CHAPTER 1

CASE STUDIES
Contents
1.1 Walled city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat.....................................................................................3
1.1.1. Introduction-.........................................................................................................3
1.1.2. Vision and need....................................................................................................3
1.1.3. Heritage Resources...............................................................................................3
1.1.4. Methodology.............................................................................................................4
1.1.5. Components..........................................................................................................4
1.1.6. Implementation strategies-....................................................................................5
1.1.7. Issues.....................................................................................................................7
1.1.8. Conclusion............................................................................................................8
1.2 HazratNizamuddinBasti Redevelopment Delhi...................................................................9
1.2.1 Vision....................................................................................................................9
1.2.2 Objectives.............................................................................................................9
1.2.3 Need to Redevelop..............................................................................................10
1.2.4 Methodology.......................................................................................................10
1.2.5 Components........................................................................................................11
1.2.6 Implementation Strategy.....................................................................................11
1.2.7 Conclusion..........................................................................................................12
1.3 Cluster Redevelopment- Bhendi Bazaar: Mumbai............................................................12
1.3.1Parameters.................................................................................................................12
1.3.2 Vision.......................................................................................................................12
1.3.3Objectives.................................................................................................................13
1.3.4 Need to Redevelop...................................................................................................13
1.3.5 Methodology.......................................................................................................13
1.3.6 Components........................................................................................................14
1.3.7 Issues identified..................................................................................................14
1.3.8 Implementation Strategy.....................................................................................14
1.3.9 Conclusion..........................................................................................................15
1.4 Walled city of Jaipur, Rajasthan........................................................................................16
1.4.1. Introduction.........................................................................................................16
1.4.2. Vision and need..................................................................................................16
1.4.3. Methodology-......................................................................................................16
1.4.4. Components........................................................................................................17
1.4.5. Implementation strategies-..................................................................................17
 1.4.6. Issues.......................................................................................................................18
1.4.7. Conclusion..............................................................................................................19
1.5 TajGanj Urban Redevelopment Plan, Agra, U.P...................................................20
1.5.1 Parameters...........................................................................................................20
1.5.2 Vision..................................................................................................................21
1.5.3 Objectives...........................................................................................................21
1.5.4 Implementation Strategy.....................................................................................21
1.5.5 Conclusion...............................................................................................................21
1.6 Managing Indian Urban Heritage Precincts Through ‘Heritage Guidelines’- A Case
Study of Deulwadi Precinct In Uran, Maharashtra...............................................................21
1.6.1 Relevance of the study........................................................................................22
1.6.2 Background.........................................................................................................22
1.6.3 Aims and objectives............................................................................................23
1.6.4 Methodology.......................................................................................................23
1.6.5 Components........................................................................................................24
1.6.6 Issues and Problems............................................................................................25
1.6.7 Implementation Strategies..................................................................................25
1.6.8 Conclusion..........................................................................................................26
1.7 Analysing the Revitalization of HazratganjLucknow................................................26
1.7.1 Relevance of the study........................................................................................27
1.7.2 Background.........................................................................................................27
1.7.3 Aims and objectives............................................................................................28
1.7.4 Methodology.......................................................................................................28
1.7.5 Components........................................................................................................28
1.7.6 Issues and Problems............................................................................................30
1.7.7 Suggestions and recommendations.....................................................................31
1.7.8 Conclusion..........................................................................................................31
1.8. Revitalisation of China Town – Tangra, Kolkata...........................................................31
1.8.1. Parameters...........................................................................................................32
1.8.2. Vision..................................................................................................................32
1.8.3. Objectives...........................................................................................................32
1.8.4. Need to Redevelop..............................................................................................33
1.8.5. Methodology.......................................................................................................33
1.8.6. Components........................................................................................................33
1.8.7. Issues identified..................................................................................................34
 1.8.8. Implementation Strategy.....................................................................................34
1.8.9. Conclusion..........................................................................................................35
1.9 URBAN TRANSFORMATION IN MULTAN-PAKISTANI PUNJAB..................35
1.9.1 Parameters...........................................................................................................36
1.9.2 Vision..................................................................................................................36
1.9.3 Objectives...........................................................................................................36
1.9.4 Need to Redevelop..............................................................................................36
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................2
Figure No Title Pg.No
Figure 1.1.1 Map of Ahmadabad:19th Century Miniature style painting on Cloth
Figure 1.1.2 Heritage Walk of Ahmadabad
Figure 1.1.3 Pedestrian and NMT initiatives in walled City, Ahmadabad
Figure 1.2.1 Nizamuddin Basti Area
Figure 1.2.2 Nizamuddin Basti View
Figure 1.2.3 Nizamuddin Basti View
Figure 1.3.1 Demarcation of the Site Area
Figure 1.3.2 Slum like Condition of the Bhendi Bazaar
Figure 1.3.3 An Arial view of the Proposed Bhendi Bazaar Redevelopment Project
Figure 1.4.1 Walled city of Jaipur
Figure 1.4.2 Proposed façade improvement for building in Johri bazaa
Figure 1.5.1 Taj Ganj Agra, UP
Figure 1.5.2 Taj Ganj Agra, UP
Figure 1.6.1 Plan of Deuhradi, Uran
Figure 1.6.2 Zones of Deuhradi Precint
Figure 1.7.1 Various Parts of Hazratganj
Figure 1.7.2 Landuse of Hazratganj Area
Figure 1.7.3 Traffic Condition of Hazratganj
Figure 1.7.4 Street Hierarchy of Hazratganj
Figure 1.7.5 Circulation and Point of Congestion of Hazratganj Area
Figure 1.8.1 Delineated Study Area
Figure 1.8.2 Poor Physical Condition of China Town
Figure 1.8.3 Thematic Mapping of Chinatown Tangra
1.1 Walled city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Various case studies and best practices will be studied under theoretical framework which
will help to give various strategies and proposals.

