QUANTITY SURVEYINH AND CONTRACT MANAGEMENT

(15CV81)

1. Course Overview

Estimation estimates the probable cost of the structure before undertaking the project. Being a
civil engineer it is compulsory to know the anticipated cost of the building and building
components. In this subject students are going to study about the different methods to be
adopted for the estimation and calculation of quantities of different items of the work involved
in building. Along with the building components students also determine the quantities
involved in earthen roads with different methods. Besides estimating, costing, and analysis of
rates students also study about specifications of different items of works involved in civil
engineering works. In this subject students will come to know the knowledge about how to
prepare tender documentation and valuation of old and new building with proper solvency and
depreciation

2. COURSE OBJECTIVES

This course will enable students to:

1. Estimate the quantities of work, develop the bill of quantities and arrive at the Cost
of civil engineering Project.
2. Understand and apply the concept of Valuation for Properties.
3. Understand, Apply and Create the Tender and Contract document.

3. COURSE OUTCOMES
CO’s DESCRIPTION
Apply the knowledge of estimation for civil engineering projects like buildings
15CV81.1
and roads for estimating, tendering and to prepare the contract documents.
Determine the detailed and abstract estimate for different works involved in
15CV81.2
civil engineering projects.
Analyze the rates for different items of works in civil engineering construction
15CV81.3
activities.
15CV81.4 Develop the valuation reports of buildings.
 3. PROGRAMME OUTCOMES:
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change
 4. COURSE SYLLABUS
Module-1
Quantity Estimation for Building; study of various drawing attached with estimates, important
terms, units of measurements, abstract, Types of estimates - Approximate, detailed,
supplementary and revised, Estimation of building - Short wall and long wall method - centre
line method. Estimate of R.C.C structures including Slab, beam, column, footings, with bar
bending schedule.

Module-2
Estimate of Steel truss, manhole and septic tanks. Quantity Estimation for Roads: Road
estimation, earthwork fully in banking, cutting, partly cutting and partly Filling, Detailed
estimate and cost analysis for roads.

Module-3
Specification for Civil Engineering Works: Objective of writing specifications essentials in
specifications, general and detail specifications of different items of works in buildings.

Analysis of Rates : Factors Affecting Cost of Civil Works, Concept of Direct Cost , Indirect
Cost and Project Cost, Rate analysis and preparation of bills, Data analysis of rates for various
items of Works, Sub-structure components, Rate analysis for R.C.C. slabs, columns and Beams.

Module-4
Contract Management-Tender and its Process: Invitation to tender, Prequalification,
administrative approval & Technical sanction. Bid submission and Evaluation process. Contract
Formulation: covering Award of contract, letter of intent, letter of acceptance and notice to
proceed. Features / elements of standard Tender document (source: PWD / CPWD /
International Competitive Bidding – NHAI / NHEPC / NPC).
Law of Contract as per Indian Contract act 1872 , Types of Contract, Entire contract, Lump sum
contract, Item rate, % rate, Cost plus with Target, Labour, EPC and BOT, Sub Contracting.
Contract Forms: FIDIC contract Forms, CPWD, NHAI, NTPC, NHEPC

Module-5
Contract Management-Post award :Basic understanding on definitions, Performance security,
Mobilization and equipment advances, Secured Advance, Suspension of work, Time limit for
completion, Liquidated damages and bonus, measurement and payment, additions and
alterations or variations and deviations, breach of contract, Escalation, settlement of account or
final payment, claims, Delay’s and Compensation, Disputes & its resolution mechanism,
Contract Management and administration

Valuation: Definitions of terms used in valuation process, Cost, Estimate, Value and its
relationship, Capitalized value. Concept of supply and demand in respect to properties ( land ,
building , facilities’), freehold and lease hold , Sinking fund, depreciation–methods of
estimating depreciation, Outgoings, Process and methods of valuation : Rent fixation, valuation
for mortgage, valuation of land.
 5. RECOMMENDED BOOKS
Text Book:

 B. N. Dutta, Estimating and Costing in Civil Engineering, 27th Revised Edition, New
 Delhi: UBS Publishers & Distributors Ltd.
 M. Chakraborti, Estimating, Costing, Specification & Valuation in Civil Engineering,
Kolkatta.

Reference Books:

 D. D. Kohli, and R. C. Kohli, A Text Book of Estimating and Costing (Civil), S

 Chand Publishers.
 S.C. Rangwala, Estimating, Costing and Valuation, 15th Edition, Charotar Publishing
 House Pvt. Ltd.
  G. S. Biridi, Textbook of Estimating & Costing, Dhanpat Rai & Sons.
  U.K. Shrivastva, Construction Planning and Management, Galgotia Publications.
 P.S. Gahlot and B.M. Dhir, Construction Planning and Management, New Age
Publishers.

Referred Indian Standards

 IS : 1200 (Part 1 to 28), Methods of Measurement of Building and Civil Engineering

Works, Bureau of Indian Standards


6. PREREQUISITES
 Basic knowledge on Elements of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics,
Building materials and Construction Technology and Computer Aided Building
Planning and Drawing. 


7. COURSE GRADING
This paper will have 100 marks which will be assessed as follows:

 Internal Assessment = 15 Marks

 Assignment = 05 Marks
 End semester examination (3 Hour duration) = 80 Marks
Total = 100 Marks

The marks will be converted into respective grading system, as per the norm of the
university, given bellow:
8. PEDAGOGY OR COURSE DELIVERY

The Quantity Surveying and Contract management course is meant for B.E.students of civil
engineering specialization. This course is designed to develop the techniques required to
measure, quantify and cost the construction works. During the course schedules, the
graduates will be introduced to the process of taking off quantities from a drawing.
Furthermore, the graduates will understand various professional practice issues including
contract, tendering process, departmental procedure and related legal issues. This will enable
them to conduct their affairs in a highly ethical manner holding paramount the safety, health
and welfare of the public. Overall this course will help the graduates to enter the profession
of Civil Engineering and to contribute to society at large.

