CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I. Background of the Study

In today’s world, electricity is considered as an integral utility. We can never think of

our lives without machines. Thus electricity plays a vital role in functioning of the society.

One of the portable and convenient sources of this electrical energy is a Battery. Battery is

the basic yet most powerful part of any device. Thus a bio battery is an energy storing device

that is powered by organic compounds.

Bio-battery generates electricity from renewable fuels (glucose, sucrose, fructose, etc)

providing a sustained, on-demand portable power source. When enzymes break down

glucose, several electrons and protons are released. Therefore, by using enzymes to break

down glucose, bio-batteries directly receive energy from glucose. These batteries then store

this energy for later use. Bio battery use biomolecules such as enzymes or even whole living

organism to catalyze oxidation of bio mass-based materials for generating electrical energy

(Siddiqui and Pathrikar, 2014).

Bio-battery can be called as energy accumulated device that is powered by organic

compounds, usually being glucose, like glucose in bananas. According to Dr. Cordain,

banana is one of the fruits that are high in sugar. It contains 15.6 grams sugar per 100 grams,

and it has the highest amount of sugar content compared to other fresh fruits.

(http://thepaleodiet.com/fruits-and-sugars/)

Bananas, aside from it has the highest amount of sugar content, were chosen because

of its availability. Bananas belonging to the AA cultivar group are known for being

1
extraordinarily sweet. Señorita bananas (Musa acuminata), Lakatan bananas (Musa

acuminata) and Latundan bananas (Musa sapientum) belong to this group. These are diploid

cultivars originating from the Philippines and is common in other Southeast Asian countries.

(http:// growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/bananavarieties.htm)

There are several reasons to research alternative fuel sources. One, it may lead to an

alternative solution to our dependence on oil and other types of energy sources that harm the

environment. Carbohydrates (glucose) are broken down to release energy and generate

electricity. This bio battery is not only friendly to the environment but also has great potential

for use as an energy source. Unlike fossil fuels, carbohydrates (glucose) do not contribute to

the increase in carbon dioxide. The invention of bio-battery contributes in the goodwill of the

environment (Anand and Urba, 2014).

Renewable energy sources such as glucose (which is present in plants and therefore

abundantly available) have an extremely high energy density. Batteries containing heavy

metals pose a danger to both the environment and human health. Bio batteries that have been

developed in recent years need to be placed in separate compartments for waste separation.

But in the near future, it may be possible to completely avoid metals in our batteries (Kannan

et al., 2008).

The main focus of our study is to test which of the three banana peelings, Señorita

banana (M. acuminate (AA Group) 'Señorita') peelings, Lakatan banana (M. acuminata (AA

Group) 'Lakatan') peelings and Latundan banana (Musa sapientum) peelings, is the most

potential raw material for bio battery production. To achieve this objective, the bananas will

2
be bought from the Tacloban City market and removed from its peelings. Then, the peelings

would be blended producing a slurry that will serve as the source of electricity.

II. Statement of the Problem

MAIN PROBLEM

Are the three banana cultivar (Musa acuminata ‘Lakatan’, ‘Señorita’ and Musa

sapientum ‘Latundan’) peelings potential raw materials for bio battery

production?

SUB PROBLEMS

1. Which of the three banana cultivar (M. acuminata ‘Lakatan’, ‘Señorita’ and

Musa sapientum ‘Latundan’) peelings is the most potential raw material for

bio battery production, in terms of its electricity produced?

a. Lakatan b. Señorita c. Latundan

2. Is there a significant difference between the potentiality of the three banana

cultivar (M. acuminata ‘Lakatan’, ‘Señorita’ and Musa sapientum

‘Latundan’) peelings as raw material for bio battery production, in terms of its

electricity produced?

III. Objectives of the Study

MAIN OBJECTIVE

3
 To determine if the three banana cultivar (Musa acuminata ‘Lakatan’,

‘Señorita’ and Musa sapientum ‘Latundan’) peelings are potential raw

materials for bio battery production.

SUB OBJECTIVES

1. To determine which of the three banana cultivar (M. acuminata ‘Lakatan’,

‘Señorita’ and Musa sapientum ‘Latundan’) peelings is the most potential raw

material for bio battery production, in terms of its electricity produced.

a. Lakatan b. Señorita c. Latundan

2. To determine if there is a significant difference between the potentiality of the

three banana cultivar (M. acuminata ‘Lakatan’, ‘Señorita’ and Musa

sapientum ‘Latundan’) peelings as raw material for bio battery production, in

terms of its electricity produced.

