Comparative Models in Policing

TTH (12:00 – 1: 30PM)

Prelim
Chapter I – Historical Development
Introduction

 The term police are now used primarily to denote a body of people organized to maintain
civil order and public safety, to enforce the law, and to investigate breaches of the law.
All societies need some way to maintain order. In the smallest societies, informal
sanctions discourage deviation. In the simplest forms of the state organization, informal
sanctions are supplemented by agents of the ruler who enforce his decisions.

Historical Highlights

 Originating from a merging of the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National
Police, the Philippine National Police (PNP) is the civilian national police force of the
Philippines. The following is a brief history of the PNP and the organizational structure
that it holds today.
 The Philippine National Police (PNP) originated from the Philippine Constabulary or the
PC, which was inaugurated on August 8, 1901, establishing it as an insular police force
under the American regime. On August 8, 1975, Presidential Decree no. 765 was issued,
establishing the Philippine Constabulary Integrated National Police or the PC/INP as the
country’s national police force. These fragmented and diverse local police units were
integrated into a national police force with the Philippine Constabulary as its nucleus.
 After the People’s Revolution in 1986, a new Constitution was promulgated providing for
a police force, which is “national in scope and civilian in character.” Consequently,
Republic Act No. 6975 entitled, “An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police
under a Reorganized Department of the Interior and Local government (DILG),” was
signed into law on December 13, 1990, which took effect on January 1, 1991.
Subsequently, the PNP was operational on January 29, 1991, whose members were
formerly the PC and the INP and the absorption of the selected members from the major
service units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines such as the Philippine Air Force
Security Command, the Philippine Coast Guard, Philippine Navy, and the Philippine
Army.
 Thus, to further strengthen the PNP into a highly efficient and competent police force,
Republic Act No. 8551 entitled “PNP Reform and the Reorganization Act of 1998” was
enacted on February 17, 1998, amending certain provisions of Republic Act No. 6975.

Relationship of the PNP to the DILG

 Pursuant to Republic Act No. 6975 as amended by Republic Act No. 8551, The PNP in
under the administrative control and operational supervision of the National Police
Commission. Meanwhile, the NAPOLCOM is an attached agency of the Department of
the Interior and Local Government for policy and program coordination. The Secretary of
the Interior and Local government is mandated to be the Ex- Officio Chairman of
NAPOLCOM.

PNP Organizational Structure

In order to accomplish the mission, powers and functions of the PNP, its structure was provided
for as follows:

1. The PNP Command Group is headed by the Chief PNP who is vested with the power to
command and direct the PNP. He is also assisted by two Deputies assigned to
the administration of the PNP and one for operations side.

2. The Chief of the Directorial Staff serves as the Chief Operations Officer of the PNP. He
coordinates, supervises, and directs the Directorial Staff and the PNP units in the
performance of their respective functions.
3. The Internal Affairs Service (IAS) is headed by a Inspector General who assists the
Chief PNP in ensuring operational readiness and investigates infractions of the
regulations committed by the members of the PNP.

4. The Human Rights Affairs Office (HRAO)  is headed by a senior police commissioned
officer who serves as a manager of the facility that will supervise the implementation of
the guidelines and policies on human rights laws.

5. The Center for Police Strategy Management (CPSM)  serves as the Central facility of
the PNP in coordinating and integrating all strategy management processes, sustaining its
strategy execution and management, and instilling in the organization a culture of
strategy focus.

