POWER SYSTEMS LECTURE SERIES

PART I. HISTORY OF POWER SYSTEMS

Prepared by:
Michael C. Pacis, PhD
BSEE (Mapua University)
MEng’g-EE (Mapua University)
PhD-EEE (University of the Philippines-Diliman)

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How Electricity is delivered?

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Tree of Electricity

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 POWER SYSTEMS HISTORY AND
INTRODUCTION
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING- is an art or science of the generation,
transmission, distribution and utilization of electrical energy.
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM- is one of the tools of converting and
transporting electrical energy.

ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM DIVISIONS

1. Generating Power Stations
- the ones who produces electricity
2. Transmission Lines
- connecting links between generating systems.
3. Distribution Systems
- connects all individual loads to the transmission lines through
the substation.
4. Utilization Systems
- consumer premises.

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 Building the Capacity Outage Probability
Table (COPT)
Formula:
B = n C r pr q n-r

Where: B = probability of exacly ‘r’ successes in ‘n’ trials

q = failure rate (h/yrs) or mh / Pr or outage rate thus, p= 1-q

Sample Problem: Determine the COPT of a power plant with 2-10 MW unit capacity
with a 0.03 force outage rate.

Solution: p=1-q = 0.97

B(0)(prob that 0 generating plant unit is available) = 2 C 0 0.970 q 2-0 = 0.0009

B(1)(prob that exactly 1 generating plant unit is available) = 2 C 1 0.971 q 2-1 = 0.0582
B(2 )(prob that exactly 2 generating plant unit is available) = 2 C 2 0.972 q 2-2 = 0.9409
sum of probabilities: 1.00000

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 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC SUPPLY SYSTEM
• ac or dc system
• overhead or underground system
PARTS OF A TYPICAL A.C. POWER SUPPLY SCHEME
• Generating Stations
• Primary Transmission
• Secondary Transmission
• Primary Distribution
• Secondary Distribution
• System of Supply to individual consumers
SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION CONSISTS OF:
• feeders
• distributors
• service mains
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 Major Sources of Electrical Energy
1. The Sun
2. The Wind
3. Water
4. Fuels
5. Nuclear Energy
6. Thermal and Geothermal Energy
Purposes of Transmission
1. To transmit power from a water power site to a market.
2. For bulk supply of power load center from outlying steam
stations. These are likely to be relatively short.
3. For interconnection purposes, that is, for transfer of energy
from one system to another in case of emergency or in
response to diversity in the system peaks.

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Parts of Distribution System
• Distribution Substation- it steps-down the voltage to
primary distribution.
• Primary Distribution Feeder- a one to five kilometer
line in rural areas and 10 to 12 km long in urban
areas.
• Distribution Transformer- 3 to 500 kVA transformer
which steps down the voltage at utilization voltage.
These are located at convenient places in the area in
which power is to be supplied such as pole mounted
transformers located on the road side.
• Secondary Distribution Feeder- a line carrying at
utilization voltage and delivers energy at customers
premises through a service wire called service drop.

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Typical AC Power Supply Scheme

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Typical AC Power Supply Scheme
Generating Station
11 KV
G

11/132 KV
Step-up x’former
Primary Transmission

132/33 KV Step-down x’former

Receiving Station

Secondary Transmission
33/3.3 KV Step-down x’former

Substation

3.3KV/440V 3.3 KV
Primary Distribution
Distribution x’former
Secondary Distribution
440/220 V

Consumer Connection

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Typical AC Power Supply Scheme

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BRIEF HISTORY OF POWER SYSTEMS
• 1878 – Thomas A. Edison work an
electric light and formulated the
concept of a centrally located
power station.
• October 1879 – he perfected the
dc transmission system.
Thomas Alva Edison ( 1847 – 1931 )
• September 4, 1882- marked the - inventor of the light bulb
beginning of the electric utility - with almost 1093 patents
industry. First transmission line
was installed in Germany (2400,
dc, 59km).
• 1884 – Frank J. Sprague produces
dc motor for Edison systems.

Frank J. Sprague (1857 – 1934)

“The Father of Electric Traction”
- invented the Electric motor, Electric Railways and
Elevators

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• 1886 – William Stanley an early associate of Westinghouse, tested
transformers in his laboratory. He experimented the first AC distribution
system w/c supplied 150 lamps in town.