IV. Hypotheses

 None of the three banana cultivar (M. acuminata ‘Lakatan’, ‘Señorita’ and

Musa sapientum ‘Latundan’) peelings is a potential raw material for bio

battery production, in terms of its electricity produced.

 There is no significant difference between the potentiality of the three banana

cultivar (M. acuminata ‘Lakatan’, ‘Señorita’ and Musa sapientum

‘Latundan’) peelings as raw material for bio battery production, in terms of its

electricity produced.

V. Scope and Delimitation of the Study

4
 This study is concerned with the potential of Señorita banana (M. acuminata),

Lakatan banana (M. acuminata) and Latundan banana (Musa sapientum) peelings as a raw

material in producing bio battery. The three (3) bananas were aquired from Tacloban, City

Market. The study is limited to the use of 150 grams of peelings each kind of banana and 50

grams each setup used in the study. The scope of the problem lies in the reaction of the

different kinds of banana peelings to the same amount of yeast.

The whole study was conducted from September 7 to September 19; this period

included writing and editing of the paper, gathering of the necessary materials, extraction of

banana peelings, pre-trials, and the experiment proper.

VI. Significance of the Study

This study aims to produce an alternative source of electricity from an organic matter

which is the banana peelings. Bio batteries are highly desirable for meeting the rapidly

growing needs of cheaper portable electronics. For this reason, the researcher came up with

the idea of a portable power source with features such as enhanced energy-storage densities,

high levels of safety, instant recharge and small environmental footprints. With this, it may

lead to an alternative solution to our dependence on oil and other types of energy sources that

harm our environment. The findings of this study will be a significant endeavor to all

consumers for additional knowledge and use of banana peelings.

5
VII. Definitiom of Terms

Anode - The part of an electrical device (such as a battery) from which electrons leave.

Bio-battery - A bio-battery is an energy storing device that is powered by organic

compounds, usually being glucose, such as the glucose in human blood. When enzymes in

human bodies break down glucose, several electrons and protons are released.

Cardava Banana – Cardava (Cardaba) Bananas also known as Saba bananas are one of the

most important banana cultivars in the Philippines. It can be eaten raw or cooked into various

traditional Filipino desserts or dishes like maruya, turron, mix in halo-halo, ginanggang,

minatamis, sinapot, boiled and eaten with ginamos/fermented fish.

Cathode – The part of an electrical device (such as a battery) where electrons enter.

Electricity – A form of energy that is carried through wire and is used to operate machines,

lights.

Electrolyte – A liquid (such as the liquid in a battery) through which electricity can pass.

Electronic Mediators – Which transfer electrons between enzymes, and between enzymes

and electrodes.

Fructose – A very sweet kind of sugar that is formed in fruit juices and honey.

Glucose – A type of sugar that is found in plants and fruits.

6
Pseudostem - a false stem formed of the swollen leaf bases

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast) – A type of fungus that is used in making alcoholic

drinks (such as beer and wine) and in baking to help make dough rise

Slurry – a thick mixture of water and another substance

Sucrose – A type of sugar that is found in most plants

7
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Bio Battery

A Bio-Battery battery consists of two different metals suspended in an acidic

solution. They contain an anode, cathode, separator and electrolyte, which are the basic

components to any cell battery. Each component is layered on top of another component.

Anodes and cathodes are the negative and positive areas on a battery. The anode is located at

the top of the battery and the cathode is located at the bottom of the battery. Anodes are

components that allow electrons to flow in from outside the battery, whereas cathodes are

devices that allow current to flow out from the battery. (http://timourrashed.com/bio-

batteries/)

Bio Battery has certain specific characteristics. First, biological enzymes are used as

catalysts for the anode and cathode. Second, enzymes and electronic mediators (which

transfer electrons between enzymes, and between enzymes and electrodes) are fixed on the

anode and cathode. (http://www.biotecharticles.com/Applications-Article/Bio-Batteries-

Mechanism-of-Working-Advantages-and-Potential-Applications-3051.html)

Glucose is broken down on the anode side of the battery, producing protons (H+) and

electrons (e-). The protons (H+) are transferred to the cathode side through the separator,

while the electrons (e-) are transported to the cathode side through the mediator, which

8
transfers them to the external circuit. The cathode uses the enzymes to drive an oxygen-

reduction reaction which ultimately produces water using both the protons (H+) and the

electrons (e-) transferred from the anode. These reactions at the anode and cathode generate

electric energy by creating proton (H+) and electron (e-) flow in the cell system.