The detailed pedagogy for covering the course is given bellow:

No. of Delivery
Concepts Reference Methodology
Lectures
Module 1:
 Introduction to Estimation Content delivery
o Types of Estimation in Theory class
1. Chap. 1, 2 and 3,
o Terminology through lectures
(Chakraborty).
o Principles of Measurement 03
2. Chapter 1 and 10
o Approximate Estimation
(Dutta)
o Detailed Estimation

 Detail estimation of buildings Content delivery

1. Chap. 5
o Long wall and short wall in Tutorial class
(Chakraborty).
method 05 through problem
2. Chapter 2 and 3
o Center line method solving aided by
(Dutta)
faculty member

Content delivery
Estimate of R.C.C structures Chapter 3 (B N
including Slab, beam, column, 1 Dutta) in class
 footings, with bar
02 through problem
Estimate of R.C.C structures
including Slab, beam, column,
footings, with bar
solving aided by
faculty member

Module 2:
 Estimation of Content delivery
o Steel roof truss in Theory class
1. Chap. 15
o Septic tank with soak pit through lectures
(Chakraborty). 05
Man hole
Quantity calculation for 2. Chapter 13 (Dutta)
Earthwork required in road Chapter 13 (B N
o with different methods. Dutta) 05
 Module 3:
 Specification Content delivery
o General specification in Theory class
1. Chap. 13
Detailed Specification through lectures
(Chakraborty). 07
Specification for different item
of works get involved in
building
2. Chapter 11 (Dutta)
Rate Analysis 1 Chapter, 13 05 Content
Introduction (Chakraborthy) delivery
General Procedure for rate Theory class
analysis 2 Chapter 11 (Dutta) through lecture
Rate analysis for common items
 
of work involved in building

Module 4:
 Contract Content delivery
o Types of contract 1. Chap. 19 in Theory class
o Contract documents (Chakraborty). 03 through lectures
o Tender 2. Chapter 17 (Dutta)
o Tender operations
 Carrying out of work Content delivery
1. Chap. 19 and 20
o Methods in Theory class
(Chakraborty). 02
o Muster roll through lectures
2. Chapter 17 (Dutta)
o Measurement book
 Land and Labour Laws Content delivery
o Land acquisition Act (LARR in Theory class
1. Chapter 28
Act) 02 through lectures
(Chakraborty).
o Types of labour
o Labour laws related to

Module 5:
Contract Management-Post award
Liquidated damages and bonus,
measurement and payment,
additions and alterations or
variations and deviations, breach of
contract,
Content delivery
1. Chap. 28 in Tutorial class
 Valuation of Buildings (Chakraborty). 05 through problem
Definitions of terms used in valuation
process, Cost, Estimate, Value and its
relationship, Capitalized value 2. Chapter 15 (Dutta) solving aided by
faculty member
Process and methods of valuation :
Rent fixation, valuation for mortgage,
valuation of land.
 MODULE 1 (A)

QUANTITY ESTIMATION FOR BUILDING

1.1 Estimation

Estimation is a process of calculating quantities and costs of various items required in

connection with a work. It is prepared by calculating the quantities from the dimensions
on the drawing for various items required to complete the project and multiplied by unit
cost of the item concerned.

1.1.1 Purpose of estimation

  To assess the volume of work involved in the project.
 To arrange and organize material, manpower, equipment and tools-and-plant
 necessary for the project.
  To fix the project completion period.
  To ascertain the fund required for completing the purpose to work.
  To justify the investment from cost benefit ratio.
  To invite tenders and preparation of bill of quantities.
 To obtain necessary administrative approval, necessary technical sanction and
 arrangement and allocation of funds required for the project.
 For valuation of an existing property.

1.2 Quantity Surveyor

Quantity surveyor is a person who is responsible on estimating the quantities from the
design drawings, and measurement of the quantities in the site during the project
implementation, and preparing the current and final payments

1.2.1 Duties of quantity surveyor:

  Preparing bill of quantities (Taking off, squaring, Abstracting and billing)
  Preparing bills for part payments at intervals during the execution of work.
 Preparing bill of adjustment in the case of variations ordered during the execution
 of work
 Giving legal advice in case of court proceedings

1.2.2 Essential qualities of a good surveyor

  The quality surveyor must be well versed with the drawings of work.
 He should be able to read the drawing correctly and bill the quantities accurately
  He should have a thorough knowledge of the construction procedure to be
adopted, the various items of works involved in the execution: and the different
 materials to be used in the work.
 He should be able to prepare schedule to be priced by tenderor.

1.3 Types of Estimation

There are five types of estimate:

a. Approximate Estimate
b. Detailed Estimate
c. Quantity Estimate
d. Revised Estimate
e. Supplementary Estimate

a. Approximate Estimate: This is also known as preliminary/rough estimate. This

estimate is prepared to work-out an approximate cost of the project in a short period
without going into details. This estimate is done for preliminary financial evaluation
of different alternatives and for administrative sanctions.

b. Detailed Estimate: This estimate is prepared by working out the quantities of

different items of work and then working out the cost by multiplying the quantities by
their respective rates. In detailed estimate provisions for any other expenses like
contingencies, T&P, work-charged establishment etc. are added to the above cost to
calculate the total amount required for project completion.

c. Quantity Estimate: Quantity Estimate/Quantity Survey is a part of detailed estimate

which list the quantities of all the items required to complete the project. These
quantities are worked out from the drawings. The purpose of Quantity Estimation is to
prepare bill of quantities.

d. Revised Estimate: It is a detailed estimate for the revised quantities or revised rates
of items of work originally provided in the estimate without any deviation in original
design and specifications approved for the project. It is required when the material
cost or the material quantities deviates significantly (> 5%) from sanctioned value.

e. Supplementary Estimate: This estimate is worked out during progress of work due
to any changes or addition of works to originally approved. A supplementary estimate
is different from the revised estimate in the aspect that, the former is worked out for
the works which are not present in the original design whereas the latter is worked out
when there is a deviation of materials from original proposal.

f. Abstract Estimate: This is the third and final stage in a detailed estimate. The
quantities and rates of each item of work, arrived in the first two stages, are now
 entered in an abstract form. The total cost of each item of work is now calculated by
multiplying the quantities and respective rates.

1.4 Data Required for Estimation:

To make an estimate following data are necessary: i.e. drawings, specifications and rates.

Drawings: For calculating quantities of various items for the work, various drawings like
plan, profile, section and elevation are required.

Specifications: Specifications contains detailed descriptions of all workmanship,

materials, and methods of preparation and execution for different items of the work.