1.1.1. Introduction-

The city of Ahmedabad is endowed with a rich architectural heritage that is vital to the
local identity and continuity of the place. The foremost heritage assets are the Indo-
Islamic monuments of the 15th to 17th centuries: the Jama Masjid, the Teen Darwaza, the
Bhadra Gate and Tower and the Tombs of Queen and King located in the historic core,
the remaining sections of the original fort wall, 12 original gates (refer figure 1.1.1.) and
a number of other monuments protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
Besides these monuments, there are many fine examples of colonial era architecture also
survive in the Walled city.[CITATION jai09 \l 16393 ]

Figure 1.1.1. Map of Ahmedabad: 19th century miniature style painting on cloth; Walled city.
Source- (Nayak D. )

1.1.2. Vision and need

To work towards ease of residents in relation to their physical environment and also Re-
considering the old buildings and older areas of the city as assets.
The walled city of Ahmedabad in the face of economic changes and modern
development, underwent rapid change and decline in recent times. People started
migrating to newer areas of the city seeking modern settings and facilities. Deterioration
and degeneration of the heritage resources induced by changes in the land use.

1.1.3. Heritage Resources

The heritage resources in Ahmedabad can be looked at following three distinct levels:

a) The entirety of the walled city: ASI has a total of 52 Indo-Islamic monuments under
protection. In addition, there are many Hindu and Jain temples, the Gaekwad's Haveli
enclave of Maratha period and several other institutional buildings and bungalows of the
Colonial period.

b) The pols which comprise it: The grouping of houses into pols is typical of Gujarat and
especially of Ahmedabad. When compared to the costs engendered by the modern cities,
the pols seem most economical making use of simple facilities, techniques and easily
accessible social amenities, something lost in the suburban lifestyle much dependent
upon commuting. Destruction and de-structuring caused by new buildings, the invasion
of business and traffic point to a worrisome future for the pols.

c) The individual houses: The houses of Ahmedabad were traditionally built of carved
wood and brickwork characterized by low, single family units, of which only some
10,000 survive now. The gradual progression of the model gave way to the
transplantation of forms, which were totally foreign to local traditions. The apartment
buildings are of a mediocre quality heralding a decline in the know-how and technique.

1.1.4. Methodology

The methodology is divided into three stages that is preparatory stage, planning stage and
implementation stage. The sub aspects incorporated at each stage are given in detail
below.
a) Preparatory stage- This stage includes the detailed study of the background of project
area followed by data collection and analysis of the data.
 Data collection- Data was collected from various primary and secondary sources.
Primary sources primarily include various field surveys (public opinion survey, traffic
volume surveys, and parking surveys, visual surveys) to examine the current issues
and conditions of the project area. Secondary sources include reports from census and
local government of Ahmedabad.
 Data compilation and analysis- The data collected from various sources was compiled
and analysed.
b) Planning stage- Planning stage includes the formulation of various project
requirements like calculation of parking and infrastructure facilities based upon the
number of users and visitors.
c) Implementation stage- This stage includes formulation of various strategies like
formation of heritage cell which will effectively implement the numerous projects.

1.1.5. Components

The components identified in the redevelopment of walled city Ahmedabad are-

a) Physical Environment- Housing; Social Infrastructure; Disaster Management;
Transportation.
b) Old buildings and areas as assets-Heritage conservation and Tourism; Socio-
economic.
c) Community Participation-
 Meeting held in ‘Khadia’ area to discuss the possibilities and strategies of
conservation and development of Walled City organized by AMC and attended by
many citizen groups, renowned personalities and AMC officials.
 Programme entitled ‘Preservation of the Past and Glimpses of History’ was launched
at Desai-ni-Pol in Khadia area on the occasion of World Heritage Week celebration.
Here “Heritage” was the main issue and organized jointly by citizens groups and
municipal authorities. Residents of the pol released a booklet to mark the Heritage
Day, listing the historical houses, personalities who lived there, and a chronicle of
important events.
 Freedom Walk organized where several houses, connected with the history of Indian
freedom struggle came to light. The citizens under the leadership of elected and
government officials took part.
 Public meeting on occasion birthday of NetajiSubhash Chandra Bose at Bengal home
in Desai-ni-pol stressed on the need for preserving cultural heritage.
 KaviSammelan was organized on KaviDalpatram’s death anniversary in the pol where
he used to live. Gujarat SahityaParishad also worked to make it a success.
 Street play was developed with an intention to create awareness at a larger scale
amongst people, which was used as a tool to initiate a dialogue with the pol people
organized by the efforts of CRUTA foundation (Advisor Heritage Programme, AMC),
Theatre Media Centre and Ahmedabad Community Foundation.
 Heritage Walk was initiated through the old neighbourhoods by AMC and it was well
publicized through brochures and posters. The residents in the route make efforts to
keep the route clean and restored.
 Street plate recognizes the identity of areas, AMC took it up as an issue and has started
to display name plates with municipal symbols and inaugurated them in the presence
of AMC officials, local political representative and elderly persons of the
neighbourhood.

