1 less by 10 to
25%)
X”d – subtransient reactance

4. For impedances of loads and feeder

(not included in the positive and negative sequence
networks).
 Sample Problems
1. Given the power system below, with assumed variable impedances shown.
Determine the following:
a. the positive sequence network
b. the negative sequence network
c. the zero sequence network with the ff. connections of transformer 1.
c.1 primary and secondary
c.2 primary and secondary
c.3 primary and secondary
c.4 primary and secondary
c.5 primary and secondary
c.6 primary and secondary
c.7 primary and secondary
c.8 primary and secondary

P Q
G LOAD
ZL
T
Z g1 Z g2 Z g0 Z T1 Z T2 Z T0 Z L1 Z L2 Z L0
EE 251 Note 5-Sequence Impedance of Transformers by Prof. Magabo and Prof Del Mundo
EE 251 Note 5-Sequence Impedance of Transformers by Prof. Magabo and Prof Del Mundo
EE 251 Note 5-Sequence Impedance of Transformers by Prof. Magabo and Prof Del Mundo
EE 251 Note 5-Sequence Impedance of Transformers by Prof. Magabo and Prof Del Mundo
EE 251 Note 5-Sequence Impedance of Transformers by Prof. Magabo and Prof Del Mundo
EE 251 Note 5-Sequence Impedance of Transformers by Prof. Magabo and Prof Del Mundo
 Sample Problem
2. Given a three phase power system, assuming the base values at the generator

side. Determine the positive, negative and zero sequence networks.

1 2
L1 impedance:
Z1 = Z2= Z0 = 15 +j 75 ohms
Zn = 0.4 ohms M1 ratings:
T1 ratings: T2 ratings: 100 MVA
G1 ratings:
100 MVA 50 MVA X1 = X2 = j1.1
100 MVA
X1 = X2 = X0 = j0.05 X1 = X2 = X0 = j 0.01 X0 = j 0.1
X1 = X2 = j0.9
13.8 KV / 110 KV 120 KV/14.4KV 13.8 KV
X0 = j 0.1
13.8 KV
 Solution to Problem
BASE COMPUTATIONS: let: KVAb=100000 KVb=13.8
Region 1
Recall: Zbase = (KVb)2 / MVAb
Zbase1 = (13.8)2 / 100 = 1.9044 ohms
Vbase1 = 13.8KV
Region 2
Vbase2 = Vbase1 / a1 = 110KV
Zbase2 = (110)2 / 100 = 121ohms
Region 3
Vbase3 = Vbase2 / a2 =13.2 KV
Zbase3 = (13.2)2 / 100 = 1.7424ohms
 Solution to Problem
CONVERSION TO PU OF SYSTEM REACTANCES
Recall:
Zpunew = Zpuold * (Vgiven/Vbase)2 * (Sbase/Sgiven)
for generator:
Xg1 = Xg2 = j0.9 since Vbase=Vgiven and Sbase=Sgiven
also
Xg0 = j0.1
for transformer 1:
Xt1’=Xt2’=Xt0’ = j0.05
for transformer 2:
Xt1’’=Xt2’’=Xt0’’=j0.01 (120/110)2 * (100/50) = j0.0238
 Solution to Problem
CONVERSION TO PU OF SYSTEM REACTANCES
for motor:
Xm1’=Xm2’= j1.1 (13.8/13.2)2 (100/100) = j1.2022
Xm0’ = j0.1 (13.8/13.2)2 (100/100) = j0.1092
 Solution to Problem
CONVERSION TO PU OF PASSIVE AND ACTIVE ELEMENTS
Recall:
pu = actual / base
for active elements
Vgpu = 13.8 / 13.8 = 1cis0
Vmpu = 13.8 / 13.2 = 1.045cis0
for passive elements
ZTL = 15+j75 / 121 = 0.12396 + j0.6198
Zngen = 0.4 / 1.9044 = 0.21 (resistive only)
3Zn = 0.63
 Solution to Problem
POSITIVE SEQUENCE NETWORK Ref bus (NEUTRAL)

1cis0
1.045cis0

j0.9
j1.2022
0.12396 + j0.6198 j0.0238

j0.05
 Solution to Problem
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE NETWORK Ref bus (NEUTRAL)

j0.9
j1.2022
0.12396 + j0.6198 j0.0238

j0.05
 Solution to Problem
ZERO SEQUENCE NETWORK Ref bus (EARTH)

0.63 j0.0238 j0.1092

j0.1

0.12396 + j0.6198

P j0.05 Q R S
 Positive/Negative/Zero Sequence
Connections of autotransformers

Zo

Here,
H winding- high voltage winding
X winding- medium voltage winding
Y winding – tertiary or low voltage winding
Z0 - core permeability, typically open winding
Power System Analysis by C.A. Gross
 Positive and Negative Sequence
Connections of autotransformers

Power System Analysis by C.A. Gross

General Zero Sequence Connections
of autotransformers

The terminals 1’ and 1’’ can be terminated depends on connection:

1. Solid ground wye-short 1’ and 1’’
2. Ground wye through Zn – connect 1’ and 1’’ through 3 Zn
3. Ungrounded wye –leave 1’ and 1’’ open
4. Delta - short 1’’ to reference

Power System Analysis by C.A. Gross

 Positive/Negative/Zero Sequence
Connections of autotransformers
Common connection (typical on
almost all power systems)
Yna0d1
Yn-Ygrounded neutral
a- autotransformer
0 – same winding as secondary
d- delta connected tertiary
1- 30 degree phase shift

EE 251 Note 5-Sequence Impedance of Transformers by Prof. Magabo and Prof Del Mundo
 Positive/Negative/Zero Sequence
Connections of autotransformers
Example:
Computed parameters (considering inductive
parameters and ref at the same side)

Recall formula!

Note: that in transformer modelling, X1=X2=X0 (same impedances on all sequences)

Positive/Negative/Zero Sequence
Connections of autotransformers
Positive/Negative Modeling

Pos. Seq. Network Neg. Seq. Network

Computed parameter!
Positive/Negative/Zero Sequence
Connections of autotransformers
Zero Seq Modeling

Since delta winding, it is always connected to earth

for the zero seq. network of a auto transformer!