Bio batteries are heavily based on the amount of glucose available. The

decomposition of materials to glucose (if they are not already in the proper stage) is the main

step in getting the cycle started. Materials can be converted into glucose through the process

of enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the process in which cellulose (an insoluble

substance) is converted to glucose with the addition of enzymes. After glucose exists oxygen

and other enzymes can act on the glucose to further produce hydrogen ions and electrons.

(http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/175137-sugar-powered-biobattery-has-10-times-the-

energy-storage-of-lithium-your-smartphone-might-soon-run-on-enzymes)

Living organisms and Energy

Plants, during photosynthesis, use sunlight as an energy source to convert water and

carbon dioxide into carbohydrates (glucose) and oxygen. Animals, on the other hand, obtain

the energy they need by taking oxygen through respiration and consuming carbohydrates

from food. They emit carbon dioxide and water. Glucose has an extremely high energy

density. For example, a 150g serving of rice, which include large amounts of glucose,

contains 240 kcal of energy. This is equivalent to 96 AA batteries. (http://hyperphysics.phy-

astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/enercyc.html)

Sugar is an excellent source of energy. Most living cells generate their energy from

glucose by passing it down an enzymatic chain that converts it into different sugars. This

9
enzymatic cascade provides the necessary energy to create an electrochemical gradient. This,

in turn, can be used to power an enzyme that synthesizes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – the

universal biological energy currency (Sutikno, 2008). However, extracting this energy from a

sugar if you’re not a biological organism is tricky – short of combustion, which is impractical

to power handheld electronics.

Banana as a source

Banana is undoubtedly the most common important fruit in the country. It is the only

fruit that abounds in the market anytime of the year. This is because the fruiting of banana is

non-seasonal, hence, its fruit is available all the year-round, unlike many other fruits, which

are available only during certain time of the year.

Bananas contain Magnesium and Zinc. Magnesium (Mg) can react with the dichloride

and a strong electrolyte. Magnesium is the amount of 15% of the total amount of

bananas. Bananas also contain zinc (Zn) which is a positive electrode, the amount of zinc

content in bananas to 2%. So that the mineral is most responsible for electricity is potassium,

which react with the sodium salt. Magnesium and zinc salts is possible also played a part in

delivering and storing the electricity current direction. (http://energy-

electricity.blogspot.com/2012/06/electricity-of-banana-skin.html)

The average voltage produced by a dry battery with a banana skin electrolyte is 1.24

volts. And resilience in the average wall clock for 5 days 6 hours (135 hours). Construction

of a banana skin dry batteries with regular batteries. The difference is in the

electrolyte. According to Drs. Asep Jamal (2008), Banana peel contains some minerals that

can serve as an electrolyte. Minerals in the greatest number is potassium (K +). Banana skins

10
also contain salts that contain sodium chloride (Cl-) in small amounts. The reaction between

potassium and sodium salts to form KCl. KCl is the solid electrolyte capable of ionized and

conduct electricity (Sucipto, 2007).

Señorita banana (Musa acuminata)

Señorita bananas also known as 'Monkoy', 'Sarot-sut', 'Cariños' or 'Cariñosa', 'Arnibal'

or 'Inarnibal' in Negros Occidental (literally "syrup" in Hiligaynon), and 'Lunsuranon' in

Surigao. It is also known as 'Pisang Lampung' in Indonesia. It is also commonly known as

the 'Forty day banana' (Filipino/Spanish: 'Cuarenta Dias', Malaysian: 'Pisang Empat Puluh

Hari'), a reference to the average amount of time between flowering and bearing fruits of this

cultivar.

Señorita bananas are diploid cultivars of the banana Musa acuminata originating from

the Philippines. They are very small stout bananas which, like all bananas belonging to the

AA cultivar group, are known for being extraordinarily sweet.

(http://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/bananavarieties.htm)

As one of the shortest banana, the fruits are 85 mm (3.3 in) in length, with a width of

34 mm (1.3 in). The fruits are straight with a rounded transverse section and a bottle-necked

apex. Fruits are light green and turn a light yellow when ripe. The skin is very thin and easily

cracks when overripe, they also tend to snap off the stems by themselves when ripe.