Rates: The rates per unit of various items of work, the rates of various materials to be
used in the construction, the wages for various categories of labors are required for cost
estimate. Moreover the distance between location of work and source of materials and
cost of transportation of materials are required for calculating cost of materials at work
site.

1.5 Terminology

1.5.1. Taking off in quantity surveying:

This is the process of finding out the quantities for various items of works involved in a
project by taking off various dimensions from the plan, sections of the drawings and
tabulating in a measurement seat. The measurement sheet contains following columns
like description, number, length, breadth, thickness/height and quantity.

1.5.2. Contingencies:
There are certain expenses which are incidental in nature and it is not possible to predict
them with reasonable accuracy. To cater all such expenses an additional amount of 3% to
5% of estimated cost is provided in the total estimate.

1.5.3. Lump sum items:

These are small items, such as, front architectural or decoration work of a building, fire-
place, site-cleaning and dressing, etc., for which detailed quantities cannot be taken out
easily or it takes sufficient time to find the details. For such items a lump-sum rate is
provided in the estimate.

1.5.4. Work charged establishment:

During the construction of a project considerable number of skilled supervisors, work
assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis. The salaries of these
persons are drawn from the L.S. amount allotted towards the work charged establishment.
That is, establishment which is charged directly to work. An L.S. amount of 1½ to 2% of
the estimated cost is provided towards the work charged establishment.

1.5.5. Tools and plants (T&P):

Use of special type of tools and plants, like concrete mixture, batching plants or WMM
plant, etc., may be required for efficient execution of large projects. To cater such
expenses about 1% to 1.5% of the estimated cost is allotted under the head tools and
plants (T&P).

1.5.6. Day work:

During execution of a project there may be certain type of works, for which the actual
quantities of labor required is difficult to measure. For example fine architectural works,
and drawings in the wall. The payments towards such items are made on the basis of
actual number of days or actual quantity of materials required. Such works are known as
day works.

1.5.7. Sub work:

A large project may consist of several independent small works. Such small works are
known as sub work. For example setting of a university may contain the construction of
administrative building, classrooms, faculty chambers, hostels and faculty residences.
Estimations for each of the sub works are done separately and accounts of expenditure are
kept sub work wise.

1.5.8. Deposit work:

The construction or repair works whose cost is not met through government funds but
through some non-government sources is called deposited work. The cost is deposited in
cash or placed at disposal of the divisional officer. The works executed for municipalities
or other bodies fall under this category.

1.5.9. Provisional quantities:

During preparation of an estimate if it is apprehended that additional quantities against
some items may be required due to variation of site conditions, then those quantities are
estimated separately from the dimensions of the drawing and kept separately in the
estimate under a heading Provisional Quantities.

1.5.10. Provisional sum:

While preparing the estimate some amount is provided in it for items whose details
regarding cost or specifications are unknown during the preparation. For example the cost
and specifications for a lift may be unknown during estimation for the building. Such
amounts are known as provisional sum. However the payments for these provisional
items are done as per actual rate.

1.5.11. Prime Cost:

Prime cost is the purchase cost of articles at a shop. Prime cost is generally referred to the
supply of a particular article and not for carrying out a work. The prime cost includes the
cost for carriage but excludes the cost of fixing or fitting. For example: the door and
window fittings are purchased from the shop at a cost of Rs 1000.00. The transportation
cost is Rs.50.00 and the cost for fixing and fitting is Rs.100.00. Then the prime costs of
the fittings are Rs. 1050.00.

1.5.12. Actual Cost:

The actual cost is the actual expenditure incurred in completing a work excluding profit
but including other incidental, establishment and travelling charges. The actual cost is the
cost incurred by the contractor to complete the project.

1.5.13. Capital Cost:

Capital cost is the actual amount incurred in completing a work. This includes
expenditure incurred in surveying, designing, planning, drawing, cost of material,
equipment, laborers, supervision, legal expenses, travel expenses, taxes, electricity and
water charges, contingencies and any other expenses related to the work but excluding
profit.

1.5.14. Work value:

This is the total amount provided for all scheduled items of work in the estimate. Thus
work value is the estimated value for the work excluding the amount for contingencies,
work charged establishment, tools and plants etc. as per actual rate.

1.5.15. Abstracting in quantity surveying:

In abstracting the works of a similar description are assembled, grouped and transferred
from the measurement seat to a special rolled abstract paper where they are totaled and
reduced to their specified unit of measurement.

1.5.16. Summary of estimated cost:

This is the summation of abstract of estimated costs for different sub-works involved in
the project and is drawn up separately. Such a summary page is prepared when a project
contains different sub-works.

1.5.17. General abstract of cost:

This is the summarization of abstract of costs of several individual items of sub-works or
works as a whole, like: cost of land, earthwork, bridges, pavement, retaining wall, etc.
required to complete a road project. The amount required for contingency, work charged
establishment, T&P, maintenance are added on percentage basis to the general abstract of
a cost.

1.5.18. Bill of quantities (BOQ):

This is defined as a list of brief descriptions and estimated quantities. This lists in a
tabular form all the items of work involved in connection with estimate for a project with
the description, corresponding quantity, unit rate and amounts column. The columns
indicating unit rate and amounts are kept blank. BOQ is provided in a tender form for
item rate tenders. Contractors’ put up their own competitive rates and calculate the totals
to offer their estimate amount to complete the whole work. The BOQ is also required to
calculate the quantities of different materials required for the project.

1.6 Principles of Measurements

1.6.1. Units of measurement

The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and size and for
making payments to the contractor. The principle of units of measurements normally
consists the following:

Measurement
Unit Characteristics of Item Example
Type
Works have specific length
Length M.R As pipes
and width
2 Works with specific
Area M thickness, as plastering, painting,

3
Volume M Variable dimensions Footings, columns, stairs,

Lump-sum Lump- Works have details Earth work, earthling

(L.S) sum (L.S) difficult to be calculated system (electrical).

No. No. Works have 3 dim. fixed Windows, doors,

Weight Ton / kg Have specific width As steel

Workers’ wages,
Time Day / hrs Labor / equipment
equipment,

1.6.2. Rules for measurement

The rules for measurement of each item are invariably described in IS- 1200. However
some of the general rules are listed below.

 Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of each item
shall include materials, transport, labor, fabrication tools and plant and all types of
overheads for finishing the work in required shape, size and specification.

 In booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or
thickness.
  Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be measured
separately under separate items.

 All works shall be measured subject to the following tolerances.
o Linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m.
 o Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m
o Cubic contents shall be worked-out to the nearest 0.01 cum

2
 In concreting works any opening more than 0.1 m (for items measured by area) or
3
0.1 m (for items measured by volume) are deducted in the quantity calculation.

 The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions, workmanships
and accurately represent the work to be executed.

 In case of masonry (stone or brick) or structural concrete, the categories shall be
measured separately and the heights shall be describe.

1.6.3. Measurement for common items of work

Item Unit Method of measurement

Measurements for earthwork

It takes into consideration all site leveling
Site leveling Lump sum including the excavation, fill, till reach 0+B.M
according to design drawing.
Measured by 2 methods :
1. Footing areas according to blinding area ×
Excavation (cut) m3 depth of excavation according to drawings.
2. External dimensions of the building × depth
of footings
= Excavation – concrete work for footings and
3
Fill (backfill) m columns under ground level.
= Ground plan × depth of ground beams –
(concrete for ground beams and ground floors)
Concrete Work
Blinding concrete,
ground concrete, = Length × width (the thickness should be
2
benching, and m specified in the drawings and specifications)
slabs concrete with Ribs blocks don’t subtract from the slabs concrete.
fixed thickness
 Item Unit Method of measurement

= length × width × thickness

Footings, columns,
3 o Ground beams are measured from its
ground beams, m connection with columns
stairs, and o Concrete stars include the stairs, steps, stair
canopies,
slabs, walls supporting the stairs.
Concrete
decoration works No. The dimensions must be specified in the drawings.
as curves.
Plastering and Painting work

= length × width
o Engineering measurement after subtracting
2 2
Plastering and m the openings, more than 0.1 m
Painting o The area is measured above the skirting
(terrazzo chips)
Internal plastering = walls + slabs

Miscellanies Work

2 = length × width (the thickness should be

Block works m specified in the drawings and specifications)
2
- Subtract all openings more than 0.1 cm .
2
Terrazzo, marble, m = length × width
ceramic (engineering measurement)
The exact dimensions should be specified in the
design drawings.
2
Doors/ Windows No. Sometimes carpentry works measured in m or m
length according to the item described in BOQ.
The dimensions should be specified clearly in the
Electrical and design drawings as the sockets, lamps, fluorescent
sanitary pieces / No. lighting, etc.
accessories W.C., washing basins, sinks, manholes, pumps…
etc.
The dimension and details should be specified in
piping M.R
the drawings, as (cables, pipes, etc.)
Works with special All details should be specified in the drawings, as
Lumps sum
detail earthing, gas network, etc.
 1.7 Approximate Estimate

Approximate Estimate is made to find out an approximate cost in a short time and thus
enable the administrative authorities to evaluate the financial aspects of various schemes
and subsequently allows them to sanction them.

1.7.1. Importance

Approximate estimate is prepared with preliminary investigation and survey. It does not
require detailed surveying design, drawing etc. It is basically done to evaluate feasibility
of a project. If it is observed from approximate estimate that the cost of the project is very
high then the project may be abandoned without preparing a detailed estimate. Thus the
cost required for detailed surveying design or drawing required for preparation of detailed
estimate is saved.

1.7.2. Purpose of approximate estimate

 Approximate estimate provides an idea about the cost of the project, which
enables the authority to check the feasibility of the projects considering the funds
available for the project.

 Approximate estimate does not require any detail investigation, design or drawing
and hence saves both time and money.

 If several alternatives are available for the original works, a comparison is done
from approximate estimate and the decision is made to select the project according
to this comparison.

 Approximate estimate is required for getting the administrative approval for
conducting detailed investigation, design and estimation.

 Approximate estimate for a property or project is required for insurances and tax
scheduling.

1.8 Methods of Approximate Estimate

There are seven methods used for approximate estimate of the building.

  Plinth area or square meter method

  Cubic rate or cubic-meter method
  Approximate quantities with bill
  Service unit or Unit rate method
  Bay Method
  Cost comparison method
 Cost from materials and labor
1.8.1. Plinth area or square meter method:

This is prepared on the basis of plinth area of the building. The rate for unit plinth area is
deducted from the cost of a building having similar specifications and dimensions in the
locality. The plinth area is calculated for the covered area by taking external dimensions
of the building at the floor level. Plinth area does not include the courtyard or any other
open spaces.

1.8.2. Cubic rate or cubic-meter method:

In this method the cost is estimated by multiplying the cubical contents of the building
(length × breadth × height) with the rate calculated in cubic meter which is deducted from
a building having similar specifications and dimensions in the locality.

1.8.3. Approximate quantities with bill:

In this method the total length of walls is calculated from the plant. Length of different
sections of the wall like foundation including plinth and super structure and area of wood
work, flooring and roofing is calculated separately. These items are then multiplied by
their cost per running meter length or area in sq. to obtain the total cost.

1.8.4. Service unit or Unit rate method:

In this method all costs of a unit quantity such as per km. (highway), per meter (bridge),
per classroom (may be school or colleges), per bed (hospitals), per cubic meter (water
tank) is calculated and multiplied with the cost per unit deducted from similar structures
in the locality.

1.8.5. Bay Method:

The rate for one additional bay is calculated. Then the approximate estimated cost for the
building is worked out by multiplying the number of bays in the proposed building with
the cost of one such bay.

1.8.6. Cost comparison method:

When a number of dwellings of similar specification and dimensions are constructed as a

part of a larger project for example staff quarters, the approximate estimates for all such
dwellings can be estimated by multiplying the quantities of various items for a prototype
structure with present market rates.

1.8.7. Cost from materials and labor:

Here approximate quantities of materials and labor per sq. of plinth area are calculated
with some empirical equations or from past experience. This is then multiplied by total
plinth area of the building to calculate the total quantity of materials and labor required
for the building. The total cost is calculated by multiplying these quantities with
prevailing unit rate.

Practice question:

Q.1: Prepare approximate estimate of a building having Plinth Area of 1700 sqm using
following data: Plinth Area Rate @ Rs. 7500/- per sqm; Contingencies @ 5%; Work
Charged Estb @ 2%; Water Supply & Sanitary Arrangement @ 15% on cost of building;
Electrification @ 8% on building cost; Architectural Fee @ 1.5% on cost of building.