6. The Directorial Staff is composed of 16 directorates. Every Director in each unit has
also his defined function in line with his specialization as follows:
o The Directorate for Personnel and Records Management (DPRM) . The
director optimizes the utilization of personnel resources both from the PNP-
uniformed and non- uniformed personnel.
o The Directorate for Intelligence (DI). The director manages the
gathering/collating of intelligence objectives through effective management of all
intelligence and counter-intelligence activities of the PNP. He also serves as the
linkage of all foreigners with official transactions with the chief PNP.
o The Directorate for Operations (DO). The director exercises the command, the
control, the direction, the coordination and the supervision of all activities on PNP
operations such as deployment and employment of personnel.
o The Directorate for Logistics (DL). The director administers and manages
material resources needed for the PNP operations.
o The Directorate for Plans (DPL). The director plans and programs strategic
PNP operations. He also represents the PNP in the inter-agency and international
affairs on peace and order.
o The Directorate for Comptrollership (DC). The director administers and
manages the fiscal financial resources.
o The Directorate for Police-Community Relations (DPCR). The director
formulates and implements community –related activities, programs and projects.
He also supervises the PNP Salaam Police Center to undertake close monitoring,
networking and liaisoning activities with the Muslim communities in addressing
terrorism and lawless violence in their respective areas to guarantee that the
Muslims are not discriminated, oppressed or singled-out.
o The Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM) . The
director coordinates. Controls and supervises all investigation activities.
o The Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development (DHRDD) .
The director formulates policies on matters pertaining to human resources and
doctrine development.
 The Directorate for Research and Development (DRD). The director engages in
research and development and does testing and evaluation of self-reliant projects.
 The Directorate for Information and Communications Technology Management
(DICTM). The director integrates and standardizes all the PNP information systems and
resources to further improve the frontline services.
 Five (5) Directorates for Integrated Police Operations (DIPOs) . The Directors of the
clustered areas for Integrated Police Operations, namely: Eastern Mindanao, Western
Mindanao, Visayas, Southern and Northern Luzon are given the responsibility to direct
and to supervise the conduct of integrated anti-criminality, internal security, counter-
terrorism operations, to promote inter-operability with the Armed Forces of the
Philippines, and to provide a system to promote regional socio-economic development.

7. There are 23 National Support Units of the PNP. Eleven (11) of which are administrative
while twelve (12) are operational in nature. The eleven Administrative Units are as
follows:

 Logistics Support Service (LSS).

  Information Technology Management Service (ITMS).
 Finance Service (FS).
 Health Service (HS)..
 Communications and Electronics Service (CES).
 Chaplain Service (CHS).
 Legal Service (LS).
 Headquarters Support Service (HSS).
 Engineering Service( ES).
 Training Service (TS). and
 PNP Retirement and Benefits Administration Service (PRBS).

The twelve (12) operational support units and their respective functions are as follows:

 Maritime Group (MG). This group is responsible to perform all police functions over
Philippine Territorial waters, lakes, and rivers along coastal areas to include ports and
harbors and small islands for the security and the sustainability development of the
maritime environment.
 Intelligence Group (IG). This group serves as the intelligence and counter-intelligence
operating unit of the PNP.
 Police Security and Protection Group (PSPG) . This group provides security to
government vital installations, government officials, visiting dignitaries and private
individuals authorized to be given protection.
 Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG). This group monitors,
investigates, prosecutes all crimes involving economic sabotage, and other crimes of such
magnitude and extent as to indicate their commission by highly placed or professional
criminal syndicates and organizations. It also conducts organized- crime –control, all
major cases involving violations of the revised penal Code, violators of SPECIAL LAWS
assigned to them such as Anti-hijacking, Anti-Carnapping and Cyber crimes among
others and atrocities committed by Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP)/New
People’s Army (NPA)/National Democratic Front (NDF).
 Special Action Force (SAF). This group is a mobile strike force or a reaction unit to
augment regional , provincial, municipal and city police force for civil disturbance
control, internal security operations, hostage-taking rescue operations, search and rescue
in times of natural calamities, disasters and national emergencies and other special police
operations such as ant-hijacking, anti-terrorism, explosives and ordnance disposal. On a
special note, the PNP Air Unit is placed under the supervision of SAF.
 Aviation Security Group (AVEGROUP). This group provides security   to all airports
throughout the country.
 Highway Patrol Group (HPG). This group enforces the traffic laws and regulations,
promote safety along the highways, enhances traffic safety consciousness through inter-
agency cooperation concerning Police Traffic Safety Engineering, Traffic Safety
Education and Traffic Law enforcement functions and develops reforms in the crime
prevention aspect against all forms of lawlessness committed along National Highway
involving the use of motor vehicles.
 Police-Community Relations Group (PCRG). This group undertakes and orchestrates
Police Community Relations program and activities in partnership with concerned
government agencies, the community, and volunteer organizations in order to prevent
crime and attain a safe and peaceful environment.
 Civil Security Group (CSG). This group regulates business operations and activities of
all organized private detectives, watchmen, security guards/agencies and company guard
forces. It also supervises the licensing and registration of firearms and explosives.
 Crime Laboratory (CL). This group provides scientific and technical, investigative aide
and support to the PNP and other investigative agencies. It also provides crime laboratory
examination, evaluation and identification of physical evidence gathered at the crime
scene with primary emphasis on medical, biological and physical nature.
 PNP Anti-Kidnapping Group (PNP-AKG). This Group serves as the primary unit of
the PNP in addressing kidnapping menace in the country and in handling hostage
situations. And
 PNP Anti-Cybercrime Group (PNP- ACG) . This Group is responsible for the
implementation of pertinent laws on cybercrimes and anti-cybercrime campaigns of the
PNP.
 8. For the main PNP operating units, there are seventeen (17) Police Regional Offices
nationwide which correspond to the Regional subdivisions of the country. Directly under
the Police Regional Offices are seventeen (17) Regional Public Safety Battalions (RPSB),
eighty (80) Police Provincial Offices which correspond to the number of Provinces in the
country and twenty (20) City Police Offices (CPOs) in highly urbanized and independent
cities , which are equivalent to a Provincial Police Office.

