Level 6

1. Grammar
a) Noun endings

We can change verbs into nouns by adding –ment or –ion to the verbs

- Move -> movement

- Punish -> punishment
- Replace-> replacement
- Manage ->management
- Require -> requirement
- Discuss-> discussion

For some verbs, you need to change the spelling:

- Explain-> explanation
- Inform -> information
- Decide -> decision
b) Connecting ideas

You can connect ideas in a sentence with the words and and or. Use a comma to combine three or
more ideas in a sentence. Use a comma to combine two sentences together

- I like coffe, tea, and water

- I would like coffe, tea, or water
- I went to the store, and I went to the movies
- I can have coffe, or I can have tea.

You can also use but, so, and then to connect sentences. Use but to express an opposite idea. Use
so to express a result. Use then to say what happened next. Use a comma.

- It was dark, but I didn’t turn on the light

- It was late, so I went home
- I went to the store, and then I went to the movies
c) Possessive adjetives

Subject Pronouns Possessive

I My
You Your
He His
She Her
It Its
We Our
You Your
they their
 d) Most/all

Use most and all to talk about people in general

- Most= a lot, but not everyone/everything

- All= everyone/everything
e) Possessive

Use‘s with nouns to who possession (something that belongs to someone)

- Singular: noun +‘s

Shen’s friend is in China

- Plural: noun +‘s

She knows the student’s names

- Plural (irregular nouns): nouns +‘s

The children’s clothes are dirty

f) Have to/ don’t have to/ must / must not

Form: Have to + verb

+ - ?
I have to go I don’t have to go Do I have to go?
You have to go You don’t have to go Do you have to go?
He has to go He doesn’t have to go Does he have to go?
She has to go She doesn’t have to go Does she have to go?
We have to go We don’t have to go Do we have to go?
You have to go You don’t have to go Do you have to go?
They have to go They don’t have to go Do they have to go?

We use have to/ has to to talk about something that is necessary or very important.

We use must to also talk about something that is necessary or very important. We use must in
rules or instructions. It is stronger than have to.

Form: Must + verb

+ - ?
I must do homework I must not do homework Must I do homework?
You must do homework You must not do homework Must you do homework?
She must do homework She must not do homework Must she do homework?
He must do homework He must not do homework Must he do homework?
We must do homework We must not do homework Must we do homework?
You must do homework You must not do homework Must you do homework?
They must do homework They must not do homework Must they do homework?
 g) Time markers

Past Present Future

Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Yesterday (right) now Tomorrow
morning/afternoon/evening morning/afternoon/evening
Last night At the moment Tomorrow night
Last week/month/days of the This morning Next
week week/month/year/weekend
Two years ago This afternoon Next Monday/summer
Five hours ago This evening In ten minutes
Ten minutes ago Tonight In five hours
This week In two years

h) Cause and effect

Because gives a reason

- I got wet because I didn’t have an umbrella

- He didn’t go to the party because he was sick

So, gives a result

- I didn’t have an umbrella, so I got wet

- Use a comma (,) before so.

i) How

Use how + adjective or adverb to ask questions

- How long is the trip from NYC to Berlin? It’s about nine hours
- How big is your apartment? It has three bedrooms
- How old is your son? He’s five
- How tall is mark? He’s about six feet tall
- How many eggs do we need? We need six eggs
- How much oil do we need? We need a cup of oil
- How soon can you finish the soup? In thirty minutes
- How often do you go swimming? I go swimming every day

j) Someone/ something

Use someone or something when you don’t know a person or an object or when the person or
object is not important

- Someone=people
- Something=things
 There is someone waiting for you outside (there is a person waiting for you. I don’t know
who the person is)
  Someone made a mess in the kitchen (a person made a mess. I don’t know who)
 I have something for you (I have a thing for you. I can’t tell you what It is)

k) Verb + preposition + noun

- Jim talks about Mary all the time
- Walk across the street. The bus stop is there
- We finish work at 5:00
- Let’s go into the kitchen and make some coffee
- I go to school on foot
- He gets out of bed at 6:00 every morning

l) Simple past tense: regular verbs

+ - (short answer) ?
I answered I didn’t answer Did I answer?
You answered You didn’t answer Did you answer?
He answered He didn’t answer Did he answer?
She answered She didn’t answer Did she answer?
We answered We didn’t answer Did we answer?
You answered You didn’t answer Did you answer?
They answered They didn’t answer Did they answer?

- Yes, I did
- No, I didn’t
m) Be Going to

We use be going to for plans and decisions about the future.

- What are you going to do next summer?

- We are going to visit Italy
- I’m going to watch TV tonight
- She’s going to hire a new cook

Am/is/are + going to + verb

+ - (short answer) ?
I’m going to work I’m not going to work Am I going to work?
You’re going to work You’re not going to work Are you going to work?
She’s going to work He’s not going to work Is he going to work?
He’s going to work She’s not going to work Is she going to work?
We’re going to work We aren’t going to work Are we going to work?
You’re going to work You aren’t going to work Are you going to work?
They’re going to work They’re not going to work Are they going to work?

- Yes, I am / No, I’m not

 n) Imperatives

Use imperatives for instructions and requests. You can use please

- Close the door, Timmy-> okay, mom (I want you to close the door. I’m telling you to close
the door)
- Don’t be late (I’m asking you not to be late)
- Pass me the spoon, please
- Please, don’t call me after 9:00

2. Commnunication
a) Informal letter and emails

To begin an informal letter or e-mail:

- Dear…
- How are you?
- How’s it going?
- Guess what?

To end an informal letter or email:

- See you
- Lots of love
- All the best
- Cheers
- Talk soon
b) Random
- I don’t understand
- Could you repeat that please?
- Could you please spell it?
- Hou do you spell..?

c) Expressing opinions with the present simple

+ - ? ?
I think it’s a good idea I don’t think it’s a Do I think it’s a good What do I think?
good idea idea?
You think it’s a good You don’t think it’s a Do you think it’s a What do you think?
idea good idea good idea?
He thinks it’s a good He doesn’t think it’s a Does he think it’s a What does he think?
idea good idea good idea?
She thinks it’s a good She doesn’t think it’s Does she think it’s a What does she think?
idea a good idea good idea?
We think it’s a good We don’t think it’s a Do we think it’s a What do we think?
idea good idea good idea?
You think it’s a good You don’t think it’s a Do you think it’s a What do you think?
 idea good idea good idea?
They think it’s a good They don’t think it’s a Do they think it’s a What do they think?
idea good idea good idea?

d) Questions
- Where is..?
- How do I get to..?
- Please tell me how I can get to…
- Which train do I take?
- Tell me where I can get the tickets?
- Please give me the information on …
- Where can I go to…?
- How much are the tickets?
- What’s the total?
- What’s my total?
- Time markers

I’m going to school today

I’m cooking dinner now

I can see you tomorrow