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Lecture 5 1 Padlet

This document provides an overview of Chapter 5 of the textbook, which covers hazard identification. It begins with defining a hazard as a condition that could cause damage to people, property, or the environment. It then discusses the main types of hazards as chemical, physical, biological, psychological, and mechanical/electrical hazards. The remainder of the chapter focuses on three major process industry hazards: toxic hazards, fire hazards, and explosion hazards.

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muhammad izzul
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39 views

Lecture 5 1 Padlet

This document provides an overview of Chapter 5 of the textbook, which covers hazard identification. It begins with defining a hazard as a condition that could cause damage to people, property, or the environment. It then discusses the main types of hazards as chemical, physical, biological, psychological, and mechanical/electrical hazards. The remainder of the chapter focuses on three major process industry hazards: toxic hazards, fire hazards, and explosion hazards.

Uploaded by

muhammad izzul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 4: HAZARD
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION

By: MUHAMMAD IMRAN ISMAIL


PENSYARAH, FAK. KEJ. KIMIA
1 Lecture 5.1
2

WEEK CHAPTER/CONTENT

1-2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to hazard and risk

3-4 CHAPTER 2: Toxicology

5 CHAPTER 3: Industrial hygiene

6-7 CHAPTER 4: Safety legislation and regulations

8 -9 CHAPTER 5: Hazard Identification

10-11 CHAPTER 6: Hazard and risk assessment

12-13 CHAPTER 7: Emergency planning

14 CHAPTER 8: Process safety management


CONTENT OF CHAPTER 5

Hazard identification
Suggested reading:
Definition Chapter 6.1 :Page 238
LECTURE 5.1
Type of hazards

Toxic hazard, fire hazard and explosion hazard

Hazard reduction and control LECTURE 5.2


Outlines of Presentation

• Definition

• Type of hazards

• Toxic hazard, fire hazard and

explosion hazard
Learning Outcomes

The student should be able to:


• Define hazard
• Classify type of hazards.
• Explain toxic hazard, fire hazard and explosion
hazard.
Recap
-Definition
-Type of hazard

6
DEFINITION OF HAZARD

Hazards
–a chemical or physical condition that has
potential to cause damage to people, property,
or to the environment.
T YPE OF HAZARDS

Hazard

Mechanical &
Chemical Physical Biological Psychological Electrical
Toxic hazard
Fire hazard
Explosion hazard

9
Major hazards in process industries

(1) Toxic (2) Fire

(3) Explosion

10
1.Toxic Hazard

11
1) Toxic Hazards

Toxic Substance • Source of toxicant; toxic release, fire,


explosion
• One can be exposed to the effect of toxic
substance by 4 routes of entry
• Effects ;
•Reversible vs Irreversible
-Carcinogen -Dermatotoxic,
-Mutagen -Hemotoxic,
-Teratogen -Hepatotoxic,
-Neutotoxic,
•Acute Vs Chronic (Duration of Exposure)
Learned
{Chapter 2} •Local Vs Systemic (Location of the effect)
12
2.Fire Hazard

13
Intro|Fire & Combustion

•Chemical reaction in which a substance combines with an oxidant


and releases energy

•The release of energy is slower than an explosion

• Fires could also results from explosion and vice versa

•The fire triangle


Oxidizer Fuel

Ignition source
• Liquids - gasoline,
Chemical compound that acetone, ether, pentane
readily transfers oxygen
atoms • Solids - plastics, wood
• Gases – oxygen (O2), dusts, fibers, metal
nitrous oxide (N2O) particles, flour

• Liquids - hydrogen • Gases – methane,


peroxide (H2O2), nitric acid Oxidizer Fuel acetylene, propane,
(HNO3) carbon monoxide,
•The fire triangle Hydrogen
• Solids - ammonium nitrate
(NH4NO3), metal peroxides Ignition source Note: Vapor and liquid fuels
•Sparks, flames, static are easier to ignites than
electricity, heat solid fuels (except dust)

15
TYPE OF FIRE

2.A Torch & Jet Fire

2.B Pool Fire

2.C Flash & Cloud Fire


(2A) TORCH/JET FIRE

High pressure release of gas from a vessel or


pipeline ignites almost immediately.