1.1.6. Implementation strategies-

The Heritage Cell has been actively involved in varied aspects of urban conservation,
while, effectively implementing numerous projects. The following interventions are part
of its efforts for the overall process of inner city revival:

a) Generating awareness amongst people through documentation, preparation of

models, organizing street exhibitions and
community meetings:

These activities involve strategic

partnerships, public-private partnerships as
well as international collaborations. Some
 Figure 1.1.2- Heritage walk of Ahmedabad.
Source: (Nayak T. D.)

such activities undertaken by the Heritage Cell are heritage walk, the freedom walk,
association of the old house owners, celebration of the polday, the auto-rickshaw tour,
signposting of the pols, illumination of monuments, traditional street theatre, information
through the media, best practice transfer programme, training of administrators, City
heritage award, revival of the 'Panch' and so on.

b) Initiating restoration efforts.

Restoration of the buildings and pols have been initiated by commissioning detailed
surveys, mobilizing resources, identifying and commissioning expertise, providing
technical assistance, initiating
community-based restoration
process, training of volunteers,
initiating citizens/ NGO actions.

c) Enabling government
facilitation:

The Cell is also assisting the

Local Body in resolving legal
Figure 1.1.3 -Pedestrian and NMT initiatives in Walled city, Ahmedabad.
issues, clarification of the
property tax, financial assistance, Source: (Nayak T. D.)

co-ordinating the efforts of the

different departments, .initiating requisite institutional development, preparing guidelines
for revitalization. The efforts of the AMC have made a cultural impact on community at
large.

Mention of heritage walk in 'Lonely Planet' is a credit to Ahmedabad Municipality.

Some of the successful projects initiated by the Heritage Cell are:

 Revitalization of the Walled city of Ahmedabad (an AMC-France Collaborative

project), The City Museum.
 Restoration of the facades
 Restoration of Chabotras (bird feeders)
 Restoration of Dwarkadhish temple
 Revival of the 'tankas'
 Design of a special fire fighter
 Development of the Manek Burl
 Restoration and Development of the Dutch Tomb Complex at Kankaria.
 Earthquake damage repair of the Municipal School Buildings and awareness creating
programs for children.
 Pedestrians and NMT initiatives in walled city of Ahmedabad.

AMC has been quite active in the overall process of revival/ conservation of artefacts,
structures and precincts of historical, aesthetical, architectural and cultural value.
However, problems still persist for which detailed strategies need to be worked out.
[ CITATION Deb \l 16393 ]

1.1.7. Issues

• Insensitive Building Controls and Planning: There is a glaring lack of policy and no
action blueprint exists for the conservation of heritage resources either at the state or
city government level. The Development Control Regulations (DCR) of 1983 is found
inadequate for the task of conservation. Also, the availability of high FAR within the
Walled City encourages demolition of old buildings and the construction of large
buildings in its place by amalgamation of plots. Planning proposals for road widening
in the Walled City area have resulted in the destruction of valuable streets.
• Heritage Definition: There are definite problems with the existing definition of
heritage as interpreted by ASI as well as the government agencies. The rules say, that
they can protect monuments that are more than 100 years old. This excludes medieval
residential pols worthy of protection and colonial properties, though some of them are
more than 100 years old.
• Deteriorating Building Stock: In the recent years, out-migration of wealthy
communities to the peripheral areas of the city has been observed. The Rent Control
Act discourages owners from letting properties as vacant properties attract lower
taxes. Also, inadequate infrastructure keeps property prices depressed. Also in absence
 of availability of loans for house repair is deteriorating the building stock. All these
reasons are contributing to the high vacancy rates, lack of maintenance and
degeneration of usable building stock.
• Traffic Congestion: Vehicular traffic has predominantly increased through the years
creating problems of parking, thus, blocking the visibility and accessibility of heritage
buildings. Air pollution from vehicular exhaust is on an increase, causing an
irreparable damage to the heritage resources. Further widening of roads with
insensitive design layout has caused increase in traffic problems eventually disrupting
the total fabric.
• Encroachments: The visual character and aesthetic ambience of the heritage
buildings/ precincts is totally engulfed by intense commercial activity, signboards etc.
This is coupled with actual physical encroachments around these historic precincts.
• Inadequate Municipal Services: Inadequate and inappropriately located facilities for
garbage collection, inadequate fire services due to congested lanes, shortage of water
supply, storm water and sewerage connections has led to overall deterioration of the
urban fabric.
• Lack of New Investments: Areas within the Walled City that can accommodate new
development are inappropriately zoned, discouraging new investments. Building in
areas surrounding protected archaeological monuments requires permission from the
ASI in New Delhi. This discourages the flow of new investments in the Walled City.
The lack of public expenditure on improving infrastructure discourages new private
investments.