Fruits of the Señorita bananas are not as common as Lacatan and Latundan for dessert

bananas in the Philippines, but they are still highly regarded for their exceptionally sweet

taste and soft creamy flesh. They are seldom cultivated in large quantities due to their

vulnerability to diseases and thus are more commonly found sold in small farmer stalls. They

11
are popular treats for tourists visiting rural areas in the

Philippines. (http://www.marketmanila.com/)

Lakatan bananas (Musa acuminata)

Lakatan bananas also known as Pisang Berangan' (Malaysia), 'Pisang Barangan',

'Pisang Barangan Merah' and 'Pisang Berangan Kuning' (Indonesia), 'Kluai Hom Maew' and

'Kluai Ngang Phaya' (Thailand).

Lakatan bananas are also diploid banana cultivars (AA Group) from the Philippines.

It is one of the most common banana cultivars in the Southeast Asian countries, along with

the Latundan and Saba bananas. Lakatan typically grow to a height of five to nine feet. These

are longer and thicker-skinned type of bananas than the Latundan bananas and turn a

characteristic yellow-orange when ripe. The fruits can be harvested 8 to 12 months after

planting. (http://www.promusa.org/Lakatan)

Latundan bananas (Musa sapientum)

Latundan bananas also known as Tundan, Silk bananas, Pisang raja sereh, Manzana

bananas or Apple bananas are diploid banana cultivars (AA Group) just like Lakatan and

Senorita. These are originally from the Philippines and is most common in Southeast Asian

countries.

Latundan plants typically reach a height of 10 to 13 feet. They require full or partial

sun exposure. The flowers are yellow, purple, or ivory in color. The fruits are round-tipped

with thin yellow skin that splits once fully ripe. They are smaller than the Lakatan cultivar

12
and the commercially dominant Cavendish bananas. They have a slightly acidic, apple-like

flavor. (http://theinfolist.com/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=latundan_banana)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Fermentation involves a wide range of organisms. Fungi, however, is commonly

favored since most fungal species are robust organisms.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae are simple unicellular organisms belonging to the

Kingdom Fungi. They are relatives of molds, mildews and mushrooms. Like all organisms,

yeast need energy to do the work of living (synthesis, transport, reproduction, etc.) They

obtain this energy through a process called cellular respiration, which involves the oxidation

of organic molecules. Some of the energy produced by this oxidation is stored in the

chemical bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - the energy currency of the cell. There are

two types of cellular respiration - aerobic and anaerobic.

Lithium-ion battery

A Lithium-ion battery is usually composed of a series of cells that produce electricity.

Each cell has three essential components: the anode, the cathode, and the electrolyte. When

the anode and cathode are connected by an electrical conductor like a wire, electrons flow

from the anode through the wire to the cathode, creating an electrical current, while the

electrolyte conducts positive current in the form of positive ions, or cations. The materials

used for each of these components determine the battery's characteristics, including its

capacity—or total amount of energy it can deliver—and its voltage—or the amount of energy

per electron. (http://physicscentral.com/explore/action/lithium.cfm)

13
 Lithium-ion batteries are common in home electronics. They are one of the most

popular types of rechargeable batteries for portable electronics, with a high energy density,

tiny memory effect and low self-discharge. Beyond consumer electronics, LIBs are also

growing in popularity for military, battery electric vehicle and aerospace applications. For

example, lithium-ion batteries are becoming a common replacement for the lead acid

batteries that have been used historically for golf carts and utility vehicles. Instead of heavy

lead plates and acid electrolyte, the trend is to use lightweight lithium-ion battery packs that

can provide the same voltage as lead-acid batteries, so no modification to the vehicle's drive

system is required. (Valøen, Lars and Shoesmith, 2007). Unlike standard AA and AAA

alkaline batteries, can be recharged by running the anode and cathode reactions in reverse.

Typically this is done by a charger that is plugged into a powerful electricity source such as a

wall socket or a car cigarette lighter. The ability to be recharged many times over without

much loss of capacity is another major advantage of the lithium-ion battery. (Abruna, Kiya,

Henderson, 2008)

Despite all these advantages, lithium-ion batteries are not perfect. You may have

noticed that the amount of charge your cell phone and laptop batteries can hold decreases

after a few years. Lithium-ion batteries develop increased internal resistance over time,

which decreases their ability to deliver current. In addition, lithium-ion batteries are

vulnerable to a number of potential problems, including overheating at the anode (possibly

compounded by heat from the device the battery is powering), and oxygen production due to

overcharging at the cathode. (Abruna, et al., 2008)

14
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Collection of Banana

The researcher gathered the three (3) kinds of banana from Tacloban City Market.

