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Television Enggnering Unit 1

The document discusses key aspects of television transmission and reception including: 1. Interlaced scanning is used to reduce flicker by scanning alternating fields at half the frame rate. 2. The composite video signal contains the camera signal, blanking pulses, and synchronizing pulses on a time division basis. 3. Horizontal and vertical resolution is determined by the number of scanning lines, aspect ratio, and bandwidth of 5MHz needed to resolve detail in the black and white signal.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
67 views18 pages

Television Enggnering Unit 1

The document discusses key aspects of television transmission and reception including: 1. Interlaced scanning is used to reduce flicker by scanning alternating fields at half the frame rate. 2. The composite video signal contains the camera signal, blanking pulses, and synchronizing pulses on a time division basis. 3. Horizontal and vertical resolution is determined by the number of scanning lines, aspect ratio, and bandwidth of 5MHz needed to resolve detail in the black and white signal.

Uploaded by

Pavan Wase
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

8/22/2014

TELEVISION ENGGNERING
UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO TV
TRANSMISSION & RECEPTION

7th Semester BE
Electronics &Telecommunication

Syllabus
• Brief introduction to TV transmission &
reception
• Interlaced scanning
• Resolution, blanking, synchronizing &
equalizing pulses
• Composite video signal
• VSB Transmission & reception

Learning Objectives
At the end of this session, the learner will be
able to learn about the:
1.Ficker,interlaced scanning
2.Blanking,synchronizing,& equalizing pulses
3.Composite video signal
4.Need of VSB in TV system.

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Elements of TV system

Television Transmitter

Camera Tube

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Picture Tube

Receiver control

Basic factors of television pictures

• The basic factors with which the television system must deal
for successful transmission
• and reception of pictures are:
• (a) Gross Structure: Geometric form and aspect ratio of the
picture.
• (b) Image Continuity: Scanning and its sequence.
• (c) Number of Scanning Lines: Resolution of picture details.
• (d) Flicker: Interlaced scanning.
• (e) Fine Structure: Vertical and horizontal resolution.
• (f) Tonal Gradation: Picture brightness transfer
characteristics of the system

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Gross Structure (Aspect ratio)


• The frame adopted in all television systems is rectangular with
width/height ratio, i.e., aspect ratio = 4/3
• Reason for this choice
 In human affairs most of the motion occurs in the horizontal
plane and so a larger width is desirable.
 The eyes can view with more ease and comfort when the width
of a picture is more than its height
 This enables direct television transmission of film programmes
without wastage of any film area.
• aspect ratio of the picture reproduced at receiver and picture
televised at transmitter must be same. If not ,it affect the
scene details would look too thin or too wide.

Image continuity
• While televising picture elements of the frame by means of the
scanning process, it is necessary to present the picture to the
eye in such a way that an illusion of continuity is created and
any motion in the scene appears on the picture tube screen as a
smooth and continuous change.
• To achieve this, advantage is taken of ‘persistence of vision’ or
storage characteristics of the human eye.

Persistence of Vision
• This arises from the fact that the sensation produced when
nerves of the eye’s retina are stimulated by incident light does
not cease immediately after the light is removed but persists
for about 1/16th of a second. Thus if the scanning rate per
second is made greater than sixteen, or the number of pictures
shown per second is more than sixteen, the eye is able to
integrate the changing levels of brightness in the scene. So
when the picture elements are scanned rapidly enough, they
appear to the eye as a complete picture unit, with none of the
individual elements visible separately.

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Scanning in Television

Horizontal scanning.

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Vertical scanning.

Number of scanning line in a frame

625

Flicker
. scanning 25 frames per second in television pictures is enough to
cause an illusion of continuity
They are not rapid enough to allow the brightness of one picture or
frame to blend smoothly into the next through the time when the screen is
blanked between successive frames.
This results in a definite flicker of light that is very annoying to the
observer when the screen is made alternately bright and dark

Solution Interlaced scanning

Interlaced Scanning

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Interlaced Scanning

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Scanning sequence

Picture details
• Aspect ratio
• Brightness
• Contrast
• resolution

Resolution

• The ability of the image reproducing system to


represent the fine structure of an object is known as
its resolving power or resolution.
• consider this aspect separately in the vertical and
horizontal planes of the picture.

