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Echelon and Reduced Echelon Form PDF

- Echelon form is a matrix in which the leading coefficient of each row is nonzero and located to the right of the leading coefficient of the above row. Reduced echelon form is an echelon form with identity matrix. - A pivot position is a location in the matrix corresponding to a leading 1 in the reduced echelon form. The column containing the pivot position is called the pivot column. - To find the pivot columns, the matrix is transformed into echelon form using elementary row operations to create zeros below each pivot element. The columns containing the pivot elements are the pivot columns.

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Sushil G
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161 views

Echelon and Reduced Echelon Form PDF

- Echelon form is a matrix in which the leading coefficient of each row is nonzero and located to the right of the leading coefficient of the above row. Reduced echelon form is an echelon form with identity matrix. - A pivot position is a location in the matrix corresponding to a leading 1 in the reduced echelon form. The column containing the pivot position is called the pivot column. - To find the pivot columns, the matrix is transformed into echelon form using elementary row operations to create zeros below each pivot element. The columns containing the pivot elements are the pivot columns.

Uploaded by

Sushil G
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Echelon and Reduced Echelon Form

Echelon form: Reduced Echelon form:


2 −3 2: 1 1 0 0: 29
[0 1 −4:58] [0 1 0: 16]
0 0 0: 0 0 1: 3
2

Pivot position: - A pivot position in a matrix A is a location in A that corresponds


to a leading 1 in the reduced echelon form of A. A pivot column is a column of A
that contains a pivot position.
Example (1.):
Pivot Position
2− 3 1 −6 5
−1 −2 − −1 3 1
A =[ ]
−2 −3 0 − 3 1
1 4 5 −9 − −7

Pivot columns
Example (2.):
Reduce the matrix A to echelon form and locate the pivot columns of A; where
0 −3 −6 4 9
−1 −2 −1 3 1
A =[ ]
−2 −3 0 3 −1
1 4 5 −9 −7
-Solution:
Step (i.): The first pivot position of the given matrix is 0 but a non-zero entry or
pivot must be placed in this position. So good choice is to interchange R1 and R4.

Pivot position

1 4 5 −9 −7
−1 −2 −1 3 1
[ ]
−2 −3 0 3 −1
0 −3 −6 4 9
Pivot column

Step (ii.): The next step is to create zeros below the pivot, applying R2 → R2 +R1
and R3 → R3 +2R1, we get
1 4 5 −9 −7
0 2 4 −6 −6
[ ]
0 5 10 −15 −15
0 −3 −6 4 9
Pivot column
5
Step (iii.): Again to create zeros below the pivot element 2, applying R3 → R3 - R2
2
3
and R4 → R4 + R2, we get
2
1 4 5 −9 −7
0 2 4 −6 −6
[ ]
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 −5 0
We can't create a leading entry in column 4, applying R3 → R4, we get
1 4 5 −9 −7
0 2 4 −6 −6
[ ]
0 0 0 −5 0
0 0 0 0 0
The above matrix is in echelon form and columns 1, 2 and 4 are pivot columns.

For reduced echelon form


Since the pivot element of first row and first column is already 1. So, let us move
1
for the second row pivot element 2. To make pivot element 1, applying R2 → R2 ,
2
1 4 5 −9 −7
0 1 2 −3 −3
[ ]
0 0 0 −5 0
0 0 0 0 0
Applying, R1 → R1 - 4R2, we get
1 0 −3 3 5
0 1 2 −3 −3
[ ]
0 0 0 −5 0
0 0 0 0 0
1
Applying R3 → − R3, we get
5

1 0 −3 3 5
0 1 2 −3 −3
[ ]
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
Applying, R1 → R1 - 3R3 and R2 → R2 + 3R3, we get
1 0 −3 0 5
0 1 2 0 −3
[ ]
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
Which is the required reduced echelon form.

Example (3.):
Apply elementary row operations to transform the matrix.
1 2 3 4
[4 5 6 7]
6 7 8 9
First into echelon form and then into reduced echelon form.

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