Advanced power electronics

system

Yoseph Mekonnen

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 Lecture One
Introduction to Power Electronics
Application

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 Power Electronics
The task of power electronics is to process and control
the flow of electric energy by supplying voltages and
currents in a form that is optimally suited for user loads.
Input Power
Output Power

vs , is Power vo , io
Source Processor Load

Feedback
Controller
Reference

Power electronic system.

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 Power Converters
The power converters which requires the application of
power electronic divices are:

AC Rectifier DC Inverter
DC AC
Input output Input output
LOAD
AC DC DC AC

AC-DC Rectifier DC-AC Inverter

DC DC-DC Converter DC
input output

DC DC

DC-DC Chopper

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…Contd..

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 …Contd..
 AC to DC Converters. An AC to DC converter circuit
can convert AC voltage into a DC voltage. The DC
output voltage can be controlled by varying the firing
angle of the thyristors. The AC input voltage could be
a single phase or three phase.
 AC to AC Converters. This converters can convert
from a fixed ac input voltage into variable AC output
voltage. The output voltage is controlled by varying
firing angle of TRIAC. These type converters are
known as AC voltage regulators.
 DC to DC Converters . These converters can convert a
fixed DC input voltage into variable DC voltage or vice
versa. The DC output voltage is controlled by varying
of duty cycle.
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 …Contd..
 DC to AC Converters. A DC to AC converter circuit
can convert DC voltage into a AC voltage. The AC
output voltage can be controlled by varying the firing
angle of the SWITCH. The DC input voltage could be a
single phase or three phase.

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 CONTROL
 Practically continuous control is mandatory

Open Loop

Closed Loop

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 Utility Related Application of PEs
In transmission of power over high-voltage dc (HVDC)
lines.
At the sending end of the transmission line, line-
frequency voltages and currents are converted into dc.
This dc is converted back into the line-frequency ac at
the receiving end of the line.
Power electronics is also beginning to play a significant
role as electric utilities attempt to utilize the existing
transmission network to a higher capacity.
Potentially, a large application is in the interconnection of
photovoltaic and wind-electric systems to the utility grid.
The utility and the AC load, independent of each other,
may be single phase or three phase

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 …Contd..
Power Electronics is applied in high voltage DC transmission.

Advantage of a DC Transmission
It needs fewer conductor than AC
Does not suffer from problem inductance, capacitance.
Voltage drop in DC is less than AC transmission for the same
load and transmission end
 Dc lines have less corona loss and reduced interference in
communication electronics

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 Corona Loss
Corona loss is the other major type of power loss in
transmission lines.
Essentially, corona loss is caused by the ionization of air
molecules near the transmission line conductors.
Corona discharge in transmission lines can lead to
hissing/cackling noises, a glow

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 …Contd..
HVDC solving existing problems
Submarine cable
Large capacitance if AC
Long distance overhead transmission
High capital costs and losses in AC transmission
The costs may be higher than two converters of HVDC
Connecting AC systems of different or incompatible
frequencies
Matching of frequencies and phases for interconnection in AC
system required
To connect western and eastern part of country power using
different frequencies and HVDC used for interconnection

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 …Contd..
Cost

Courtesy of: http://new.abb.com/systems/hvdc

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 …Contd..
 The power flow is generally from the utility input to the
output load.
 There are exceptions, however. For example, in a
photovoltaic system interfaced with the utility grid, the
power flow is from the photovoltaic (a DC input source) to
the AC utility (as the output load).
 Power electronics is highly applicable in flexible AC
transmission.
Conventional System Solutions to enhance Transmission
capability
 Series Capacitors
 Shunt-Capacitor and Reactor

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 FACTS
Flexible Alternating CurrentTransmission Systems
(FACTS)
FACTS
• AC transmission systems incorporating power electronic
to enhance controllability and increase power transfer
capability.
FACTS Controllers
• A power electronic based system & other static
equipment that provide control of one or more AC
transmission parameters.

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 Series Compensation
 FACTS for series compensation modify line impedance.
 X is decreased so as to increase the transmittable active
power.
 Power electronic based
 With internal capacitors or reactors (inductors).
 Variable impedance characteristic
 Acting as variable source
 Injecting variable voltage to the line
 I x Z ( variable)
 Supplying reactive power only

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 Shunt Compensation
 The power system is connected in shunt with the FACTS.
 It works as a controllable current source.
 Power electronic based
 With internal capacitors or reactors (inductors).
 Variable impedance characteristic
 Acting as variable source
 Injecting variable current to the line
 Current varied by variable shunt impedance
 Supplying reactive power only

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 Shunt Examples
Examples
Thyristor-controlled reactor
(TCR): reactor is connected in
series with a bidirectional
thyristor valve. The thyristor
valve is phase-controlled.
Equivalent reactance is varied
continuously.
Thyristor-switched reactor
(TSR): Same as TCR but
thyristor is either in zero- or
full- conduction. Equivalent
reactance is varied in stepwise
manner.
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 Shunt Examples
 Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC): capacitor is
connected in series with a bidirectional thyristor valve.
 Thyristor is either in zero- or full- conduction. Equivalent
reactance is varied in stepwise manner.

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 Shunt Examples
 Mechanically-switched capacitor (MSC). The capacitor is
switched by circuit-breaker.
 It aims at compensating steady state reactive power. It is
switched only a few times a day.

