DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY
OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR
ECE-326-PULSE AND SWITCHING WAVEFORMS CIRCUITS
LABORATORY WORK
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
DR. P.C.BAPNA MOHIT MEENA
PROFESSOR (ECE,Dept.) III YEAR, B.TECH
ECE326- PULSE AND SWITCHING WAVEFORMS CIRCUITS
INDEX
S.no. Date Name of Experiment Remarks
1 Design High Pass circuit using R-C components and determine
the output for input waveform .Determine the effect of time
constant and pulse width over output.
2 Design Low Pass circuit using R-C components and determine
the output for input waveform .Determine the effect of time
constant and pulse width over output.
EXPERIMENT NO. 01
AIM:
Design High Pass circuit using R-C components and determine the output for different input waveform
e.g., pulse, step and square wave. Determine the effect of time constant and pulse width over output.
Plot the output waveform for RC>> tp , RC = tp and RC << tp.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Resistors 1kΩ, 10kΩ, 100kΩ
2. Capacitor 0.1 μf (1No.)
3. Bread Board
4. Connecting wires
5. CRO & Probes
6. Function Generator
THEORY:
In a high pass RC circuit, at zero frequency the reactance of the capacitor is infinity and so it blocks the
input and hence the output is zero. Hence this capacitor is called the blocking capacitor and this circuit
also called the capacitive coupling circuit, is used to provide DC isolation between the input and output.
As the frequency increases the reactance of the capacitor decreases and hence the output and gain
increases. At very high frequencies the capacitive reactance is very small so a very small voltage appears
across capacitor and so the output is almost equal to the input and the gain is equal to unity. Since this
circuit attenuates low frequency signals and allows transmission of high frequency signals with little or
no attenuation, it is called a high pass circuit. RC differentiator can be operated in three different modes
i.e. Large Time constant (𝑅𝐶 ≫ 𝑇), Medium Time constant (𝑅𝐶 = 𝑇) & Short Time constant (𝑅𝐶 ≪ 𝑇).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
:
RC DIFFERENTIATOR (or) HIGH PASS FILTER:
C=0.1 μf
Vi (From function generator)
Vo( Output in CRO )
R = 1kΩ, 10kΩ, 100kΩ
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the high pass circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the function generator at the input terminals and CRO at the output terminals.
3. Apply a square wave signal of 10V amplitude and 1 KHz frequency at input.
4. Observe the output waveform of the circuit for different time constants. Large Time constant (𝑅𝐶 ≫ 𝑇),
Medium Time constant (𝑅𝐶 = 𝑇),Short Time constant (𝑅𝐶 ≪ 𝑇).
5. Draw the graph for high pass circuits for above three cases of time constants.
(a) When RC≪ 𝑇
(b) When RC = T
(C) When RC>> T
OBSERVATIONS:
R=10k ohm C=0.1 µf T (τ) =R*C= 10-3
S no. Condition INPUT OUTPUT GAIN(A)
TIME FREQUENCY VOLTAGE FREQUENCY VOLTAGE A=Vo/Vin
PERIOD
(T=1/F) (F) (Vin) (F) (Vo)
1 RC = T 0.001s 1khz 6.22 v 1khz 6.98 v 1.12
2 RC<<T 0.002s 500hz 5.68 v 500hz 8.08 v 1.42
3 RC>>T 0.0006s 1.5khz 6.64 v 1.5khz 7v 1.05
CALCULATION:
RESULT
High pass filter using different relation between RC and T is successfully performed and the output
waveforms are given below :
1) When RC=T
RC= 10-3 s
F=1khz
T=1/F=10-3 s
Therefore, RC = T
2) When RC<<T
RC=10-3 s
F= 500 Hz
T = 1/F = 0.002 s
Therefore, RC<<T
3) When RC>>T
RC=10-3 s
F= 1.5 KHz
T = 1/F = 0.0006 s
Therefore, RC>>T
CONCLUSION:
The output is almost equal to the input and the gain is almost equal to unity. This circuit attenuates low
frequency signals and allows transmission of high frequency signals with little or no attenuation. Hence,
named High Pass Filter (HPF).