1.9 Detailed Estimate:

Detailed estimate is prepared by working out the quantities of different items of work and
then working out the cost by multiplying the quantities by their respective rates. The unit-
quantity method is followed to prepare a detailed estimate where, the rates per unit work
of one item including profit are estimated first and the total cost for the item is found, by
multiplying the cost per unit of rate by the quantity of items. In detailed estimate
provisions for any other expenses like contingencies, T&P, work-charged establishment
etc. are added to the above cost to calculate the total amount required for project
completion. The procedure for the preparation of a detailed estimate is divided into 2
parts:

a) Details of measurement and calculation of quantities

b) Abstract of estimated cost

1.9.1. Details of measurement and calculation of quantities

Representative measurements for dimensions of all individual items involved in the

whole work are taken off from the drawing of the work and entered in respective columns
of a standard measurement form as shown below. Then multiplying, item wise respective
dimensions of the quantities of all items are worked out in the measurement form.

Details of measurement form:

Item
Description Nos. Length Breadth Height/ Quantity Remark
No. Depth

1.9.2. Abstract of estimated cost

The cost of each item is calculated by multiplying the quintiles computed in the
measurement form with a specific rate in a tabular form known as abstract form as shown
below:
 Abstract of estimate form
Item
Descriptions Unit Quantity Rate Amount
No.

A percentage of 3% to 5% is added for contingencies, to allow for petty expenditures,

unforeseen expenditures due to changes in design, changes in rate, etc. which may occur
during execution of the work. Further, a percentage of 2.0% to 2.5% is also added to meet
expenditure of the work charged establishment. For big projects an amount of 1% to 1.5%
of the estimated cost is also provided to purchase special tools & plants for specific
purpose.

The main functions of an abstract of estimate are as follows:

 The total estimated cost and the different items of works required to complete
 project can be known.
 Basis on which percentage rate tenders are called after excluding the amount for
 contingency and work-charged establishment.
 A part of tender document and a contractor can arrive at his own rates from the
 schedule of work described in the description column.
  This is the basis on which bills are prepared for payment.
 Comparative costs of different items of works can be known.

1.10 Data Required for Detailed Estimate

Following data are required for calculation of detailed estimate:

 Drawing: The quantities of various items are taken off from the drawings mainly:
 plans, sections, and other relevant details for the works.
 Specifications: The specification of the work describes the nature, class,
workmanship, method of preparation etc. which are required to calculate the cost
of various items.

 Rates: The rates for different items of work are derived from schedule of rates or
from rate analysis. The estimated cost is calculated by multiplying the rates with
the quantities of various items.

 Standing circulars: The taxes and insurance etc. prevailing at the locality of the
work is required to fix up rates of various items.

1.11 Steps in Detailed Estimate

A detailed estimate can be analyzed in five distinct steps:

 Divide the whole project or work in various items.

  Divide the various items and group them under different sub heads.

 Enter the detailed of measurement of each item of work in measurements form and
calculate the total quantity of each of them.

 After the quantities are taken off, the numbers, length, area or volumes are estimated
and entered in last two columns of measurements sheet. All these values must be
checked by different persons by tick-mark in other color ink. If any correction is done
it must be cross checked.

 Finally, the cost under item of work is calculated from the quantities computed at
workable rates. These costs along with rates are entered in ‘Abstract Form’. Therein,
expenditures towards contingencies, work charge establishment and tools and plants
are added to the estimated cost and then totaled. This grand total gives the estimated
cost of work.

1.12 Factors Affecting the Cost of a Project

 Quantity of materials: For a large project, the quantity of materials required is

 large and thus it can be procured at a lower price.
 Availability of materials: The cost of materials, which are easily available, is
 comparatively lower.
 Transportation of materials: The cost of transportation is added to the cost of
the material at site. Thus more is the transportation cost; the more is the cost of
material.

 Location of Site: If the site is located at an odd place for which loading,
unloading, staking and restacking of materials are necessary for several times.
Thus, apart from cost incurred by such operations the possibility of damage or
loss in transit is more which affects the cost.

 Labor charges: The skill and daily wage of the local labor affects the rate of a
item.

1.13 Documents Accompanying Detailed Estimate

The detailed estimate is generally accompanied by following supporting documents:

a. Report on the design

b. Specifications
c. Working drawing (Plans, section, elevation and other details)
d. Design charts and calculations
e. Particulars of scheduled rates or rate analysis
 MODULE 1 (B)

ESTIMATION OF BUILDING

1.1. Building Estimate:

The quantities like earth work, foundation concrete, brickwork in plinth and super
structure etc., can be workout by any of following three methods:

a. Long wall - short wall method

b. Centre line method.
c. Partly center line and partly cross wall method

1.3.1. Long wall-short wall method

In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to be long wall while the
wall perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall. To get the measurement of
materials and works length of long wall or short wall, calculate first the center line
lengths of individual walls. Then the length of long wall, (out to out) may be calculated
after adding half breadth at each end to its center line length. Thus the length of short wall
measured into in and may be found by deducting half breadth from its center line length
at each end. The length of long wall usually decreases from earth work to brick work.in
super structure while the short wall increases. These lengths are multiplied by breadth and
depth to get quantities.

1.3.2. Center line method

This method is suitable for walls of similar cross sections. Here the total center line
length is multiplied by breadth and depth of respective item to get the total quantity at a
time. When cross walls or partitions or verandah walls join with main all, the center line
length gets reduced by half of breadth for each junction. Such junction or joints are
studied carefully while calculating total center line length. The estimates prepared by this
method are most accurate and quick.

1.3.3. Partly center line and partly cross wall method

This method is adopted when external (i.e., around the building) wall is of one thickness
and the internal walls having different thicknesses. In such cases, center line method is
applied to external walls and long wall-short wall method is used to internal walls. This
method suits for different thicknesses walls and different level of foundations. Because of
this reason, all Engineering departments are practicing this method.
1.2. Main items in building work:
Main items of work are given below:

Sl. Particulars Unit Remarks

No.