1.1.8. Conclusion

Ahmedabad has demonstrated how the local government can successfully establish an
effective institutional framework for addressing the physical, socio-economic, cultural
and environmental problems of the inner city. The Ahmedabad Initiative has become a
national model for revival of the inner cities across India. Some strategies employed by
AMC are:

 Start with available resources

 Elicit support of local architects, professionals and NGOs
 Get support of local people
 Identify implementable projects
 Involve elected wing
 Coordinate with other government and non-government agencies
 Establish a dedicated heritage unit in the local government
 Sensitize all official agencies towards heritage work
 Recognize and cooperate with International bodies and coordinate their actions AMC
has demonstrated the role of an institution in making a cultural impact on community,
which has strengthened the heritage conservation movement in Ahmedabad.

1.2 HazratNizamuddinBasti Redevelopment Delhi

HazratNizamuddinBasti is named after the esteemed saintHazratNizamuddinAuliya, who
lived here in the early fourteenth century. Asettlement emerged at this location during the
saint’s lifetime and it has been since then Figure 1.2.1 NizamuddinBasti area.
continuously inhabited.NizamuddinBasti
comprises a resident population of
approximately 20,000.A synergistic,
community centred and collaborative
approach has been adoptedto improve the
quality of life for residents through a series
of multi-input projectsthat aims to improve
Source: AKTC
the urban environment, conserve
monuments, developpublic parks, strengthen basic services through interventions in the
three coreareas of health, education and environmental sanitation and engage
communityparticipation through a regular series of cultural activities and performances.
Inso doing, the project seeks tointegrate conservation, socio-economic developmentand
urban and environmental development objectives in consultation withlocal communities
and relevant stakeholders. All programmes commencedfollowing a quality of life
assessment study.[ CITATION Aga07 \l 16393 ](refer figure 1.2.1).
Parameters
Economic Profile- Wholesale commercial markets, retail shops for antiques and
hardware items, industrial manufacturing units make up Bhendi Bazaar’s economy.
Social Profile- NizamuddinBasti comprises a resident population of approximately
20,000.It has predominating Muslim area.
Physical Profile- Nizamuddin West is a posh colony.The colony is divided into six
blocks and has the main entry pointnear the petrol pump at the Mathura Road.The area is
greener because it has a lot of parks.This colony is regarded as one of the posh Muslim
colonies.The tombs of poet Amir Khusro is located within the
NizamuddinDargahcomplex.Theneighborhood surrounding the dargah is named after the
saint,and is divided into two parts along Mathura Road: NizamuddinWest where the
Dargah complex and a lively market is located,and Nizamuddin East, an upper-class
residential area situatedbetween Humayun's Tomb and the Nizamuddin Railway Station.
1.2.1 Vision
Restoration of their intrinsic cultural, historical and spiritual importance and
improvising the pedestrian circulation through the Basti, and there will be parks
earmarked forwomen, children, cricket, community functions and weddings.
[ CITATION Aga07 \l 16393 ]

1.2.2 Objectives

 To improve environmental conditions and strengthen essential urban services with

interventions in the core areas of education, health and sanitation.
Figure 1.2.2 NizamuddinBasti View
1.2.3 Need to Redevelop

NizamuddinBasti isone of the most

denselypopulated areas in Delhi, especially
when the floating

So
urce: http://pearl.niua.org/sites/default/fil
es/books/GP-IN4_HERITAGE.pdf .
pilgrimage population who reside there for short periodsis taken into account.Lack of
access to quality clinical facilities has resultedin extremely poor health
conditions.Household water connections are unreliable and 33%of households access
water from public taps, whichare in a poor condition. Public toilets are used by 11%of
households and 14% share toilets. In addition, the large floating population of pilgrims
puts further strainon the system.Rapid physical densification and population growthput
enormous strain on the infrastructure at HazratNizamuddinBasti, especially in terms of
environmentalsanitation and waste management. Frequent floodingand blockages in
sewage lines are common andprovide public health concerns.Limited living space
perfamily, poor ventilation from densification, inadequatesewerage and water
connections compounded bylarge numbers of pilgrims have increased the dependenceon
public utilities and building facilities.[ CITATION Aga07 \l 16393 ](refer figure 1.2.2).

1.2.4 Methodology

The methodology is divided into three stages that is preparatory stage, planning stage and
implementation stage. The sub aspects incorporated at each stage are given in detail
below.
d) Physical mapping/survey of the Basti was undertaken to document the area with the
intentions of planning sensitive urban improvements.The survey has led to the
preparation of street improvement plans which will be implemented by the Municipal
Corporation of Delhi.
e) Planning stage-Small public parks are being planned along the western edge of the
Basti in areas that are deteriorating and are no longer safe and clean. These spaces
will be landscaped to fulfil the needs expressed by the resident community. These
parks will bring much needed community space and nodes of civic life back to the
area and improve pedestrian circulation through the Basti. There will be parks
earmarked for women, children, cricket, community functions and weddings.
f) Conservation of monuments and the rehabilitation of open spaces in the Basti aim
to restore their intrinsic cultural, historical and spiritual signify chance.
Using state-of-the-art technology, including ground-penetrating radar survey, high-
definition 3D laser scanning and geotechnical assessments, conservation started on
the fourteenth-century Baoli (step-well).
 Figure 1.2.3 NizamuddinBasti View

g) Implementation stage- This stage includes

formulation of various strategies like
h) Procedures health interventions in the Basti.
This include upgrading the MCD Polyclinic
to ensure better diagnosis and treatment,
reduce referrals and build the capacity of a
community health outreach team for
Source: http://pearl.niua.org/sites/default/fil
preventive health care, as well as the
es/books/GP-IN4_HERITAGE.pdf .
creation of a pathology laboratory. Finally,
newly built public toilets – a key intervention for urban renewal in the Basti – have
improved access to hygienic sanitation for residents.