EXPERIMENT NO. 02
AIM:
Design Low Pass circuit using R-C components and determine the output for different input waveform
e.g., pulse, step and square wave. Determine the effect of time constant and pulse width over output.
Plot the output waveform for RC>> tp , RC = tp and RC << tp.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Resistors 1kΩ, 10kΩ, 100kΩ
2. Capacitor 0.1 μf (1No.)
3. Bread Board
4. Connecting wires
5. CRO & Probes
6. Function Generator
THEORY:
The process in which non sinusoidal signal is altered by transmission through a linear network is called
“Linear wave shaping”.
i) RC INTEGRATOR (or) LOW PASS FILTER: A Low pass circuit is a circuit which transmits only low
frequency signals and alternates (or) stops high frequency signals at zero frequency, the
reactance of the capacitor is infinity (i.e. the capacitor acts as an open circuit). So the entire
input appears at the output i.e. the input is transmitted to the output with zero alternation. So
the entire output is same as the input i.e. the gain is unity. As the frequency increase the
capacitor reactance 𝑋𝐶 = 1/2п𝑓𝑐 decreases and so the output decreases. At high frequencies
the capacitor virtually acts as a short circuit and the output falls to zero. RC Integrator can be
operated in three different modes i.e. Large Time constant (𝑅𝐶 ≫ 𝑇), Medium Time constant
(𝑅𝐶 = 𝑇) & Short Time constant (𝑅𝐶 ≪ 𝑇).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
RC INTEGRATOR (or) LOW PASS FILTER:
C=0.1 μf
Vi (From function generator)
Vo( Output in CRO )
R = 1kΩ, 10kΩ, 100kΩ
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the low pass circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the function generator at the input terminals and CRO at the output terminals.
3. Apply a square wave signal of 10V amplitude and 1 KHz frequency at input.
4. Observe the output waveform of the circuit for different time constants. Large Time constant (𝑅𝐶 ≫
𝑇), Medium Time constant (𝑅𝐶 = 𝑇), Short Time constant (𝑅𝐶 ≪ 𝑇).
5. Draw the graph for low pass circuits for above three cases of time constants.
(a) When RC≪ 𝑇
(b) When RC = T
(c) When RC >> T
OBSERVATION:
R=10kohm C=0.1µf τ=R*C=10-3
S no. Condition INPUT OUTPUT GAIN(A)
TIME FREQUENCY VOLTAGE FREQUENCY VOLTAGE A=Vo/Vin
PERIOD (F) (Vin) (F) (Vo)
(T=1/F)
1 RC = T 0.001s 1khz 1.18v 1khz 1.14v 0.97
2 RC<<T 0.002s 500hz 1.32v 500hz 1.82v 1.37
3 RC>>T 0.0006s 1.5khz 0.84v 1.5khz 820mv 0.97
CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Low pass filter using different relation between RC and T is successfully performed and the output
waveforms are given below.
1) When RC=T
RC= 10-3 s
F=1khz
T=1/F=10-3 s
Therefore, RC = T
2) When RC<<T
RC=10-3 s
F= 500 Hz
T = 1/F = 0.002 s
Therefore, RC<<T
3) When RC>>T
RC=10-3 s
F= 1.5 KHz
T = 1/F = 0.0006 s
Therefore, RC>>T
CONCLUSION:
The output is almost equal to the input and the gain is almost equal to unity. This circuit attenuates high
frequency signals and allows transmission of low frequency signals with little or no attenuation. Hence,
named Low Pass Filter (LPF).
Exp.no.3 Date:
__________________________________________________________
NON LINEAR WAVE SHAPING – CLIPPERS
AIM: To design and verify waveforms of different clipping circuits with different reference voltage.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Resistors 1kΩ (1No.)