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Vertical resolution
• The extent to which the scanning system is capable of
resolving picture details in the vertical direction is referred to
as its vertical resolution.
• the vertical resolution in the 625 lines system can then be
expressed as
Vr = Na × k
• where Vr is the vertical resolution expressed in number of
lines, Na is the active number of lines and k is the resolution
factor (also known as Kell factor- 0.69 to 0.7).
• Assuming a reasonable value of k = 0.69,
• Vr = 585 × 0.69 = 400 lines

Horizontal resolution.
• The capability of the system to resolve maximum
number of picture elements along the scanning lines
determines horizontal resolution
• The horizontal resolution depends on the rate at
scanning spot is able to change brightness level as it
will pass through horizontal line.
• In 625 line system, there are about 400 lines of
vertical resolution.
• The horizontal resolution should be same as vertical
resolution

Continued
Horizontal resolution
• While aiming at equal vertical resolution and horizontal
resolution and assuming same KELL factor(k). The effective
number of alternate black and white segment (N) that get
scanned in the horizontal line
• N = Na × aspect ratio × k = 585 × 4/3 × 0.69 = 533
• To resolve these 533 squares or picture elements the beam
generates square wave video signal (533/2) = approx. 267
cycles of black and white alternative picture elements
• Thus the time duration th of one square wave cycle is equal to

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• the highest approximate modulating frequency ‘fh’ that the


625 line television system must be capable of handling for
successful transmission and reception of picture details is

From above we come to know that the bandwidth of 5 Mhz is


required for transmission Of horizontal details in black and white
TV.

COMPOSITE VIDEO
SIGNAL

COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL


Consist of :
• Camera signal - corresponding to the desired picture
information
• Blanking pulses – to make the retrace invisible
• Synchronizing pulses – to synchronize the transmitter and
receiver scanning
-horizontal sync pulse
-vertical sync pulse
-their amplitudes are kept same
-but their duration are different
-needed consecutively and not simultaneously
with the picture signal – so sent on a time division
basis

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Composite Video Signal

Composite video signal


Video signal varies between certain limits

Peak white level: 10 to 12.5%

Black level : 72%

Blanking level : Sync pulses added - 75%


level

Pedestal : difference between black level


and blanking level – tend to merge

Pedestal height : distance between the


pedestal level and the dc level – indicates
the average brightness

Picture information : 10% - 75%

Darker the picture – higher will be the voltage within those limits

DC component of the video signal


• Average value or dc component corresponding
to the average brightness of the scene
• Average brightness can change only from
frame to frame and not from line to line
• Low pedestal height – scene darker
• Larger pedestal height – higher average
brightness

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blanking pulses . . .
Make the retrace lines invisible
by raising the signal amplitude
slightly above the black level
(75%)

Repetition rate of horizontal


blanking pulse = scanning freq.
= 15625Hz

Freq of vertical blanking pulse


= field scanning freq. = 50 Hz

Sync Pulse and Video Signal Amplitude Ratio


P/S RATIO = 10/4

Justification:
• If the picture signal amplitude is ↑ at the expense of
sync pulses – when S/N ratio at the receiver falls,
sync pulse amplitude becomes insufficient to keep
the picture locked
• If the sync pulse amplitude is ↑ at the expense of the
picture signal, then the raster remains locked but the
amplitude of the picture content will be too low
• P/S ratio of 10/4 represents the most efficient use of
TV system

horizontal Sync details . . .

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horizontal sync details


• Total line period = 64µS
• Line blanking period = 12µS
• Differential leading edges are used for synchronizing horizontal
scanning oscillator
• Divided into three sections :
front porch : 1.5µS - allows the receiver video to settle down
line sync : 4.7 µS - for blanking the flyback/retrace
- blacker than the black
back porch : 5.8µS - time for the horizontal time base circuit to
reverse the direction of current for scanning the next line
- same amplitude as that of blanking level ; used by AGC
circuits at the receiver to develop true AGC voltage

Vertical Sync details

Vertical Sync details


• Added after each fields
• Complex in nature
• Vertical sync period = 2.5 to 3 times the horizontal line
period
• In 625 line system: 2.5 × 64 = 160µS
• Commence at the end of first half of 313th line (end of
first field) and terminates at the end of 315th line
• Similarly after an exact interval of 20mS (one field
period), the next sync pulse occupies the line numbers
1st, 2nd and first half of 3rd .