 The Police Provincial Offices have their respective Provincial Public Safety Companies
(PPSC) which is utilized primarily for internal security operations (ISO). The number of
platoons in a Provincial   Public Safety Company is dependent on the existing peace and
order situation in the province concerned.

 Finally, a total of 1,766 Police Stations are established nationwide and they are
categorized as follows: 90 Component City Police Stations and 1,507 Municipal Police
Stations under the Police Provincial Offices, 131 Police Stations under the City Police
Offices, and 38 Police Stations/City Police Stations in the National Capital Regional
Police Office which serve as the main operating arms of the PNP for the anti-criminality
campaign.

PNP linkage to other law enforcement Organizations

 Domestically, the PNP is linked with the other law enforcement agencies through the
National Law Enforcement Coordinating Committee (NALECC). This body convenes
regularly to foster cooperation and coordination among all law enforcement agencies in
the country.
 It also supports several law enforcement agencies like the Philippine Center for
Transnational Crimes (PCTC) and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency.
 It is also linked with the International Enforcement Community thru the INTERPOL,
with the head of the PCTC as the Secretariat, and the Chief PNP as the Chief of the
National Central Bureau and a member of the ASEAN Chiefs of Police or ASEANPOL,
and a partner of the United Nations Center for International Crime Prevention (UNCICP).

The PNP and AFP complement each other on their pursuit to suppress insurgency, and
other serious threats to national security and in times of national emergency prescribed
pursuant to Section 12 of Republic Act 8551.

Consequently there are also governing relationships between them as follows:

 The PNP enforces laws and ordinances and performs statutory functions while the AFP
exercises primary responsibility on matters involving suppression of insurgency and other
serious threats to national security.
 The PNP provides assistance to the AFP in insurgency – affected areas while the AFP is
also responsible for the integrated territorial defense system.
 The PNP assists the AFP for the dispositive action on arrested, captured or surrendered
insurgent within the prescribed reglementary period.
 The PNP provides assistance to the AFP in the arrest of suspected insurgents with
standing warrants of arrest, and
 The PNP and the AFP maintain close intelligence coordination and exchanges and share
each other’s accomplishments of their respective mission and functions.

Ranks
1991–2019 PNP classification
The Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990 or Republic Act No. 6975
established the Philippine National Police under the Department of the Interior and Local
Government and later orders of the Department formed the basis for the creation of a common
rank system for the public security forces of the republic, which the National Police used for
over two decades.
Insignia Rank Equivalent rank (2019)

Police Director General (PDGEN) Police General (PGEN)

Police Deputy Director General

Police Lieutenant General (PLTGEN)
(PDDG)

Police Director (PDIR) Police Major General (PMGEN)

Police Chief Superintendent (PC/SUPT) Police Brigadier General (PBGEN)

Police Senior Superintendent

Police Colonel (PCOL)
(PS/SUPT)

Police Superintendent (PSUPT) Police Lieutenant Colonel (PLTCOL)

Police Chief Inspector (PC/INSP) Police Major (PMAJ)

Police Senior Inspector (PS/INSP) Police Captain (PCAPT)

Police Inspector (PINSP) Police Lieutenant (PLT)

Police Executive Master Sergeant

Senior Police Officer IV (SPO4)
(PEMS)

Senior Police Officer III (SPO3) Police Chief Master Sergeant (PCMS)
 Senior Police Officer II (SPO2) Police Senior Master Sergeant (PSMS)

Senior Police Officer I (SPO1) Police Master Sergeant (PMSgt.)

Police Officer III (PO3) Police Staff Sergeant (PSsgt.)

Police Officer II (PO2) Police Corporal (PCpl.)