2. Diode 1N4007 (2No.)
3. Bread Board
4. Connecting wires
5. CRO & Probes
6. Function Generator
7. Regulated Power Supply (0 - 30V)
THEORY:
The non-linear semiconductor diode in combination with resistor can function as clipper circuit. Energy
storage components like capacitor etc. are not required in the basic process of clipping. These circuits
will select part of an arbitrary waveform which lies above or below some particular reference voltage
level and that selected part of the waveform is used for transmission. So they are referred as voltage
limiters, current limiters, amplitude selectors or slicers. There are three different types of clipping
circuits. 1) Positive Clipping circuit. 2) Negative Clipping. 3) Positive and Negative Clipping (slicer). In
positive clipping circuit positive cycle of Sinusoidal signal is clipped and negative Portion of sinusoidal
signal is obtained in the output. If reference voltage is added, instead of complete positive cycle that
portion of the positive cycle which is above the reference voltage value is clipped. In negative clipping
circuit instead of positive portion of sinusoidal signal, negative Portion is clipped. In slicer both positive
and negative portions of the sinusoidal signal are clipped.
Operation can be explained based on equations as shown below:
1. When Vi < VR + Vγ, Diode is reverse biased (OFF). Output follows the input.
2. When Vi > VR + Vγ, Diode is forward biased (ON). And the Output is equal to (VR + Vγ).
Here Vi is Supplied input voltage, VR is connected reference voltage, Vγ is diode cut-in voltage.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
1) Positive clipper:
Model Graphs
Input waveform Circuit diagram Output waveform
2) Negative clipper
3) clipping at both half cycles
4) Positive bias diode clipper
5) Negative bias diode clipper
6) Diode clipping at different bias level
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Theoretical values Practical values
1. Positive clipper Vγ = 0.7 0.7V
2. Positive clipper with positive reference Vγ + VR = 1.7 0.7+1=1.7V
3. Negative clipper Vγ = - 0.7 -0.7V
4. Negative clipper with negative VR - Vγ = 0.3 1-0.7=0.3V
reference
5. slicer Vγ + VR =3.7 3+0.7=3.7V
VR - Vγ =1.3 2-0.7=1.3V
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit elements as shown in the Circuit Diagram.
2. A Sinusoidal voltage of 10V and frequency of 1kHz is applied to the circuit as an input.
3. Note down the corresponding output wave forms from C.R.O and Enter the values in table.
4. Plot the graph from above readings.
RESULT:-
Positive clipper
Negative clipper
Positive bias diode clipper
Negative clipping with bias diode
Diode clipping at different bias level
Slicer
RESULT:-All the clipping circuits are designed successfully and outputs are verified.
Exp.no.4 Date:
__________________________________________________________
NON LINEAR WAVE SHAPING – CLAMPERS
AIM: To design and verify the characteristics of different clamping circuits with different reference
voltage.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Capacitor 10 μ F (1 No)
2. Diode IN4007 (1 No)
3. Bread Board
4. Connecting wires
5. CRO & Probes
6. Function Generator
THEORY:
“A clamping circuit is one that takes an input waveform and provides an output that is a faithful replica
of its shape but has one edge tightly clamped to the zero voltage reference point”.
There are various types of Clamping circuits, which are mentioned below:
1. Positive Clamping Circuit.
2. Negative Clamping Circuit.
3. Positive Clamping with positive reference voltage.
4. Negative Clamping with positive reference voltage.
5.
5.Positive Clamping with negative reference voltage.
6. Negative Clamping with negative reference voltage.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit elements as shown in the Circuit Diagram.
2. A Sinusoidal voltage of 10V and frequency of 1kHz Hz is applied to the circuit as an input.
3. Note down the corresponding output wave forms in C.R.O and plot the graph.
GRAPHS:-
Positive clamper
Negative clamper
Negative clamping with positive reference
Negative clamping with negative reference
Positive clamping with negative reference
Positive clamping with positive reference
RESULT: Hence different clamping circuits were designed and outputs were verified.
