Tudor Miniature Portraits: by Lady Mairin O'Cadhla
Tudor Miniature Portraits: by Lady Mairin O'Cadhla
By Lady Mairin O'Cadhla
Art has always interested me, especially Tudor art with its vibrant colors,
symbolism, and interesting posed portraits. I enjoy looking and studying the human
image and its transition through time, and find a small time period that miniature images
of Tudor people took importance not only as art but as a fashion accessory. Is this life
imitating art of vice versa? Either way, these are replicas of a 16th century miniature
paintings of courtiers as inspired by the miniatures of Hans Holbein the younger.
Materials used for project:
Gesso, Avery glue stick
Watercolor paper 140 pound, hot press
Brass locket with blue cabochon with necklace
Brass book shaped locket with necklace
Assorted art tools: sable and synthetic brushes, small knife, pencil, eraser
Water
Windsor- Newton Gouache paints
Synthetic Sealer
Renaissance painter’s method:
A prepared surface of ivory or vellum was most commonly used in this type of
portrait painting. This form of painting developed from manuscript illumination during
the later portion of the 15th and early 16th century. (Coombs pg 7)Gesso would be applied
for ease of smooth application of hand mixed base paints. The subject would sit for the
portrait or most notably would be referenced from sketch the artist has made from a
session with the subject of the painting. (Holbein pg 20-22) After the painting is
complete and dry the miniature is sealed with a glossy natural based finish. They
mounted into a precious metal backing to be kept as a keepsake of a friend or loved one.
Differences from Period:
After researching some techniques and materials for miniature painting, I found
that I would want to use a piece of heavier watercolor paper. (Pung, pg1) I chose this for
its natural content and it is a reasonable substitute for vellum. The more common backing
for a miniature is ivory, vellum, or wood. (Pung, pg 2) I would not feel comfortable using
something that is considered illegal to import like ivory. I considered bone but I am not
sure of its closeness to period materials. The vellum of today is not like it was back then
and has a large synthetic content. There are some modern substitutes for period materials
such as a 150lb variety of water color paper, which I am familiar and works well with the
gouache paints that I have worked with in the past. Also a synthetic ivory substitute is
available but not commonly found and is expensive. Wood was my next choice but found
it hard to work with in the locket setting I chose to set my miniatures. I have further to
research on this topic to see more period materials versus modern substitutions.
The 16th century paints tended to have doses of toxic substances like lead used as
a base for the paint. (Pung pg1) A modern substitute is gouache, an opaque water based
paint. I find it a great medium that allows some correction in the painting process, even
when dry with the proper technique one can still manipulate the medium to the proper
chosen effect. Instead of making a finish glaze from scratch or water based sealer, I used
a synthetic brushed on sealer to finish my miniatures. The watercolor sealer doesn’t
spread out by itself it has to be brushed over the surface and does cause running verses
the synthetic sealer can be dropped in semi ample amounts and will spread out with little
fuss and brushing. The synthetic isn’t perfect but it seals the painting without ruining the
whole thing with the fuss of the watercolor sealer.
Process:
Being familiar and inspired by Hans Holbein the younger, I found his miniatures
fascinating and different than most paintings in history. I wanted to be true to his content
so this would a portrait from the shoulders up. I am inspired by his miniature of Jane
Seymour so that is the content I am trying to portray accurately in my replica miniature.
Beginning the process, I cut my water color paper to the proper size to fit the
openings in the locket and dry fitting the paper into the locket frames to secure the proper
fit. I then preceded to uses the glue stick and apply it to the back surface of the watercolor
paper and firmly securing it to the inside of the lockets. Carefully I applied the gesso
over the surface of the water color paper using a fine sable brush, after about 4-6 coatings
letting it dry in between each layer, the surface was smooth.
After the gesso was dry, I sketched the content into the surface with a mechanical
pencil. The tip of the lead has to be fine to fit into the edges of the locket frame. A very
finely sharpened pencil does get the same effect; I used the mechanical pencil and a
finely sharpened art pencil to compare the two. They worked well in both circumstances.
When the content was drawn satisfactorily onto the lockets, I proceeded to paint
them in gouache paints. I used the Windsor- Newton gouache for its quality color and
smoothness; I have used this since college for other painting projects with much success.
I carefully chose an azure color to give the blue background color commonly found in
most of Hans Holbein’s miniatures from period. I should have added some white to tone
down the azure, a little it seems too bright comparing it to the original miniatures made
by Holbein. I will take it into consideration when I do another painting of this sort.
The paint dried overnight at least 8 hours, I then applied a synthetic sealer over
the top of the paint. I carefully dropped generous amounts over the surface slowly
allowing spreading to take place naturally and also spreading gently with a brush over the
top of the synthetic to help spread it evenly. I applied two coats and allowed 24 hours for
it to dry, set, and harden fully.
Fig 1. Lady Jane Seymour Fig 2. Lady Margaret Wotton,
A miniature attributed to Marchioness of Dorset
Holbein
-Notice the similar shade of azure blue used to set the background, off sets the
darker clothing and makes the skin look more noticeable
Most figures are set from the chest upwards and are set to look in a ¾ view.
Fig 3. Hans Holbein in his Fig 4. George Nevill,
45th year, dated 1543, Baron Abergavenny, K.G.
by himself.
-Darker clothing was common but jewel like colors for clothing and accessories
were also used in conjunction with this form of painting. It is also commonly seen
golden text running along the background, normally the name of the individual in
the portrait. (Pictures fig1-4 Via Shakespeare’s Sonnets website)
Bibliography:
Books Ltd, Oxquarry. Shakespeare’s Sonnets. copyright 2001. 09 March, 2010.
http://www.shakespeares-sonnets.com/Holbein.htm. (Fig 1-4 from this site)
Coombs, Katherine. The Portrait Miniature in England. London: V & A Publications,
1998.
Hans, Holbein, Holbein Portrait Drawings. Dover Publications Inc. Mineola, New York.
1985. ISBN 0-486-24937-9. Pages1,25,8,15-17,20-22,26,29,31,33,37,38,41
Pung, Benjamin. Three Miniature Portraits. copyright 2008. 09 March, 2010.
http://www.houseofpung.net/sca/miniatures/docs.pdf