The pressure release generates a long flame which is


stable under most conditions.

The duration of a jet fire is determined by the


release rate and the capacity of the source.

17
Flame length increase directly with
flow rate and affected by crosswind

An increase in crosswind velocity


causes the flame to bend over
quickly and be convected by the
wind.

18
(2.B) POOL FIRE

 A pool fire is the combustion of flammable vapor evaporating


from a layer of liquid at the base of the fire.

 It occurs on ignition of an accumulation of liquid as a pool on the


ground or on water or other liquid.

 A steadily burning fire is rapidly achieved as the vapor to sustain


the fire is provided by the evaporation of the liquid by heat from
the flames.

19
(2.C) FLASH FIRE/VAPOR CLOUD FIRE

 If spilled material relatively volatile (e.g. propane, butane, LPG) it


would still form a pool but evaporation would be much more rapid.

 If ignition did not take place immediately to form pool fire, the vapor
cloud would form, drifted away by wind, to form cloud within
flammable range.

 If found source of ignition, flash fire will occur. People at risk from
thermal radiation effects.

 Usually unexpected event and short duration


20
3. Explosion Hazard

21
Intro: Explosion

•Results from rapid release of energy

•Behavior is depends on several parameters

•Damage from explosion is caused by the dissipating energy

•It is important to understand dynamic of pressure wave to


understand explosion impact
•Blast wave
•Shock wave
22
EXPLOSION-IMPORTANT TERMS
Shock wave: An abrupt pressure wave (energy front) generated due to
sudden release of energy, which move in the medium .

Blast wave: A shock wave in open air generally followed by strong wind, the
combined shock and wind is called blast wave

Overpressure: The pressure on an object as a result of an impacting shock


wave

Deflagration: An explosion in which the reaction front (energy front) moves


at a speed less than the speed of the sound in the medium .

Detonation: An explosion in which the reaction front (energy front) moves


at a speed greater than the speed of the sound in the medium. 23
TYPE OF EXPLOSION

3.A Vapour Cloud Explosion

3.B BLEVE

3.C Dust Explosion


(3.A) VAPOR CLOUD EXPLOSION

•The most dangerous and destructive explosions in the chemical


process industries

•When flammable vapour is released to the atmosphere, it will


form a cloud suspended in the air, filling the atmosphere to a
height limited by its density.

•If it is ignited at some early stages, flash fire will be formed. Phillips Pasadena, USA 1989

•However if ignition is delayed and triggered within the explosive


limit, it will generate more devastating effect known as the VCE.
25
Suggested reading:
(3.B) BLEVE Chapter 6 :Page 289

BLEVE: Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion

A BLEVE can be defined as a major failure of container at a moment in time when


the contained liquid is at a temperature well above its atmospheric pressure boiling
point.

The most common type of BLEVE occurs when a pressure vessel that is partially
filled with liquid is exposed to a fire.
Boiling liquid
Explosion BLEVE expanding
vapor
explosion
26
MECHANISM OF BLEVE
• The fire weakens the portion of the tank
shell that is contacted by the flame and that
is not in contact with liquid.

• Simultaneously, the flame heat the liquid in


the tank, increasing the equilibrium
pressure and ultimately the tank pressure.

• At some point the tank weakens so much


that internal pressure is sufficient to cause
the vessel to rupture.
27
MECHANISM OF BLEVE (CONT.)
• Fragments of the tank are propelled
away from the tank location with great
force.

• The liquid remaining in the tank at the


time of rupture is subject to rapid flash
vaporization that atomizes much of the
liquid.

• A fireball is created by burning vapour


and liquid at it expands outward.
28
(3.C) DUST EXPLOSION

•Materials that may form combustible dust Explosion


include metals (such as aluminium and
magnesium), wood, coal, plastics, bio solids,
Dust Explosion
sugar, paper, soap, dried blood, and certain
textiles.

29
(3.C) DUST EXPLOSION (CONT.)

•Any combustible material (and some materials normally considered


non-combustible) can burn rapidly when in a finely divided form.

•If such a dust is suspended in air in the right concentration, it can


become explosive.

•The force from such an explosion can cause employee deaths, injuries,
and destruction of entire buildings.

30
09-02-2015 Footer text here 31
[email protected]
Ext: 8542

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