Exp.no.5 Date:
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM: To study and verify the characteristics of an astable multivibrator.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Transistor BC 547 ------------------- 2 No’s
2. Capacitor 0.01 μ F --------------------2 No’s
3. Resistors 1K Ώ, 33K Ώ ------- each 2No
4. Bread Board
5. Connecting wires as required
6. CRO & Probes
7. Function Generator
8. Regulated Power Supply (0 - 30V)
THEORY:
Astable multivibrator has two quasi – states and it keeps on vibrating between these two states by itself.
No external signal is needed. The astable remains indefinitely in any of these two states. Assuming that
the multivibrator is already in action and is switching between two states. Let it be further observed that
at the instant considered Q1 is OFF and Q2 is ON. Since Q2 is ON, the capacitor is charged through RC1
and capacitor C1 discharges through R1 the voltage across C1 when it is about to start discharging in
Vcc. As capacitor C1 discharges more and more the identical at the point A becomes more and more
positive, and eventually VA = Vr the cut in voltage Q1 states conducting. When Q1 is ON Q2 becomes
OFF. Similar operation repeats when Q1 becomes ON and Q2 becomes OFF and vice versa.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
R=1k, R1 R2 = 33k and c1=c2= 0.01 μ F
Model graphs
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Take the output across the collector considering Q1 is OFF and Q2 is ON, we get Vc2.
3. Now connect the wire across the base also and take the output VB2 and repeat with Q1 ON and Q2
OFF.
4. The required waveforms are taken from the CRO.
OBSERVATIONS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT WAVEFORM:
RESULT:
The characteristics of an astable multivibrator has been studied and verified successfully.
Exp.no.6 Date:
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM: To study and verify the characteristics of an Monostable multivibrator.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Transistor BC 547 ---------- 2 No’s
2. Capacitor 0.1 μF ------------ 2 No’s
3. Resistors 1 KΏ -------------- 2 No’s 10 KΏ ------------ 4 No’s
4. Diode 1N 4007 -------------- 1 No
5. Bread Board
6. Connecting wires as required
7. CRO & Probes
8. Function Generator
9. Regulated Power Supply (0 - 30V)
THEORY:
A monostable multivibrator has one stable state and the other state being quasi – stable state. Normally
the multi is in the stable state and when an external triggering pulse is applied it switches back to its
original state, without any triggering pulse. The output of the monostable multi while it remains in the
quasi – stable is a part of duration T, whose value depends upon the circuit components. Hence the
monostable multivibrator is called as ‘pulse operator ’. The monostable multivibrator is also referred to
and ‘one shot’ or ‘uni vibrator’. Since only one triggering signal is required to revert to the original state
of stability, that is the stable state.
VC2 = Voltage at collector of Q2
VB2 = Voltage at base of Q2
VC1 = Voltage at collector of Q1
VB1 = Voltage at base of Q1
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Usually a +Ve supply voltage of about 10 V is applied as source voltage to Vcc
3. In the normal operation transistor Q2 is ON and output voltage across the base and collector are
noted.
4. Then an external triggering is applied from the high-pass filter circuit.
5. Then the transistor Q2 is OFF state, and then the voltage across the junction of the transistor Q1 is
noted.
6. The output waveforms are plotted for VC1 , VB1 , VC2 , VB2 which are observed from the CRO.
WAVEFORM:
OBSERVATIONS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT WAVEFORM:
RESULT: A monostable multivibrator is studied and output wave forms were verified.
Exp.no.7 Date:
TRANSISTOR SWITCH
Aim:
To Design Transistor switch with Inductive load and draw output waveform for square wave input.
Components required:
1. Transistor BC 547 ---------- 1 No’s
2. Capacitor 0.1 μF ------------ 1 No’s
3. Resistors 1 KΏ -------------- 1 No’s 10 KΏ ------------ 2No’s
4. Bread Board
5. Inductor (Relay)
6. Connecting wires as required
7. CRO & Probes
8. Function Generator
Circuit Diagram
Theory:
In Transistor switch inductor is shunted by resistance R. The required bias is given then the base circuit
will act as clamper and transistor will carried from saturation to cut-off. The additional resistance Rc is
connected to collector circuit to control the saturation current. Thus driving the switch to cutoff at the
collector a positive spike of amplitude I0R superimposed on the supply voltage. The inductor current,
which must flow through R, decays from I0 to zero with time constant L/R. The output voltage is given by
v0 = Vcc + I0RƐ-Rt/L
When switch is returned to saturation at the time t = T 2 the inductor will acts as open circuit. The
transistor current and hence current through R is
Let I0’ represent the transistor current which flows when switch is turned ON.
