Television Enggnering Unit 1
Television Enggnering Unit 1
TELEVISION ENGGNERING
UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO TV
TRANSMISSION & RECEPTION
7th Semester BE
Electronics &Telecommunication
Syllabus
• Brief introduction to TV transmission &
reception
• Interlaced scanning
• Resolution, blanking, synchronizing &
equalizing pulses
• Composite video signal
• VSB Transmission & reception
Learning Objectives
At the end of this session, the learner will be
able to learn about the:
1.Ficker,interlaced scanning
2.Blanking,synchronizing,& equalizing pulses
3.Composite video signal
4.Need of VSB in TV system.
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Elements of TV system
Television Transmitter
Camera Tube
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Picture Tube
Receiver control
• The basic factors with which the television system must deal
for successful transmission
• and reception of pictures are:
• (a) Gross Structure: Geometric form and aspect ratio of the
picture.
• (b) Image Continuity: Scanning and its sequence.
• (c) Number of Scanning Lines: Resolution of picture details.
• (d) Flicker: Interlaced scanning.
• (e) Fine Structure: Vertical and horizontal resolution.
• (f) Tonal Gradation: Picture brightness transfer
characteristics of the system
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Image continuity
• While televising picture elements of the frame by means of the
scanning process, it is necessary to present the picture to the
eye in such a way that an illusion of continuity is created and
any motion in the scene appears on the picture tube screen as a
smooth and continuous change.
• To achieve this, advantage is taken of ‘persistence of vision’ or
storage characteristics of the human eye.
Persistence of Vision
• This arises from the fact that the sensation produced when
nerves of the eye’s retina are stimulated by incident light does
not cease immediately after the light is removed but persists
for about 1/16th of a second. Thus if the scanning rate per
second is made greater than sixteen, or the number of pictures
shown per second is more than sixteen, the eye is able to
integrate the changing levels of brightness in the scene. So
when the picture elements are scanned rapidly enough, they
appear to the eye as a complete picture unit, with none of the
individual elements visible separately.
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Scanning in Television
Horizontal scanning.
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Vertical scanning.
625
Flicker
. scanning 25 frames per second in television pictures is enough to
cause an illusion of continuity
They are not rapid enough to allow the brightness of one picture or
frame to blend smoothly into the next through the time when the screen is
blanked between successive frames.
This results in a definite flicker of light that is very annoying to the
observer when the screen is made alternately bright and dark
Interlaced Scanning
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Interlaced Scanning
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Scanning sequence
Picture details
• Aspect ratio
• Brightness
• Contrast
• resolution
Resolution
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Vertical resolution
• The extent to which the scanning system is capable of
resolving picture details in the vertical direction is referred to
as its vertical resolution.
• the vertical resolution in the 625 lines system can then be
expressed as
Vr = Na × k
• where Vr is the vertical resolution expressed in number of
lines, Na is the active number of lines and k is the resolution
factor (also known as Kell factor- 0.69 to 0.7).
• Assuming a reasonable value of k = 0.69,
• Vr = 585 × 0.69 = 400 lines
Horizontal resolution.
• The capability of the system to resolve maximum
number of picture elements along the scanning lines
determines horizontal resolution
• The horizontal resolution depends on the rate at
scanning spot is able to change brightness level as it
will pass through horizontal line.
• In 625 line system, there are about 400 lines of
vertical resolution.
• The horizontal resolution should be same as vertical
resolution
Continued
Horizontal resolution
• While aiming at equal vertical resolution and horizontal
resolution and assuming same KELL factor(k). The effective
number of alternate black and white segment (N) that get
scanned in the horizontal line
• N = Na × aspect ratio × k = 585 × 4/3 × 0.69 = 533
• To resolve these 533 squares or picture elements the beam
generates square wave video signal (533/2) = approx. 267
cycles of black and white alternative picture elements
• Thus the time duration th of one square wave cycle is equal to
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COMPOSITE VIDEO
SIGNAL
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Darker the picture – higher will be the voltage within those limits
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blanking pulses . . .
Make the retrace lines invisible
by raising the signal amplitude
slightly above the black level
(75%)
Justification:
• If the picture signal amplitude is ↑ at the expense of
sync pulses – when S/N ratio at the receiver falls,
sync pulse amplitude becomes insufficient to keep
the picture locked
• If the sync pulse amplitude is ↑ at the expense of the
picture signal, then the raster remains locked but the
amplitude of the picture content will be too low
• P/S ratio of 10/4 represents the most efficient use of
TV system
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• But during broad serrated region, capacitor has more time to charge
and only 4.7µS to discharge
• Situation is different for the beginning of the 2nd field-here the last
horizontal pulse corresponding to the beginning of the 313th line is
separated from the first vertical pulse by only half-a-line.
• Therefore the voltage developed a/c the vertical filter will not have
enough time to reach zero before the arrival of the 1st vertical pulse
• Hence the voltage developed a/c the o/p filter is some what higher at
each instant as compared to the voltage developed at the beginning of
the 1st field (shown as dotted chain)
• i.e. Oscillator get triggered a fraction of a second early as compared to
the first field - upset the desired interlacing sequence
Equalizing pulses
• Solves the shortcomings occurring on account of half line discrepancy
• Five narrow pulses of 2.5 line period are added on either side of the
vertical sync pulses : known as pre-equalizing and post-equalizing
pulses
• The effect of these pulses is to shift the half line discrepancy away
from both the beginning and end of the vertical sync pulses
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Equalizing pulses
• Pre-equalizing pulses:
- 2.3µS duration
- result in the discharge of the capacitor to zero voltage
in both the fields
Vestigial sideband
• To the left of the video carrier is the vestigial lower
sideband (0.75 MHz), and to the right is the full
upper sideband (4 MHz). The sound signal is
centered on 5.75 MHz. As an example, a program
transmitted on channel 2 has its video carrier at
55.25 MHz and its sound carrier at 59.75 MHz. The
tuner in your TV, when tuned to channel 2, extracts
the composite video signal and the sound signal from
the radio waves that transmitted them to the
antenna.
Vestigial sideband
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SUMMARY
For picture scanning interlaced scanning is used
instead of progressive scanning, to reduce the effect
of flicker. For television transmission & reception
VSB is used .Composite video signal is the Camera
signal means picture information, Blanking pulses
(to make the retrace invisible),Synchronizing pulses
( to synchronize the transmitter and receiver).
THANK YOU!
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