Police Officer I (PO1) Patrolman / Patrolwoman (Pat)

Ranks of the Philippine Constabulary

Originally the PC used the ranks and insignia of the United States Army upon its foundation and
in its latter years it was more modelled on Philippine Army but with branch-specific shoulder
board and sleeve insignia.
Officers

Philippine Constabulary Rank (1947–1991)

General

Lieutenant General

Major General

Brigadier General

Colonel

Lieutenant Colonel

Major

Captain

First Lieutenant

Second Lieutenant
 Enlisted constables and NCOs
 Master Sergeant
 Technical Sergeant
 Staff Sergeant
 Sergeant
 Constable 1st Class
 Constable 2nd Class
 Constable

Integrated National Police

The defunct Integrated National Police adopted a paramilitary-styled ranking classification based

on Presidential Decree No. 1184 (the Integrated National Police Personnel Professionalization
Law of 1977) issued by then-President Ferdinand Marcos as part of the joint command it shared
with the PC, which began in 1975.

Rank

Police Brigadier General

Police Colonel

Police Lieutenant Colonel

Police Major

Police Captain

Police Lieutenant

Police Sergeant

Police Corporal

Patrolman First Class / Patrolwoman First Class

Patrolman / Patrolwoman

Current ranking classification (2019–present)

 As of February 8, 2019, a new ranking classification for the Philippine National Police
was adopted, eliminating confusion of old ranks. The enabling law for the ranking is
Republic Act 11200 which was signed by President Rodrigo Duterte, amending the
section of the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990 that refers to
the ranking classification of the Philippine National Police.
  However, the usage of this classification internally by the PNP was put on hold in March
2019 during the creation of rules and regulations (IRR) of the rank classification, which
determined how each rank would be officially abbreviated. The new rank abbreviations
and the IRR of the new rank system officially took effect on March 25, 2019.

Full set of ranks

Per the current (2019) rank system, the National Police has no rank holders of Second
Lieutenant, Technical Sergeant, Sergeant and Patrolman First Class.

Commissioned Officers

Insignia Rank[6]

Police General (PGEN)

Police Lieutenant General (PLTGEN)

Police Major General (PMGEN)

Police Brigadier General (PBGEN)

Police Colonel (PCOL)

Police Lieutenant Colonel (PLTCOL)

Police Major (PMAJ)

Police Captain (PCPT)

 Police Lieutenant (PLT.)

Non-Commissioned Officers

Insignia Rank[6]

Police Executive Master Sergeant (PEMSgt.)

Police Chief Master Sergeant (PCMSgt.)

Police Senior Master Sergeant (PSMSgt.)

Police Master Sergeant (PMSgt.)

Police Staff Sergeant (PSSgt.)

Police Corporal (PCpl.)

Patrolman / Patrolwoman (Pat.)

History of Policing

 Rome, under the emperor of Augustus, had one of the earliest forms of organized
policing. In 7 BC Augustus divided Rome into 14 regiones-wards, each divided into vici-
precints overseen by vicomagistri responsible for fire protection, among other
administrative and religious duties. In AD 6, after a particularly bad fire, Augustus
expanded the city’s fire brigade into a corps of vigils, consisting of seven squads, or
cohorts, of 1, 000 freedmen each. Each cohort was responsible for fire and, especially at
night, police protection in two regions.

 For example, the shogun, ruler of 17th century feudal Japan, devised an elaborate police
system in which each castle town had a military samurai warrior who served as town
magistrate, judge, and chief of police. He appointed other sword-carrying samurai-yoriki
and doshin, to serve as a patrolling police force. In the early 1700s the Russian tsars also
established a police system to enforce their laws. Tsar Nicholas I later expanded the
powers of this police force and turned it into an early form of state political police the
dreaded okhrana.

Anglo-Saxon Beginning
  The ealiest policing system in England predates the Norman Conquest. The Saxon
frankpledge was a private system of social obligation in which all adult males were
responsible for the good conduct of all others. To formalize this social obligation, all
males were grouped into tithings headed by a tithingman. Each tithing, in turn, was
grouped into a hundredman, who served as both administrator and judgr. When crimes
were observed, citizens were expected to raise an alarm, gather their countrymen, and
pursue and capture the criminal.

 In one form or another, this system remained in place in Anglo-Saxoncountries until the
19th century. Essentially, it was an un-policed system in which police functions were
fulfilled by citizens who held rotating local offices. Constable and watchmen were
supported by citizens, posses, and in the case of riots, by the military or the yeomanry-a
cavalry force largely composed of landowners. Victims who could not recover their
property offered rewards for its return and often resorted to hiring thief-takers.