1.2.5 Components

The project attributes following three main components. They were studied and are
described below:
a) Heritage Conservation – It includes Sunder Nursery, several monuments of national
importance under restoration. Public Park is being developed around the monuments.
b) Socioeconomic Initiatives – Major socio economic development effort that is
implemented through a community-centred, collaborative approach. The objective is
to improve environmental conditions and strengthen essential urban services with
interventions in core areas of education, health and sanitation. All programmes
commenced following a quality of life assessment study. These initiatives include
education, health and urban improvements and cultural revival activities.
c) Environmental Development –The project aims to enhance and showcase the
ecological and built heritage of the 70-acre Sunder Nursery. [ CITATION Aga07 \l
16393 ]

1.2.6 Implementation Strategy

To begin with, street improvement plans were prepared and small public parks were
planned
to introduce the much needed public spaces and also to improve pedestrian circulation
through the Basti. Although 5 acres of parks subsisted in the area, the spaces were
occupied by rag pickers and drug dealers. Only 2% of the resident populations were
accessing park
spaces. Following sustained community consultation, a landscape scheme for these parks
was prepared and implemented. Separate parks were earmarked for women, children,
playing cricket, community functions and weddings etc. The parks are now being run and
managed by the community with AKTC support. In the health sector, the existing
building of the MCD Polyclinic in the Basti was improvised. New public toilets were
built to improve hygiene and sanitation for the Basti residents. Parallel to the above
interventions, there has been a conscious effort to generate awareness for heritage among
the community and stream line the same with the daily lives by mutually benefitting.
Caring for Heritage and its preservation are presented and highlighted in easy way
through performance, street plays, audio.

1.2.7 Conclusion

HazratNizamuddinBastiproject has evolved a model of urban developmentthat is

culturally ‘sensitive’ and ‘informed’. The project has notonly addressed the infrastructure
challenges of the Basti area butalso enabled the community to become the driving force
behindthis urban renewal initiative. A process of community participation in the Basti
area with the foremost agenda of enhancing and betterment of the quality of life of the
inhabitants. The local resident populations of the Basti were provided not just open
spaces, access to good education and well-timed health care, but also fresh engagement
with its own culture.
Various case studies and best practices will be studied under theoretical framework which
will help to give various strategies and proposals.

1.3 Cluster Redevelopment- Figure 1.3.1 Demarcation of the site area.

Bhendi Bazaar: Mumbai

Mumbai is called mosaic of ‟Sub-cultures"
loosely based on religion, community, and
work[CITATION Dal11 \l 1033 ]. Bhendi
Bazaar is one of Mumbai’s oldest areas and Source: SBUT website
it lies right in the heart of old city with the
population predominantly Muslim having mostly mixed use tenanted Chawls, many of
which were constructed 125 years ago. Bhendi Bazaar is one of the South Mumbai’s
major commercial belts housing aroud 3200 families.[CITATION Mas15 \l 1033 ](refer
figure 1.3.1).

1.3.1Parameters

Economic Profile- Wholesale commercial markets, retail shops for antiques and
hardware items, industrial manufacturing units make up Bhendi Bazaar’s economy.
Social Profile- The project area consists of 3200 families, 200 businesses with 250
dilapidated buildings affecting the life of 20000 people. It is a predominating Muslim
area.
Physical Profile- The total area for project is 16.5 acres comprising of a flat topography.
The site is surrounded by arterial roads on two sides.
1.3.2 Vision
To redevelop South Mumbai’s vibrant but congested Bhendi Bazaar into a modern living
and work space for its residents laid within the cradle of a state-of-the art and eco-
friendly infrastructure[ CITATION Mas15 \l 1033 ].

1.3.3Objectives

 To provide well-spaced and aligned buildings which will allow natural light and
ventilation to the inhabitants.
 To provide pedestrian friendly neighborhood with tree line footpaths and recreational
areas.
 To provide world class infrastructure
Figure 1.3.2 Slum like condition of the
facilities, with sustainable solutions like
rainwater harvesting, solar and wind
energy[ CITATION Mas15 \l 1033 ].

1.3.4 Need to Redevelop

Bhendi Bazaar is lumped with the wide spread Bhendi Bazaar

Source: Jakarta Globe newspaper dated
slums. There are around 250 dilapidated June 14,2017.
buildings which are in the urgent need of redevelopment. Unhealthy conditions are
prevailing due to high density of the area and shared community toilets [CITATION
Mas15 \l 1033 ](refer figure 1.3.2).