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 Why PE is So Important?
Components Utilized are “lossless”.
Switches
Capacitors
Inductors

Dives which are not applied.

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 …Contd..
Issues Related to Energy and Environment

Energy Related
 Need to reduce dependence on fossil fuel
 Coal, natural gas and nuclear power resource
 Depletion of these sources is expected.

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 Depletion
 From 1990 to 2000 a total of 42 billion barrels of new
reserves were discovered. In the same period the world
consumed 250 billion barrels.

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 Depletion
 High and Low Energy Depletion

Courtesy of:http://www.worldmapper.org

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 Consumption

Courtesy of:http://www.worldmapper.org

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 …Contd..
Environment Related
 Nuclear safety.
 Nuclear plants remain radioactive for thousands of
years.
 Burning of fossil fuel
 Emits gases such as CO2, CO (oil burning).
 Creates global warming (green house effect), acid rain
and urban pollution from smokes.

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 Issues related to Sites
Site election of the generating plant
Steam Power Stations
In order to achieve overall economy, the following points
should be considered while selecting a site for a steam
power station :
(i) Supply of fuel. The steam power station should be
located near the coal mines so that transportation cost
of fuel is minimum.
(ii) Availability of water. As huge amount of water is
required for the condenser.
(iii) Transportation facilities. A modern steam power station
often requires the transportation of material and
machinery.

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 …Contd..
iv) Cost and type of land. The steam power station should be
located at a place where land is cheap and further
extension, with high bearing capacity of the ground
should be adequate so that heavy equipment could be
installed.
(v) Nearness to load centers. In order to reduce the
transmission cost, the plant should be located near the
centre of the load.
(vi) Distance from populated area. As huge amount of coal is
burnt in a steam power station, therefore, smoke and
fumes pollute the surrounding area.
This necessitates that the plant should be located at a
considerable distance from the populated areas.

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…Contd..

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 …Contd..
Selection of Site for Nuclear Power Station
The following points should be kept in view while selecting
the site for a nuclear power station :
(i) Availability of water. As sufficient water is required for
cooling purposes, therefore, the plant site should be
located where ample quantity of water is available, e.g.,
across a river or by sea-side.
(ii) Disposal of waste. The waste produced by fission in a
nuclear power station is generally radioactive which must
be disposed off properly to avoid health hazards. The
waste should either be buried in a deep trench or disposed
off in sea quite away from the sea shore. Therefore, the
site selected for such a plant should have adequate
arrangement for the disposal of radioactive waste.

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 …Contd..
iii) Distance from populated areas. The site selected for a
nuclear power station should be quite away from the
populated areas as there is a danger of presence of
radioactivity in the atmosphere near the plant. However, as
a precautionary measure, a dome is used in the plant which
does not allow the radioactivity to spread by wind or
underground waterways.
(iv) Transportation facilities. The site selected for a
nuclear power station should have adequate facilities in
order to transport the heavy equipment during erection and
to facilitate the movement of the workers employed in the
plant. From the above mentioned factors it becomes
apparent that ideal choice for a nuclear power station would
be near sea or river and away from thickly populated areas.

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 …Contd..

Fukushima Accident 11 March 2011

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 …Contd..
Site for Hydro-electric Power Stations
The following points should be taken into account while
selecting the site for a hydro-electric power station :
(i) Availability of water. Since the primary requirement of
a hydro-electric power station is the availability of huge
quantity of water, such plants should be built at a place
(e.g., river, canal) where adequate water is available at a
good head.
(ii) Storage of water. There are wide variations in water
supply from a river or canal during the year. This makes
it necessary to store water by constructing a dam in
order to ensure the generation of power throughout the
year.

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 …Contd..
The storage helps in equalizing the flow of water so that
any excess quantity of water at a certain period of the year
can be made available during times of very low flow in the
river.
This leads to the conclusion that site selected for a hydro-
electric plant should provide adequate facilities for
erecting a dam and storage of water.

(iii) Cost and type of land. The land for the construction of
the plant should be available at a reasonable price with high
bearing capacity of the ground should be adequate to
withstand the weight of heavy equipment to be installed.

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 …Contd..
(iv) Transportation facilities. The site selected for a hydro-
electric plant should be accessible by rail and road so that
necessary equipment and machinery could be easily
transported.
It is clear from the above mentioned factors that ideal
choice of site for such a plant is near a river in hilly areas
where dam can be conveniently built and large reservoirs
can be obtained.

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 …Contd..
Solar and Wind Site Section
Solar radiation (Insolation).
Sufficient Wind Speed.
Low cost and clean Land.
Near to Load Center.
Transportation Facilities and etc.

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 …Contd..
Solution
 The solution is using renewable energy resources:
Especially.
 Solar, wind
 Such sources highly requires the application of power
electronics.

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 …Contd..
Schematic diagram of solar and wind power transmission
using Power Electronic application.

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 HVDC Application in Ethiopia
Ethio-Kenyan Power line.

1,045 km Long
445 km with in Ethiopia.
600 km within Kenya
2, 000 MW power
Expected to cost 1.26 Bn. USD
Construction: China Electric Power Equipment and Technology.
Converters by Seimens.

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 Other Application
Drive Applications
 Mainly contains moving or rotating components such as
motors.
Examples
1.Electric trains.
2.Electric vehicles.
3.Air-conditioning System.
4.Pumps, Compressor.
5.Conveyer Belt (Factory automation).

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