The current will decay from I0’ to zero with time constant L/R’ where R’ is parallel combination of R and
Rc.
The output for t > T2 is
v0 = Vcc - I0’RƐ – R’(t- T2)
and has the form of the negative spike superimposed on the supply voltage. The time constant of
negative spike is larger thus decay slowly.
Thus circuit will act as Peaking circuit.
Waveforms:
a) Input and b) output
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Usually a +Ve supply voltage of about 10 V is applied as source voltage to Vcc
3. In the normal operation transistor Q is ON and output voltage across the base and collector are noted.
4. Then an external input is applied from the function generator to the base circuit.
5. Then the transistor Q is OFF state, and then the voltage across the junction of the transistor Q is
noted.
6. Draw the waveforms and calculate the output voltages at on and off switch.
OBSERVATIONS:
R1= 1 kohm
R3=R2=10 kohm
L = 1H
C=10uF
Vcc= 3.3 V
Vin= Square wave i/p( Vpp= 3.3 V)
Circuit diagram:-
Output Waveforms:-
RESULT:
The transistor switch with Inductive load is designed and output waveform for square wave input has
been obtained.
Exp.no.8 Date:
TRANSISTOR SWITCH
Aim:
To Design Transistor switch with Capacitive load and draw output waveform for square wave input.
Components required:
1. Transistor BC 547 ---------- 1 No’s
2. Capacitor 0.1 μF ------------ 2 No’s
3. Resistors 1 KΏ -------------- 1 No’s 10 KΏ ------------ 2No’s
4. Bread Board
5. Connecting wires as required
6. CRO & Probes
7. Function Generator
Circuit Diagram
THEORY:
Initially at t = 0 - transistor is in saturation the output voltage v0 and collector current is given by
v0 = Vce(sat) and ic = (Vcc - Vce(sat))/ Rc = I0
At t > 0+ when switch is driven to cutoff. The collector rises towards Vcc with time constant R cCs.
At t = T2+ the input rises abruptly, the base emitter diode is forward biased by by Vc and base current Ib =
(Vcc –Vc)/ Rb flows. Since this voltage reverse biases the collector junction, the transistor remains in
active region and collector current Ic = hfe. Ib = I0’.
The output voltage starts at a value Vcc and falls exponentially with time constant RcCs. towards steady
state value of Vcc - I0’Rc. For t > T2 until transistor returns to saturation. The output is given by
The time constant are small in compare to T1 or T2 The circuit behaves like Integrator i.e., a step input is
converted into ramp.
Wave forms
(a) Input
(b) Output
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Usually a +Ve supply voltage of about 10 V is applied as source voltage to Vcc
3. In the normal operation transistor Q is ON and output voltage across the base and collector are noted.
4. Then an external input is applied from the function generator to the base circuit.
5. Then the transistor Q is OFF state, and then the voltage across the junction of the transistor Q is
noted.
6. Draw the waveforms and calculate the output voltages at on and off switch.
OBSERVATIONS:
R1= 4.7kohm
R3= 10kohm
C1= 20uF
C2= 1uf
Vcc= 3,3V
Vin =Square wave input (Vpp= 3.3 V)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
OUTPUT WAVEFORM:-
CONCLUSION:
The output voltage starts at a value Vcc = 3.3V and falls exponentially with time constant R cCs. towards
steady state value of Vcc - I0’Rc. For t > T2 until transistor returns to saturation. The output is given by
The time constant are small in compare to T1 or T2 The circuit behaves like Integrator i.e., a step input is
converted into ramp.
RESULT :
The transistor switch with Capacitive load has been designed and output waveform for square wave
input has been verified.