1.3.5 Methodology

The methodology is divided into three stages that is preparatory stage, planning stage and
implementation stage. The sub aspects incorporated at each stage are given in detail
below.
i) Inception stage- This stage includes the detailed study of the background of project
area followed by data collection and analysis of the data.
 Data collection- Data was collected from various primary and secondary sources.
Primary sources primarily include various field surveys (public opinion survey, traffic
volume surveys, parking surveys, visual surveys) to examine the current issues and
conditions of the project area. Secondary sources include revenue department for the
land records, data from MC office Mumbai.
 Data compilation and analysis- The data collected from various sources was compiled
and analysed. To examine the impact of the project a Social Impact Assessment (SIA)
was carried out.
j) Planning stage- Planning stage includes the formulation of various project
requirements like calculation of parking and infrastructure facilities based upon the
number of users and visitors. A master plan for Bhendi Bazaar redevelopment project
was formulated and Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) analysis was done.
k) Implementation stage- This stage includes formulation of various strategies like
acquisition of land and active interaction and workshops with CBOs and trade union
for the on-site execution of the project. Financial assistance to the project was entirely
provided by SaifeeBurhaniUpliftment Trust (SBUT) and responsibility for the
technical assistance was given to TVdesign, Tricone Consortium.

1.3.6 Components

Various components along with their sub aspects which were included in the
redevelopment of the Bhendi Bazaar project were studied and are described below.
d) Housing – It includes housing to around 3200 families having minimum area of 350
sq. ft. along with designated parking, elevators, community, recreational areas, well
planned garbage and disposal system.
e) Commercial – Providing a good high street shopping environment and towers
connected with walkways.
f) Physical infrastructure – Providing smart infrastructure facilities which includes
sewerage, water pipelines, separated rainwater pipes, gas and telecommunication
network.
g) Heritage – It includes restoration of various buildings of heritage importance like
RaudatTahera mausoleum, Hussaini, Qutbi masjid within the site and detail study of
elements of Fatimid architecture in the project area[ CITATION Mas15 \l 1033 ].

1.3.7 Issues identified

Various components along with their sub aspects were thoroughly studied and issues
were identified based on the visual survey and interaction with the residents. Following
are the identified issues which are described aspect wise.
a) Land-use –There was an uncontrolled change in land-use, residential buildings were
converted to industrial or commercial establishments for the generation of profit.
Around 80% buildings were declared dilapidated and dangerous and the area was
marked unfit for living by Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority
(MHADA) due to the very poor sanitary conditions and common community
toilets[CITATION Dal11 \l 1033 ]
b) Commercial and residential establishments –The project area comprises of century
old deteriorated chawls, which are closely knit, untidy, and are disoriented in nature.
c) Streets– The narrow streets of the Bhendi bazaar are encroached with on-street
haphazard parking which makes it difficult for fire brigade, ambulance to reach the
area.
d) Physical infrastructure – The existing physical infrastructure facilities in the project
area are 125 years old. The uncovered and choked drains create poor sanitary
conditions. During heavy rains water logging could be seen in many areas due to the
improper drainage system. The hanging high tension wires and transformers create
 visual clutter. Overall unhealthy conditions are prevailing in the project
area[ CITATION Mas15 \l 1033 ]

1.3.8 Implementation Strategy

A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) was formed for whose purpose was to raise fund by
engaging NGOs and stakeholders and overall project management. 'BehtarKal' campaign
was organised to make people aware about the project benefits. Development rights were
purchased from the land holders and there was no acquisition of land which makes it easy
to carry forward the project. The project area was divided into 9 packages having 17
multi-
storey towers with FAR of 5.98. The area of around 80% of would be used to rehab
existing tenants and 20% will house 3 sales tower in which apartments will be sold at
market rates (refer figure 1.3.3)[ CITATION Mas15 \l 1033 ]. A temporary Resettlement
Action Plan (RAP) was prepared under
which the residential tenants were provided
with the temporary shelter in nearby building
whereas for the commercial tenants 200
shops was prepared in MufaddalShopping
Arcade which is 500m away from site. The
tenants were also provided with the movers Figure 1.3.3 An aerial view of the proposed
Bhendi Bazaar redevelopment project
and packers to ease the shifting process. Source: Ambitious Mumbai project- Cluster
[ CITATION Sal13 \l 1033 ]. development for large scale redevelopment of
urban habitat.
a) Commercial– A high end commercial
shopping street environment was proposed incorporated with the facilities like
loading unloading, elevators, escalators, walkways and basement parking.
b) Smart infrastructure– Each sub cluster will be provided separate STP which will
recycle 100% of sewage generated, hence reducing load on sewerage system. The
solar power panels provided will reduce the electricity consumption to 5%. The
project incorporates other smart infrastructure facilities like underground vacuum
waste collection system, intelligent parking and traffic management system. The
Bhendi Bazaar redevelopment project is a pre certified gold rated by Indian Green
Building Council (IGBC) [ CITATION Mas15 \l 1033 ].
1.3.9 Conclusion

Cluster Redevlopment- Bhendi Bazaar is a win-win situation for both the residents and
the investors. The area with the dilapidated buildings has already been declared unfit for
living by MHADA. The land is acquired by the purchase of development rights from the
owners so no land acquisition and compensation will be there. The heritage structures of
the area will be preserved and the project will be built in the Fatimid architecture, hence
preserving the heritage of the area and promoting the Islamic culture.