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Vertical sync details


• Horizontal sync information is extracted from the sync pulse
train by differentiation i.e. Passing the pulse train through an
HPF – leading edges are used to synchronize the horizontal
scanning oscillator
• Furthermore, receivers often use monostable multivibrators
to generate horizontal scan, and so a pulse is required to
initiate each and every cycle of the horizontal oscillator in
the receiver.

Shortcomings and its solution


1. Horizontal sync pulses are available both during the active
and blanked line periods but there are no sync pulses
(leading edges) available during the 2.5 line vertical sync
period – horizontal sweep oscillator would tend to step out
of synchronism during each vertical sync period
• The situation after an odd field is even worse
-since it begins at midway
-leading edge of the vertical sync pulse comes at the
wrong time to provide synchronism for the horizontal
oscillator
• Therefore five narrow slots (4.7µS width) are cut in the
vertical sync pulse at intervals of 32µS – rising
edges are used to trigger horizontal oscillator.
• This insertion of short pulses : called notching of serration of
the broad field pulses

Shortcomings and its solution


notching of serration of the broad field pulses

notching of serration of the broad field pulses

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Shortcomings and its solution


2. It is seen that the synchronization of the vertical sweep oscillator in
the receiver is obtained from vertical sync pulses by integrator (LPF)
• Voltage built across the capacitor of the LPF corresponding to the
sync pulse trains of both the fields is shown in fig.

Shortcomings and its solution


• Each horizontal pulse cause a slight rise in voltage across the capacitor,
but this is reduced to zero by the time the next pulse arrives (charging
period=4.7µS and discharging period = 59.3µS)

• But during broad serrated region, capacitor has more time to charge
and only 4.7µS to discharge

• Situation is different for the beginning of the 2nd field-here the last
horizontal pulse corresponding to the beginning of the 313th line is
separated from the first vertical pulse by only half-a-line.

• Therefore the voltage developed a/c the vertical filter will not have
enough time to reach zero before the arrival of the 1st vertical pulse
• Hence the voltage developed a/c the o/p filter is some what higher at
each instant as compared to the voltage developed at the beginning of
the 1st field (shown as dotted chain)
• i.e. Oscillator get triggered a fraction of a second early as compared to
the first field - upset the desired interlacing sequence

• Equalizing pulses are used to solve this problem

Equalizing pulses
• Solves the shortcomings occurring on account of half line discrepancy
• Five narrow pulses of 2.5 line period are added on either side of the
vertical sync pulses : known as pre-equalizing and post-equalizing
pulses
• The effect of these pulses is to shift the half line discrepancy away
from both the beginning and end of the vertical sync pulses

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Equalizing pulses
• Pre-equalizing pulses:
- 2.3µS duration
- result in the discharge of the capacitor to zero voltage
in both the fields

• Post-equalizing pulses: necessary for a fast discharge of the


capacitor to ensure triggering of the vertical oscillator at
proper time

• With the insertion of equalizing pulses:


- the voltage rise and fall profile is the same for both the
field sequences
- the vertical oscillator is triggered at the proper instants.
i.e. exactly at an interval of 1/50th of a second.

Vestigial sideband
• To the left of the video carrier is the vestigial lower
sideband (0.75 MHz), and to the right is the full
upper sideband (4 MHz). The sound signal is
centered on 5.75 MHz. As an example, a program
transmitted on channel 2 has its video carrier at
55.25 MHz and its sound carrier at 59.75 MHz. The
tuner in your TV, when tuned to channel 2, extracts
the composite video signal and the sound signal from
the radio waves that transmitted them to the
antenna.

Vestigial sideband

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SUMMARY
For picture scanning interlaced scanning is used
instead of progressive scanning, to reduce the effect
of flicker. For television transmission & reception
VSB is used .Composite video signal is the Camera
signal means picture information, Blanking pulses
(to make the retrace invisible),Synchronizing pulses
( to synchronize the transmitter and receiver).

THANK YOU!

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