ELEC6014 (EZ412/612) Radio Communications Networks and Systems S Chen

Revision of Lecture Three

• We have an indepth look into wireless mobile channels

• Doppler spread which causes frequency dispersion

– Physical dimension Doppler frequency, effects of which are characterised by
Doppler power spectrum with parameters Doppler spread/coherence time

• Multipath which causes time dispersion

– Physical dimension excess delay, effects of which are characterised by power
delay profile with parameters mean excess delay, root mean square delay
spread/coherence bandwidth

• Similar spatial dimension characterised by angle power spectrum with parameters

mean angle, root mean square angle spread/coherence distance

This lecture we use first two physical dimensions to further classify channels, in
particular, channel impulse response

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ELEC6014 (EZ412/612) Radio Communications Networks and Systems S Chen

Narrow-Band Channels

• Narrow-band channels: also called flat fading, occurs when BS ≪ BC or TS ≫ στ

u(t) z(t)
hB (t,τ ) τ << Ts
u(t) h B(t, τ) z(t)
t t t
0 Ts 0τ 0 Ts+τ
U(f) HB (f) Z(f)
f f f

• Transmitted signal bandwidth BS is much smaller than channel coherence

bandwidth BC , or symbol period TS is much larger than rms delay spread στ ⇒
All the transmitted frequency components encounter nearly identical propagation
delay, and received signal sampled at symbol rate is given by

r(k) = (aI + jaQ) · s(k)

where s(k) is transmitted symbol at sample k, and r(k) received signal sample

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ELEC6014 (EZ412/612) Radio Communications Networks and Systems S Chen

Narrow-Band Channels (continue)

• There is no ISI for a narrow band channel, but the channel can be time varying,
that is, aI and aQ are time varying (fading)

• Time varying
q nature of aI and aQ is characterised by Doppler spectrum S(f ),
and a = a2I + a2Q is Rayleigh distributed (fading)

• Baseband Rayleigh fading channel simulator:

An white Gaussian process with unit S(f)
variance convoluted with a filter having aI
specified Doppler spectrum yields real part AWGN a= (a I )2 + (aQ )2
-f m fm
aI of channel tap
a, φ

Similarly, imaginary part aQ is generated S(f)

aQ aQ
AWGN φ = tan-1
q
a = a2I + a2Q is then the required -f m fm
aI
Rayleigh process

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ELEC6014 (EZ412/612) Radio Communications Networks and Systems S Chen

Generating Flat Rayleigh Channel

• Method of generating Rayleigh channel can be time-domain based, but frequency-

domain based is more convenient
– Given carrier frequency fc and mobile speed v specifies Doppler frequency fm
– Symbol rate or symbol period Ts determines how you should sample AWGN
process, and Ts and fm specify required normalised Doppler frequency f¯m

AWGN a I(k)
time
samples
FFT IFFT samples

Doppler spectrum
samples

Block of AWGN time samples is FFT → frequency samples are convoluted with Doppler spectrum
samples → Doppler spectrum shaped frequency samples are IFFT to yield block of real-part channel
tap time samples {aI (k)}
Similarly, {aQ (k)} are generated
q
a(k) = a2I (k) + a2Q (k) is the required Rayleigh process time sample

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ELEC6014 (EZ412/612) Radio Communications Networks and Systems S Chen

Wideband Channels

• Wideband channels: also called frequency selective, occurs when BS > BC or

TS < στ
u(t) z(t)
hB (t,τ ) τ >Ts
u(t) h B(t, τ) z(t)
t τ t t
0 Ts 0 0 Ts+τ
U(f) HB (f) Z(f)
f f f

• Signal bandwidth BS is larger than channel coherence bandwidth BC , or symbol

period TS is smaller than rms delay spread στ ⇒ Channel has different gains and
delays for different frequency components, and symbol-rate received signal sample
is given by
NX−1
r(k) = (aI,i + jaQ,i) · s(k − i)
i=0
where s(k) is transmitted symbol at sample k and r(k) received signal sample

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ELEC6014 (EZ412/612) Radio Communications Networks and Systems S Chen

Wideband Channels (continue)

• A frequency selective channel introduces ISI, and an equaliser is required at receiver

• Each
q aI,i + jaQ,i represents a Rayleigh fading multipath component, with ai =
a2I,i + a2Q,i Rayleigh distributed

• How fast time varying the channel is depends on Doppler spread

• Baseband channel simulator: s(k) Ts ... Ts

Rayleigh Rayleigh Rayleigh

fading fading fading
simulator simulator simulator

a0 a1 aN-1
...