1 Earthwork Cum Earthwork in excavation and in filling should be

taken out separately under different types.
Foundation trenches are usually dug to the exact
width of foundation with vertical sides.
2 Bed concrete in Cum It is calculated by taking length, breadth and
foundation thickness of concrete bed.

3 Soiling sqm When the soil is soft, one layer of brick or stone
is laid below the bed concrete.

4 Damp proof course Cum It is a course provided at the plinth level under
the wall for the full width of plinth wall. It is not
provided at the sill of door and verandah
openings for which deduction is made which
calculating length of D.P.C.

5 Masonry Masonry for foundation and plinth is taken under

one item and masonry for superstructure is taken
under separate item. In case of wall footing,
masonry for steps is calculated separately and
added together. In buildings having more one
floor, the masonry for superstructure for each
floor is computed separately. Deductions for
openings like lintels, doors, windows, cupboards,
etc. is done. Thin partition walls of thickness less
than 10 cm, honeycomb brickwork is taken under
separate item in square meter and no deduction
for holes is done.
6 R. C. C. works Cum R.C.C. Work is calculated for beams, lintels,
columns, footing, slabs etc. No deduction for
steel is done while calculating the quantity of
concrete, which includes centering, shuttering
and fixing of reinforcement in position.
Reinforcement (quantity of steel) is taken under
separate item.

7 Reinforcement Ton The reinforcement quantity is taken off from

detail drawing and bar bending schedule. If detail
drawings are not available 0.8 to 3% of concrete
may be taken by volumes as a quantity of steel
which is further multiplied by density.
 8 Flooring Sqm/ For grounds floor, cement concrete and floor
finishing of stone, marble or mosaic tiles taken
Cum
under one item and quantity is calculated in
square meter. For upper floors, bed of R.C.C. is
taken cubic meter and other member is calculated
in cubic meter.

9 Roof Cum/ In case of roof, flat roofs are calculated in cubic

meter like slab and for pitched roof. Quantity of
Sqm trusses and other members is calculated in cubic
meter. In case of roofing material tiles, G.I.
sheets or A.C. sheets are measured in square
meter. Tiles on hip and valley are measured
running meter.
10 Plastering and pointing Sqm Plastering is expressed with specified thickness.
For masonry the measurements are taken for
whole face of wall for both sides as solid and
deduction for openings are made. External and
internal plastering for building are taken out
separately, under different items.
11 Doors and Windows Cum/ It consists of frame and shutter. Doors and
Squm windows framers are calculated in cubic meter.
Quantity is obtained by calculating length
including jamb, head and sill and multiplied by
cross-section of frame. Doors and window
shutters are calculated in square meter. Shutter of
different types should be taken separately
because the rates differ. Hold-fast are taken as a
separate item.
12 Painting, Varnishing, Sqm -
white washing and
distempering

13 Electrification LS Generally 8% of estimated cost of building works

is taken for this item.

14 Sanitary and water LS Generally 8% of estimated cost of building works

supply works is taken for this item.

1.3. Example 1: (Quantity estimation of a symmetrical wall)

The plan and cross section of a wall is given in Fig. 2.1. Estimate the quantities of
following items per meter length of the wall.

a. Earthwork in excavation in foundation trench

b. Lime concrete in foundation
c. First class brick work in 1:4 mortar mix in foundation and plinth
st
d. 1 class brick work in superstructure wall
 e. 2.5 cm thick DPC (1:2:4) with water proofing compound
20
cm
Roof

3.5 m

DPC 2.5 cm
PL

GL 30 cm 90 cm
30 cm

40 cm 20 cm

50 cm 20 cm

20 cm

70 cm

(Fig. 2.1)

Answer

(i) Earthwork in excavation (Length × Breadth × Height) = 1 × 0.7 × 0.9 = 0.63 cum
(ii) Lime concrete in foundation (L × B × H) = 1 × 0.7 × 0.2 = 0.14 cum
st
(iii) 1 class brickwork in foundation and plinth:
st
i. 1 footing (L × B × H) = 1 × 0.5 × 0.2 = 0.10 cum
nd
ii. 2 footing (L × B × H) = 1 × 0.4 × 0.2 = 0.08 cum
iii. Plinth wall (L × B × H) = 1 × 0.3 × 0.9 = 0.27 cum
Total = 0.45 cum
st
(iv) 1 class brickwork in superstructure (L × B × H) = 1 × 0.2 × 3.5 = 0.70 cum
(v) 2.5 cm thick DPC (L × B) = 1 × 0.2 = 0.20 sqm
Quantities can be estimated as above. But to denote the respective length, breadth and
height against the dimensions estimates are prepared after ruling out measurement sheets
as below.
Detail Measurement and Calculation of Quantities
Item No Description Unit No. L B H Quantity
1 Earthwork in excavation cum 1 1 0.7 0.9 0.63
2 Lime concrete in foundation cum 1 1 0.7 0.2 0.14
st
3 1 class brickwork (1:4) in cum
foundation and plinth
st 1 1 0.5 0.2 0.10
1 footing
nd 1 1 0.4 0.2 0.08
2 footing
Plinth wall 1 1 0.3 0.9 0.27
Total = 0.45
st
4 1 class brickwork in cum 1 1 0.2 3.5 0.70
superstructure
5 2.5 cm thick DPC sqm 1 1 0.2 - 0.20
1.4. Example on long wall - short wall method
Estimate the quantities of following items of a two roomed building given in Fig 2.2.

a. Earthwork in excavation in foundation trench

b. Lime concrete in foundation
c. First class brick work in 1:6 cement mortar in foundation and plinth
d. 2.5 cm thick DPC (1:2:4) with water proofing compound
st
e. 1 class brick work in cement mortar superstructure

(b) Details of footing

(a) Plan
(Fig. 2.2)

The dimensions of doors, windows and selves are

Door D = 1.20 m × 2.10 m.
Windows W = 1.00 m × 1.50 m
Shelves S = 1.00 m × 1.50 m

Answer: Given in next page

 Detail Measurement and Calculation of Quantities
Item Description Unit No. L B H Quantity Explanation
No.
1 Earthwork in excavation in cum Long wall, c/c. length
foundation