1.4 Walled city of Jaipur, Rajasthan

1.4.1. Introduction

Jaipur walled city planned in 1727 is one of the

important case of a living heritage city. The nine
square grid plan representing the symbolic urban
structure constructed by market streets, the Chaupars
(squares) and monumental gates, articulated with
beautifully designed institutional buildingsand the
carved façade of streets with colonnade make the
Figure 1.4.1.-Walled city of Jaipur
city a wonder in the world. The Walled city with its Source: (Jawaid, 2014)
thriving markets streets is still an economic centre to
the total city which is grown ten times in size. The imbalance is forcing the environment
to deterioration and possible collapse of the heritage fabric if not intervened urgently.A
Revitalization plan will address the issues critically, improving the situation qualitatively
and conserving the heritage value of the Walled City as it is one of the rare examples of
urban planning and architecture in the world history.
1.4.2. Vision and need

Revitalization of the essential structuring elements of built environment for the new
challenges with Integration of the infrastructure needs, strengthening the historical
elements, layering the tourism needs.
 The process of modernization led to a large scale social and economic change in the
urban life and physical environment, creating an urgent need for strategic intervention
against the threat to all the historical buildings and environments.
 The city has been an international tourist destination which has increasingly put
pressure for the conservation and sustenance of this historic fabric.

1.4.3. Methodology-

The methodology is divided into three stages that is preparatory stage, planning stage and
implementation stage. The sub aspects incorporated at each stage are given in detail
below.
l) Preparatory stage- This stage includes the detailed study of the background of project
area followed by data collection and analysis of the data.
 Data collection- Data was collected from various primary and secondary sources.
Primary sources primarily include various field surveys (public opinion survey, traffic
volume surveys, and parking surveys, visual surveys) to examine the current issues
and conditions of the project area. Secondary sources include reports from census and
local government of Jaipur.
 Data compilation and analysis- The data collected from various sources was compiled
and analysed.
m) Planning stage- Planning stage includes the formulation of various project
requirements like calculation of parking and infrastructure facilities based upon the
number of users and visitors.
n) Implementation stage- This stage includes formulation of various strategies like
formation of heritage cell which will effectively implement the numerous projects.

1.4.4. Components

The components identified in the study area are given below-

a) Strengthening of historical elements with tourism needs
 Heritage Conservation and Tourism
b) Infrastructure needs
 Physical Infrastructure
 Transportation
c)Upliftment of Neighbourhood
 Housing
 Socio-economic
d) Community Participation
 Meetings held with the local residents in the initial phases of the project.
 Involvement of shopkeepers, residents in the various studies and surveys for the
project formulation.
 Reviews invited from users for the
draft plans in prepared in phased
manner.
 Coordination with government
organisations such as INTACH.
Figure1.4.2. -Proposed façade improvement for building in Johri bazaar.
 Support from Urban Local Bodies
Source: (Niua: COMPENDIUM OF GOOD PRACTICES , 2015
such as JDA.

1.4.5. Implementation strategies-

The following interventions are part of its efforts for the overall process of inner city
revival:a) Heritage Conservation and Tourism

 Coordination with INTACH: In 2001, INTACH initiated the Heritage walk in

Modikhanachokri to promote public awareness on the residential architecture and its
conservation through public participation to sustain the local economy of traditional
handicrafts and to develop tourism inside chokris.
 Support from ULB: JDA (Jaipur Development Authority) had provided a budget for
restorations of small temples along the heritage walk and façade improvements.
b) Transportation

 Revitalization plan proposed to clear the encroachments, remove the parking and
redesign the space with controlled hawking space and public amenities to recreate the
urban space.
 Consideration of pedestrian friendly concept while preparing the traffic and
transportation plan

c) Socio-economic

The underused Palace complex area with relocation of some of the functions to create
large open space in the form of JalebChowk, Atish market other courts near HawaMahal
and City Palace.
The revitalisation plan focused on two implementation strategies for the project-The
strengthening of infrastructure – Traffic and transportation, Waste Management and
Tourism facilities and the physical development of the major urban elements of the city"

1.4.6. Issues

a) Change in land use- Another major threat to overall character of the walled city is
change in landuse.Residential units are being transformed into commercial units mainly
shops and god owns.

b) Haphazard parking- With increasing demand of vehicular parking and in absence of

definite parking spaces, old city is facing severe crisis.

c) Gates-The walled city of Jaipur has 7 main gates, which serve as only entry and exit
points into the city. The width of the opening of the Gate being very narrow, only one 4-
wheeler can pass through it at a time. This causes congestion before and after entering the
gate.

d) Chaupars-They are the major intersection points and hence govern the capacity of the
intersecting roads. Chaupars have become points of conflicts due to enormous informal
activities, parking, pedestrian movement, movement of slow moving vehicles like cycle
rickshaws /autos, stoppage of state and city buses etc.
e) Informal sector-The old city also has a major concentration of informal shops. There
is no demarcated hawking space and hence the informal sector is spread through the old
city.

f) Religious and other illegal structure on roads-Illegal structures like temples standing
in the middle of the road pose as a problem to traffic movement. These structures not
only occupy the road areas, but also decrease the lane width.

g) Extension of shops-The shops opening on the arcades extend their activities into the
arcades. Display of items or goods and storage of extra items on the arcades is a common
practice. This type of encroachment by the shop owner decreases the width of the arcade
available for pedestrian movement.