Σ
r(k)

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ELEC6014 (EZ412/612) Radio Communications Networks and Systems S Chen

Channel Classification

• Time-varying rate depends

on TS /TC or BS /BD TS
flat slow flat fast TS : symbol period
Slow fading: TS ≪ TC or fading fading
TC : coherence time
BS ≫ BD
Fast fading: TS > TC or στ frequency frequency
στ : rms delay spread
selective selective
BS < BD slow fading fast fading
TS
• Frequency selective depends TC
BS
on TS /στ or BS /BC frequency frequency
selective selective BS : signal bandwidth
Flat: TS ≫ στ or BS ≪ BC fast fading slow fading
BC BD : Doppler spread
Selective: TS < στ or
BS > BC flat fast flat slow
BC: coherence bandwidth
fading fading

• Most difficult case is frequency BS

BD
selective and fast fading
Further consider rms angle spread σθ / coherence distance Dc, classification ⇒ three-D regions

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ELEC6014 (EZ412/612) Radio Communications Networks and Systems S Chen

Fading Channel Example

The power delay profile of a typical urban mobile radio channel is given below:
P(τ ) Power delay profile of typical urban
channel impulse response
1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 τ (µ s)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

1. Estimate the 50% coherence bandwidth of the channel. 2. Will this channel be suitable for AMPS
(which has a baseband signal bandwidth BS = 30 kHz) and GSM (which has a baseband signal
bandwidth BS = 200 kHz) service without the use of an equaliser?
In a GSM system with the carrier frequency fc = 1.8 GHz, a mobile moves at a speed of
v = 120 km/hr. 3. Estimate the Doppler spread of the corresponding channel. 4. Is this channel
classified as being slow or fast fading?
Note: AMPS – Advanced mobile phone system; GSM – Global system for mobile communications

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ELEC6014 (EZ412/612) Radio Communications Networks and Systems S Chen

Solution: 1. RMS delay spread στ and coherence bandwidth BC

X
P (τi ) = 1 + 0.5 + 0.65 + 0.2 + 0.15 + 0.1 = 2.6
X
P (τi )τi = 1 × 0 + 0.5 × 0.25 + 0.65 × 0.5 + 0.2 × 1.5 + 0.15 × 2.5 + 0.1 × 5 = 1.625 (µs)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
X
P (τi )τi = 1×0 +0.5×0.25 +0.65×0.5 +0.2×1.5 +0.15×2.5 +0.1×5 = 4.08125 (µs)
P (τi )τi2
P P
P (τi )τi ¯
τ̄ = P 2
= 0.625 (µs), τ = P = 1.5697115 (µs)2
P (τi ) P (τi )
1
q
στ = τ¯2 − (τ̄ )2 = 1.086 (µs), BC ≈ = 184 (kHz)
5στ
2. For AMPS, as BS = 30 kHz ≪ BC , the channel is flat, and an equaliser is not required. For GSM,
as BS = 200 kHz > BC , the channel is frequency selective, and an equaliser would be required.
3. For single carrier frequency fc = 1.8 GHz, v = 120 km/hr and c = 3 × 108 m/s, the maximum
Doppler frequency deviation is

vfc 1.2 × 105 × 1.8 × 109

fm = = = 200 (Hz)
c 3600 × 3 × 108
Since the signal bandwidth is very small in comparison to the the carrier frequency, the Doppler spread

BD ≈ fm = 200 (Hz)
4. Since BS = 200 kHz ≫ BD , the channel is slow fading.

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ELEC6014 (EZ412/612) Radio Communications Networks and Systems S Chen

Comments

• We have finished mobile radio channels. To understand mobile communication

technologies, you need an understand of mobile communication media

• Two main sources of hostility in mobile media are Doppler spread and multipath.
Many techniques developed are counter measures for fading and frequency
selective

• Consider a simple example. Channel coding is very good in detecting and correcting
isolated bit errors. When a channel is in a deep fade, bursts of bit errors will occur,
and this causes problem for channel decoding. A simple interleaver will do the
trick: it mixes up bit sequence for transmission. At receiver, de-interleaver will
break up bursts of bit errors into isolated ones.

• There are many examples. It is useful in the subsequent parts of study that a
connection with mobile radio media is made

• ST processing is powerful, as it exploits a whole new spatial (angle) dimension

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ELEC6014 (EZ412/612) Radio Communications Networks and Systems S Chen

Summary
• Narrow-band (flat) channels and wideband (frequency selective) channels

• Classification of channels:
TS
– Slow fading: flat slow flat fast TS : symbol period
TS ≪ TC or BS ≫ BD fading fading
– Fast fading: TC : coherence time
TS > TC or BS < BD στ frequency frequency
στ : rms delay spread
– Flat: selective selective
slow fading fast fading
TS ≫ στ or BS ≪ BC
– Frequency selective: TS
TC
TS < στ or BS > BC BS
frequency frequency
selective selective BS : signal bandwidth
• Sources of (time) fading and fast fading slow fading
BC BD : Doppler spread
frequency selective: Doppler
flat fast flat slow
spread and multipath BC: coherence bandwidth
fading fading

• Spatial dimension can also be BS

BD
exploited

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