Long wall 2 11.70 1.10 1.00 25.74 L = 10.60+1.10=11.70

Short wall 3 5.20 1.10 1.00 17.16 L=6.30-1.10=5.20m
Total = 42.90
2 Lime concrete in foundation cum Length same for excavation
Long wall 2 11.70 1.10 0.30 7.72
Short wall 3 5.20 1.10 0.30 5.15
Total = 12.87
3 First class Brickwork in 1:6 cement cum
mortar in foundation and plinth
Long wall
st
1 footing 2 11.40 0.80 0.20 3.65 L=10.60+.80=11.40m
nd
2 footing 2 11.30 0.70 0.10 1.58 L=10.60+.70=11.30m
rd
3 footing 2 11.20 0.60 0.10 1.34 L=10.60+.60=11.20m
th
4 footing 2 11.10 0.50 0.10 1.11 L=10.60+.50=11.10m
Plinth wall above footing 2 11.00 0.40 0.80 7.04 L=10.60+.40=11.00m
Short wall
st
1 footing 3 5.50 0.80 0.20 2.64 L=6.30-.80=5.50m
nd
2 footing 3 5.60 0.70 0.10 1.18 L=6.30-.70=5.60m
rd
3 footing 3 5.70 0.60 0.10 1.03 L=6.30-.60=5.70m
th
4 footing 3 5.80 0.50 0.10 0.87 L=6.30-.50=5.80m
Plinth wall above footing 3 5.90 0.40 0.80 5.66 L=6.30-.40=5.90m
Total = 26.10
 Detail Measurement and Calculation of Quantities
Item Description Unit No. L B H Quantity Explanation
No.
4 2.5 mm thick DPC sqm
Long Walls 2 11.00 0.40 -- 8.80 L=10.60+.40=11.00m
Short wall 3 5.90 0.40 -- 7.08 L=6.30-.40=5.90m
Deduct door sills (-) 2 1.20 0.40 -- (-) 0.96
Total = 14.92
st
5 1 class brick work in lime mortar in cum
superstructure
Long Walls 2 10.90 0.30 4.20 22.47 L=10.60+.30=10.90m
Short wall 3 6.00 0.30 4.20 22.68 L=6.30-.30=6.00m
Deduct for door opening (-) 2 1.20 0.30 2.10 (-) 1.51
Deduct for windows opening (-) 4 1.00 0.30 1.50 (-) 1.80
Deduct for shelves (-) 2 1.00 0.20 1.50 (-) 0.60 Back of shelves 10 cm thick wall
Deductions for lintel over doors (-) 2 1.50 0.30 0.15 (-) 0.14 Bearing 15 cm
Deductions for lintel over windows (-) 4 1.30 0.30 0.15 (-) 0.23 Bearing 15 cm
Deductions for lintel over shelves (-) 2 1.30 0.30 0.15 (-) 0.12 Bearing 15 cm
Total = 45.75
1.5. Example on center line method
Estimate the quantities of following items of a two roomed building given in Fig 2.3.

a. Earthwork in excavation in foundation trench

b. Lime concrete in foundation
c. First class brick work in 1:6 cement mortar in foundation and plinth
d. 2.5 cm thick DPC (1:2:4) with water proofing compound
st
e. 1 class brick work in cement mortar superstructure

(b) Details of footing

(a) Plan
(Fig. 2.3)

The dimensions of doors, windows and selves are

Door D = 1.20 m × 2.10 m.
Windows W = 1.00 m × 1.50 m
Shelves S = 1.00 m × 1.50 m

Ans:
Total center length of the wall = 2 × c/c of long wall + 3 × c/c of short wall
= 2 × 10.60 m + 3 × 6.30 m = 40.10 m

It may be noted that, the above length includes some over lapped portions at the joints and
these excess quantities shall have to be deducted. This is accomplished by reducing the
center length by half breadth for each junction. The same principle applies to foundation
concrete, to footings, plinth wall and superstructure wall. At every stage deduction of half
breadth of the main wall at that particular level shall have to be made per junction from
the total Centre length, and this net Centre length after deduction shall be multiplied by
the respective breadth and height or depth to get quantities.
 Detail Measurement and Calculation of Quantities

Item Description Unit No. L B H Quantity Explanation

No.

()
Earthwork in excavation
1 cum 1 39.00 1.10 1.00 42.90
in foundation

2 Lime concrete in foundation cum 1 39.00 1.10 0.30 12.87 Length same for excavation

First class Brickwork in 1:6 cement

3 cum
mortar in foundation and plinth

st
1 footing 1 39.30 0.80 0.20 6.29

nd
2 footing 1 39.40 0.80 0.10 2.76

rd
3 footing 1 39.50 0.60 0.10 2.37

th
4 footing 1 39.60 0.50 0.10 1.98

Plinth wall above footing 1 39.70 0.40 0.80 12.70

Total = 26.10
 Detail Measurement and Calculation of Quantities

Item Description Unit No. L B H Quantity Explanation

No.

4 2.5 mm thick DPC sqm 1 39.70 0.40 -- 15.88

Deduct door sills (-) 2 1.20 0.40 -- (-) 0.96

Total = 14.92
st
1 class brick work in lime mortar
5 cum 1 39.80 0.30 4.20 50.15
in superstructure

Deduct for door opening (-) 2 1.20 0.30 2.10 (-) 1.51
Deduct for windows opening (-) 4 1.00 0.30 1.50 (-) 1.80

Deduct for shelves (-) 2 1.00 0.20 1.50 (-) 0.60 Back of shelves 10 cm thick wall
Deductions for lintel over doors (-) 2 1.50 0.30 0.15 (-) 0.14 Bearing 15 cm

Deductions for lintel over windows (-) 4 1.30 0.30 0.15 (-) 0.23 Bearing 15 cm

Deductions for lintel over shelves (-) 2 1.30 0.30 0.15 (-) 0.12 Bearing 15 cm
Total = 45.75
 MODULE – 1 (C)
REINFORCEMENT QUANTITY ESTIMATION

1.1 Reinforcement

In RCC works, steel reinforcement may be used in the form of (a) plain round steel bars,
(b)deformed bars, (c) cold twisted bars and (d) hot drawn steel tendons (in pre-stressed
concrete structures) and the estimation of quantities for each type should be done
separately.Accurate quantities of steel works can be calculated from the detail reinforcement
drawings. However, if working drawings and schedules for the reinforcement are not
available it is necessary to provide an estimate of the anticipated quantities which generally is
estimated in accordance with the requirements of the standard method of measurement of
building works.