William Stanley
- inventor of the inductor coil
- inventor of the transformer

• 1890 – the first AC transmission line in the U.S. was put into operation w/c
was generated by a water source from a distance of 13 miles.
• May 18, 1888- Nikola Tesla presented a paper describing a two phase
induction and synchronous motor.

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 Nikola Tesla (1856 – 1943)
- inventor of the wireless communication
- inventor of the Tesla Coil and AC transmission
- hometown: Smiljan, Lika, Austria

1893 – two phase transmission system was demonstrated to the public at

Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

1894 – the installation of five polyphase generating plants in the U.S.

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DC TRANSMISSION PARTS

AC GENERATOR UTILIZATION
DC LINES

TRANSFORMERS AND INVERTER AND Motors

RECTIFIERS TRANSFORMER

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AC TRANSMISSION HISTORY

• 1890 – Willamette – Portland line was operated in 3.3kV.

• 1907 – a line operated at 100kV
• 1913 - 150 kV
• 1923 - 244 kV
• 1926 - 287 kV, a line in Hoover Dam, L.A.
• 1953 – 345 kV
• 1965 – the first 500 kV
• 1969 - 765 kV

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ADVANTAGES OF INTERCONNECTION

• reserve capacity
• spinning reserve
• maintenance purposes

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Infinite Bus- a power system that is so large
that is voltage and frequency do not vary
regardless of how much real and reactive
power is drawn or supply to it.
Problems In Interconnection
1.amount of current when short circuit occurs
2.disturbance in the system due to the creation
of faults.

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Power Plant – a station or establishment that
houses the prime mover, electric generator and
auxiliaries for conversion of mechanical energy,
chemical energy and/or nuclear energy into electrical
energy.

Example of a HEPP Power Plant

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Types of Power Plants
HEPP (Hydro Electric Power Plant) – uses flowing
water as source of energy.
Thermal Power Plant – uses heat from fossil fuels.
Coal Fired Power Plant- uses pulverized coal as
fuel.
Nuclear Power Plant – uses fissionable material as
fuel
Gas Turbine Power Plant- uses natural gas and
light distillates.
Diesel Engine Plant- uses diesel oil as fuel.
Oil Fired Thermal Plant- uses bunker fuel, heavy
fuel and industrial fuel.
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TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
• large generators is in range of 13.8 kV to 24 kV.
• 115, 138, and 230 are called Standard High Voltage
(HV.
• 345, 500 and 765 are called Extra High Voltage (EHV)
• 1000 to 1500 are called Ultra High Voltages (UHV)
• uses the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA) for monitoring purposes.

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 LOAD FLOW STUDIES
• is the determination of the voltage, current power and
pf or reactive power at various pts in an electrical
network under existing or contemplated conditions of
normal operation.
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH
• the process of apportioning the total load on a system
between the various generating plants to achieve the
greatest economy of operation.

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FAULT CALCULATIONS
• any failure which interferes with the
nominal flow of current.
• caused by lightning which results Surge Arrester
in flashover of insulator.

SYSTEM PROTECTION
• Surge arresters – used to protect
the transformer against very high
voltages. Relay
• relays – senses the fault coming
from the transmission lines.
• circuit breakers – prevents or
limits the flow of current in the
transmission line.

Fuse Circuit Breaker 23

FACTORS IN SELECTING THE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
1. current flowing after the fault occurs.
2. current which the circuit breaker must interrupt.
STABILITY
- a condition in which the various synchronous machine of
the system remain in synchronism.
Types:
1. Steady State Stability Limit – is the maximum flow of
power through a particular pt. of the power system w/out loss
of stability when the power is increased gradually.
2. Transient Stability Limit – is the maximum flow of power
through a particular pt. of the power system w/out loss of
stability when a sudden disturbance occurs such as sudden
change of load, short circuit or fault on the system.

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Solar Home System (SHS)

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Photo-Voltaic Pumping (PVP)

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Stand Alone Battery Charging

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Types of Wind Energy Systems

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Types of Wind Energy Systems

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 Types of Wind Energy Systems

1. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)

2. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)

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DFIG System

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Integration to the Microgrid

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