Preparation of Materials

Materials that were needed for the experimentation were prepared within one (1) day.

Nine (9) covered medium-sized round aquariums, one-hundred fifty (150) grams of Lakatan

banana peelings, one-hundred fifty (150) grams of Latundan banana peelings, one-hundred

15
fifty (150) grams of Señorita banana peelings, three (720) mL of distilled water, (7.5) mg of

yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), weighing scale, measuring spoons, measuring cups,

blender, alligator clips, aluminum rod, copper rod, and multitester were used in the

experiment.

Sterilize and Wash

The banana peelings were washed to remove the wax and dirt. The medium-size

round aquariums were sterilized to ensure that there weren’t any other particles that would be

involved.

Blend the Banana Peelings with Distilled Water

The banana peelings were cut into 1 cm slices and placed along with (240) mL of

distilled water and (2.5) mg of yeast into a blender. Then blended until it turned into a slurry.

Application of Treatments

Nine (9) medium-sized round aquariums containing three (3) different treatments,

replicated twice. It is as follows: Set-ups A1, A2 and A3 with “Lakatan’ banana slurry, set-

ups B1, B2 and B3 with ‘Latundan’ banana slurry and set-ups C1, C2 and C3 with ‘Señorita’

banana slurry. All are exposed to 2.5mg of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

Fermentation

16
 The three (3) set-ups vary in the kind of banana. All set-ups were exposed to the same

amount yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and have undergone fermentation for seven (7)

days.

Test using a Multitester

After the fermentation process, each set-up was transferred in a standard size test tube

and were tested using a multitester to determine its voltage capacity. Copper rod (+) and

Aluminum rod (-) were exposed to the solution for a minute before tallying its voltage

capacity shown in the multitester to allow the voltage to stabilize. It was measured in volts

at .50DCV setting.

Experimental Design

This study made use of separate experimental groups for each particular treatment.

Set-up A, B and C having two replicates. Each set-up vary in the kind of banana used but are

exposed to the same amount of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) which amounts to 2.5 mg

per set-up. Set-up A with ‘Lakatan’ banana slurry, Set-up B with ‘Latundan’ and Set-up C

with ‘Señorita’. The study made use of Matched Group Experimental Design.

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

After 7 days of fermentation, all three (3) experimental set-ups, each having 80mL

banana peeling slurry with 2 replicates were observed. Data collection was done using a

multitester having aluminium rod (cathode) and copper rod (anode) dipped in the slurry for a

17
minute to allow voltage to stabilize. The findings of this investigative study are summarized

in Table 1 and hereby discussed.

Table 1. Amount of electricity produced by the three banana cultivars (Musa

acuminata ‘Lakatan’, ‘Señorita’ and Musa sapientum ‘Latundan’) at 0.5 DCV.

AMOUNT OF AMOUNT OF
AMOUNT
BANANA ELECTRICITY
TREATMENTS OF YEAST MEAN
PEELING PRODUCED (V)
(mg)
SLURRY (mL) R1 R2 R3
A
80 mL 2.5 mg 0.10V 0.03V 0V 0.043V
(Lakatan)
B
80 mL 2.5 mg 0.16V 0.10V 0.10V 0.120V
(Latundan)
C
80 mL 2.5 mg 0.30V 0.15V 0.10V 0.183V
(Señorita)

Table 1 shows the amount of electricity produced by three banana cultivars (Musa

acuminata ‘Lakatan’, ‘Señorita’ and Musa sapientum ‘Latundan’) measured in volts (V) at

0.5 DCV. Column 1 lists the labels of treatments, column 2 lists the amount of banana

peeling slurry measured in millilitres while column 3 is the constant amount of yeast treated

to all the set ups. The amount of electricity produced by each replicate is listed next and the

average of the three (3) replicates is listed last.