The reinforcement quantities can be estimated by two methods:

(i) Approximate method, and

(ii) Estimation from bar bending schedule

1.2 Approximate method

There are two approximate methods for estimation of steel quantities. The crudest method is
based on the cubical content of the structure and type. Typical values are:

• For warehouses and similarly loaded structures: 1 ton per 10.5 m3 of structure
• For offices, shops, hotels: 1 ton per 13.5 m3 of structure
• For residential, schools, temples: 1 ton per 15.05 m3 of structure

The second approximate method is by estimating the cubical content of various members of
the structure. Following table (Table 3.1) gives the estimated quantities of reinforcement and
its size generally used for various building works. The volume of various reinforced concrete
members such as footings, beams, columns, slabs, lintels etc. are estimated first. Then the
approximate quantities of reinforcement can be calculated by multiplying this volume with
the approximate reinforcement required by the member.
 Table 1.1 (Approximate reinforcement quantity required for various concrete members)

Quantity in
Sl. No RCC Member Size of reinforcement required
kg/m3
01 Column footings 10mm or 12mm
75
12mm, 16mm – 85%
02 Grade beams Stirrups – 6mm or 8mm– 15%
100
8mm diameter – 85%,
03 Plinth beams Stirrups 6mm – 15%
125
16mm, 20mm and 25mm – 90%
04 Columns Ties – 6mm or 8mm – 10%
225
12mm, 16mm dia – 85%
05 Lintel beam Stirrups – 6 mm or 8mm – 15% 8mm dia
125
– 75%
06 Sunshades 60 Distributer – 6mm – 25%
07 Canopy slab up to 2.0 10mm dia – 80%
m span 125 125 Distributor bars – 6mm or 8mm –
20%
08 Staircase waist slab 12 or 16mm dia – 80%
150
Distributor 8mm dia – 15%
09 Roof slab
a) One way slab 80 8mm dia – 70%
b) Two way slab 100 Distributor – 6mm – 30%
c) Square slab (4m to 150 8mm dia – 100%
10 – 12mm dia – 100%
6m size)
10 Main beams above 6m 20mm, 16mm, 12mm – 80 – 85%
250
Stirrups – 8mm – 15 – 20%

1.3 Reinforcement quantity estimation from bar bending schedule

Bar bending schedule (or schedule of bars) is a list of reinforcement bars, vis-à-vis, a given
RCC work item, and is presented in a tabular form for easy visual reference. This table
summarizes all the needed particulars of bars – diameter, shape of bending, length of each
bent and straight portions, angles of bending, total length of each bar, and number of each
type of bar. This information is a great help in preparing an estimate of quantities as the
weight of each reinforcement type can be estimated by directly multiplying the length and
number of each bar type with its the per meter weight. This method has the advantages that:
• The sketches are representative of the actual structure
• The sketches include the intended form of detailing and distribution of main and secondary
reinforcement
• An allowance of additional steel for variations and holes may be made by inspection.

Table 1.2 (Additional length of bent up bars)

Table 1.3 (Typical Bar Bending Schedule)

1.4 Calculation for weight of reinforcement
The density of steel bars may be taken as 7850 kg/m3. Thus the weight for mm of diameter
steel bar of unit length is kg/m.
Table 1.4 provides the weight per running meter for common tor steel bars.
2
Diameter (mm) Sectional area (mm ) Weight (kg/meter length)
5 20.00 0.16
6 28.30 0.22
8 50.30 0.39
10 78.60 0.62
12 113 0.89
16 201 1.58
20 314 2.47
22 380 2.98
25 491 3.85
28 616 4.83
32 804 6.31
36 1118 7.99
40 1257 9.86
45 1590 12.49

1.5 Example on reinforcement quantity estimation

Prepare a bar bending schedule for a RCC beam of 4 m. clear span, 300 mm width and
450mm depth. It consists of hanger bars, main longitudinal bars and bent up bars at the
bottom as shown in Fig. 3.2. Stirrups at a spacing of 180 mm c/c are provided though out the
length of the beam. The clear cover to the reinforcement is 40 mm.

Fig: 1.1 (Reinforcement Details for the RCC beam)

Answer:

The first step in bar bending schedule is to calculate the length of various reinforcement
types.

(i) Calculation for 16 # bottom reinforcement (T1)

The length for this T1 type reinforcement will be:

Length of T1 = clear span of the beam + 2 × support width – 2 × clear cover to reinforcement
+ 2 × bond length.

As per IS: 1786-1961, minimum bond length required . Where, is the diameter of the
reinforcement. Thus, for present example, the bond length is 6×16 = 96 mm or 100 mm (say).

The length of T1 = 4000 + 2×230 - 2×40+2×100 = 4580 mm

16 # bottom reinforcement
100

4380
Details of T1 type reinforcement

(ii) Calculation for 12 # bent up bars (T2)

Length of T2

L = clear span of the beam + 2 × support width – 2 × clear cover to reinforcement

= 4000 + 2× 230 – 2 × 40 = 4380 mm

Or, H = 450 – 2 × 40 - 2 × 8 - 2 × (12/2) = 342 mm.

= 141.6 mm = 142 mm.

Length of hooks = 9 × 12 = 108 mm

Thus, the Length of T2 ,

= 4380 + 2 × 142 + 2 × 108 = 4880 mm

16 # bottom reinforcement

H 9

L
Details of T2 type reinforcement
 (iii) Calculation for 12 # hanger bars (T3)

Length of T3 = clear span of the beam + 2 × support width – 2 × clear cover to

reinforcement + 2 × .
Length of T3 = 4000 + 2 × 230 – 2 × 40 + 2 × = 4596 mm

4380

9Φ 9Φ

Details of T3 type reinforcement

(iv) Calculation for 8 # stirrups (T4)

Details of stirrups (T4)

The spacing between two stirrups is 180 mm center to center. Thus the number of stirrups
will be required is:
Bar Bending Schedule for RCC Beam

Bar
Unit Total Weight
Type Shape Numbers Length Diameter Weight
(kg)
(kg)

T1
2 4580 16 1.58 14.47

T2 1 4880 12 0.89 4.34

T3 2 4596 12 0.89 8.18

T4 24 1340 8 0.39 12.54

Total = 39.53