Pre-Revolutionary French Police

 This police system was totally different from the English system. Organized financed,
and controlled by the government, the French police were actually the personal political
police of the king. The system serves as a striking example of action by a central
government to enforce its own standards of behaviour. It is certain-the 18 th century
citizens of paris was controlled by the Lieutenant-general de police, an appointee of the
National police amrechaussee, originally created to control crimes committed by
patrolling crimes as well. Immediately before the revolution, the marechaussee consisted
of 3, 000 men organized into 30 patrolling companies. Officers had both the priveleges of
soldiers and the powers of civil arrest.

Post-Revolutionary French Police

 After the revolution, the Paris police was reconstructed and its direction was entrusted to
a conglomeration of Parisian committees. The clumsy committee arrangement failed, and
in March 1880 control of the police was centralized in the perfect de police, an office
with administrative but no judicial authority. The French ministry of police was created
in 1796 with a mandate to enforce laws and forestall challenges to the revolution.

 Perhaps the most famous manifestation of the French detective orientation of policing, at
least with crimes of robbery and theft, was the Surete. The Surete was founded by
Francois-Eugene Vidocq in 1810. Running the surete with the philosophy that to know
and capture criminals one had to be a criminal oneself, Vidocq directed a network of
spies and informers in a war against crime that was completely successful. His
knowledge of the underworld and his reasons for his success. In 1817, with only 12 full
time assistants, he was responsible for more than 800 arrests.

Formation of the English Police

 The creation of the Thames River Police was one of the most significant police reform
experiments of the time. The first regular professional police force in London, the
Thames River Police was organized to curb the thefts that plagued the world’s largest
port. The west India trading company created these marine police in June 1798 and
installed police reformer Patrick Colquhoun as director of a permanent staff of 80 men
and an on-call staff of 1, 120.

 First policing was to be preventive, and the primary means of policing was conspicuous
patrolling by uniformed police officers. Second, command and control were to be
maintained through a centralized, quasi-military organizational structure. Third, police
were to be a patient, impersonal, and professional. Finally, the authority of the English
constable derived from three official sources the crown and not the political party in
power, the law and the consent and cooperation of the citizenry.

Early Police in the United States

  The United States inherited England’s Anglo-Saxon common law as well as its system of
social obligation and constable. As both countries moved from rural agrarian to urban
industrialized economies, urban riots, crime and disorder followed. Yet Americans, like
the English, were wary of creating standing police forces. In the early 1800s, as the
United States became more urban, patterns of ethnic diversity began to erode the social
and political hegemony of the original English and Dutch settlers.

 Middle and upper-class reformers believed that one of the primary task of the police was
to re-establish political and social control over a population wracked by ethnic and
economic rivalries. This tension between being closely linked to communities and being
perceived of as an instrument for reform of those same communities inevitably resulted
in struggle for political control is one of the dominant themes in the history of police in
US.

Late 19th Century Policing

 After the Act of 1856 mandated police in the provinces, police departments spread
throughout England. Provincial police were funded by both local and central
governments. After the home office certified the quality of a provincial police
department, the central government paid half of the cost of local policing, and local taxes
paid the rest. The dominant methods of provincial policing were foot patrols and criminal
investigations.

 Attempts in the late 19th century to develop a coherent vision of an intercity police system
were largely unsuccessful, the police theory that did develop, however, was formulated
mainly in local political halls. By the end of the 19 th century, citizens attempted to
centralize political power to end the ward-level political control. Reformers attempted to
centralize services on a citywide basis, create a civil service, and transfer control of
police to cities-at-large, or if all else failed transfer control of the police to the state
government.

20th Century Policing

 The struggle for political control of police in the United States gave rise to a distinctive
strategy of policing that was to influence policing throughout the western democracies.
This new style of policing integrated managerial techniques, sources of authority,
innovate tactics, and narrowed definition of police work. During the early 1900s states
also began creating police forces. Vollmer saw the police as the vanguard for socializing
America’s youth.

 In addition to giving police an ideal to strive for, Vollmer also helped consolidate the
International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) into a truly national police
organization. Under its auspices he created the uniform crime reports, which became an
important indicator of the health of society and of the performance of police departments.
Finally, through his work on the Wickersham Commission. Vollmer exposed many
unconstitutional police practices to public scrutiny, especially the practice of detectives
using the third degree in questioning suspects.

Prepared By: Checked By:

William E. Mapatac Jr Ian Angelo B. Bonilla

Instructor School Coordinator

Noted By:
Marissa F. Prudencio, Ph. D.
Academic Dean