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Row Total (Row Total)2

three banana cultivars (Musa acuminata ‘Lakatan’, ‘Señorita’ and Musa sapientum

‘Latundan’)

18
 In Table 2, listed are the data gathered based from the computed Analysis of Variance

of the amount of electricity produced by the three banana cultivars (Musa acuminata

‘Lakatan’, ‘Señorita’ and Musa sapientum ‘Latundan’). There is no much of a difference

among the amount of electricity produced, however, data shows that Treatment C (Musa

acuminata Señorita) have had obtained the highest amount of electricity produced amongst

the three banana cultivars.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY

Electricity produced by the three banana cultivars: set-up A having Lakatan banana,

set-up B having Latundan banana slurry and set-up C having Señorita banana slurry, was

19
measured using a multi tester. Aluminum rod being the cathode and the Copper rod being the

anode was dipped in every experimental set-up for one minute to assure stability in the

voltage reading. Voltage reading was then written in a tabulated form. An average of 0.043V

was noted to be produced by the Lakatan banana slurry, average of 0.120V from Latundan

banana slurry and an average of 0.183V was noted to be produced by the Señorita banana

slurry. This shows that Señorita banana slurry has the most potential to be a raw material for

bio battery production.

Results on the statistical analysis of the electricity produced by the three banana

cultivars (Musa acuminata ‘Lakatan’, ‘Señorita’ and Musa sapientum ‘Latundan’) show that

there is no significant difference in the mean of electricity produced by the three banana

cultivars (Musa acuminata ‘Lakatan’, ‘Señorita’ and Musa sapientum ‘Latundan’).

All the three set-ups produced a certain amount of electricity, however, none of the

set-ups produced electricity that is enough to light the single LED.

CONCLUSION

Data shows that set-up C with Señorita banana produced the most amount of

electricity. We therefore conclude that among the three species of banana used, the Señorita

banana (Musa acuminata AA Group) has the highest potential to be a raw material for bio

battery production.

In comparison to the commercially available lithium-ion battery in terms of its

environmental impact, bio battery is safer to use. Bio battery is proven to be environmentally

friendly for it contains no toxic and is non-flammable. It is safer to use, for it is obtained

from organic materials.

20
RECOMMENDATION

The researcher would like to recommend for further studies conducted to use another

method other than fermentation for there are more effective methods that can be used. The

researcher would also like to recommend that further studies consider using other parts of the

banana tree like the leaves, stem, heart, and roots that will serve as the source of electricity.

Lastly, the researcher would like to recommend that further studies consider using other fruit

that are rich in glucose as the subject of the research study.

APPENDICES

ANOVA

A. SSBT = (0.13)2+ (0.36)2+(0.55)2 _ (1.04)2

= 0.0169+0.1296+0.3025 _ 1.0816
2 9
= 0.449 _ 1.0816

21
 2 9
= 0.1497-0.1202

= 0.0295

B. SSWT = [(0.10)2+(0.03)2+(0)2+(0.16)2+(0.10)2+(0.10)2+(0.30)2+(0.15)2+(0.10)2] -
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv(0.13)2+(0.36)2+(0.55)2
3
= 0.179-0.1497

= 0.0293

C. SST = SSBT - SSWT

= 0.0295 + 0.0293

= 0.0588.

D. DFBT = t -1

= 3–1

= 2

E. DFWT = t (r-1)

= 3(3-1)

= 3(2)

= 6

F. DFTOTAL = DFBT +DFWT

= 2+6

=8

G. MSBT = SSBT
DFBT
= 0.0295
2
= 0.01475

22
H. MSWT = SSWT
DFWT
= 0.0293
6
= 0.0049

I. FCALC = MSBT
MSWT
= 0.01475
0.00488
= 5.14

PHOTO DOCUMENTATION

23
 Gathering of banana cultivars (Musa Preparation of materials to be used in the
acuminata ‘Lakatan’, ‘Señorita’ and Musa experimentation.
1 sapientum ‘Latundan’)

Sterilizing the medium sized round aquariums Weighing of Banana Peeling and Yeast.
and washing of banana peelings.

Cutting of Banana Peelings into 1cm slices Blending of Banana Peelings with 2.5 mg yeast

24
Putting the banana slurry to the medium sized Containers are being observed as the
round aquarium. fermentation process was going on.

Testing the solution with the use of multitester, Banana slurries were transferred into a standard
alligator clips, aluminum rod and copper
LIST size test tube and were covered with a cork
rod.OF REFERENCES

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Munukutla Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.9, 1665–1678,
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D. Yamaguchi, et al, Meet. Abstr. - Electrochem. Soc. (2010), in press
M.B.Fischback, J.K.Y oun, X.Zhao, P.W ang, H.G.P ark, H.N. Chang, J.Kim, and
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