1.4.7. Conclusion

Revitalization of Walled City Jaipur is one of the important exercises to understand the
critical directions and issues for the great task of conservation of the vast wealth of
historic cities in India. The project has raised critical question of the approach to
conservation and opening a new area of looking at the ‘public realm’ in the historic cities
as a significant tool to integrate the historical built form with thriving urban life and
growing commercial activities.
The development of the public realm willmodernism. The integration brings a new
dialogue between the social needs, cultural activities, urban space, architecture and
history and revives the built environment with a new energy. This has been dealt with the
new theoretical position in bringing tourism the new economic force, to sensitively
bridge heritage and urban development.[ CITATION Utp18 \l 16393 ]

1.5 TajGanj Urban Redevelopment Plan, Agra, U.P

The TajGanj Urban redevelopment project attempts to hem together contrasting

Urban edges that includes commercial, Figure 1.5.1 TajGanj,Agra, UP
institutional, parks, bazaars, old city
fabrics and slums and thus presents new

Source: ARCHOHM CONSULTS

outlook of the city that emerges from the multifold layers that have been generated
over time. The strategy supports an inclusive policy towards the most valued
stakeholders-namely the shopkeepers and local residents of TajGanj and essentially
involves improving the street character and enhancing the basic amenities and
infrastructure.[ CITATION SOU16 \l 16393 ] (refer figure 1.5.1).

1.5.1 Parameters

Economic Profile- Tourism, handicrafts, agriculture and manufacturing make up

TajGanj, Agra’s economy(refer figure 1.5.2).
Social Profile- With an estimated population Figure 1.5.2 TajGanj,Agra, UP

of 2 million, TajGanj Agra is one of the most

populous cities in Uttar Pradesh. It is
multiracial, multicultural and multi-religious
city.
Physical Profile- 23.89 acre, Agra has a Source:Hriday survey, 2019
thriving small-scale industry sector
connected to leather goods and iron foundries
1.5.2 Vision
 Providebasic services to urban poor including security of tenure at affordable
prices.
 Meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services.

1.5.3 Objectives

2 Improving and augmenting the economic and social infrastructure of cities.

3 Aim to eliminate legal, institutional and financial constraints that have impeded
investment in urban infrastructure and services.

1.5.4 Implementation Strategy

2 Improve Transportation sector

3 Physical sector- Drainage facilities, Electricity Underground, Solid Waste
Management, Yamuna River.
4 Water Quality clean program and Promote Tourism
1.5.5 Conclusion

5 Planning boundaries for roads and evaluatingcorrelated environmental effects which

are often based on socioeconomic considerations, thus resulting in a mismatch
between planning scales and spatial scales at which ecological systems operate.There
is absence of holistic and integrated perspective in understanding the term urban
renewal. The six dimensions of urban renewal should be un-segregated, focusing at
quality of life. The prevailing planning tool, master plan, does not embody the
integrated concept of renewal.[ CITATION SOU16 \l 16393 ]
6 For the success of any planning, diagnosis and measurement of urban health is a
prerequisite. Unfortunately, there is no scale for measuring urban decline, urban stress
or deprivation which do not alarm when the city reaches the threshold. There is a
need to establish causal relationship and correlation between the six dimensions of
urban renewal. This can be achieved by further breaking up each dimension in the
form of indicators which can be measured and scaled quantitatively as well as
qualitatively
7 Proper understanding of the concept of urban renewal we can target changing
problem spaces to opportunity spaces. In Long term perspective of the cities can
manage to grow old gracefully.

1.6 Managing Indian Urban Heritage Precincts Through ‘Heritage

Guidelines’- A Case Study of Deulwadi Precinct In Uran, Maharashtra

This research paper by MaulikHajarnis and BhagyajitRavalis is referred for the case
study for the further analysis of the exercise of Re-planning of walled city of Lahore. The
study is of a heritage precinct and details out the guidelines which were used for the city
Uran in Maharashtra for creating the norms of development in the city taking the
Deulwadi precinct as a pilot model.

1.6.1 Relevance of the study

The study of the revitalization of Hazratganj area is relevant in comparison to the recent
restoration project carried out in the walled city of Lahore done in 2010. The study can
help to assess and analyze the restoration works done for the essential heritage
conservation of both areas and to compare and evaluate the impact of the restoration till
date.

1.6.2 Background

The paper briefs about some of the basic terminologies used in the paper as:
Heritage- means buildings, artefacts, structures, areas, streets and precincts of historic or
aesthetic or architectural or cultural or environmental significance and natural features of
environmental significance and natural features of environmental or of scenic beauty
including but not restricted to sacred groves, scenic points, walks, rides, paths, hills,
hillocks, water bodies such as lakes, kayals (and the areas adjoining the same), open
areas, wooded areas etc. [CITATION cha07 \l 1033 ]
Heritage Precinct- It means and includes any space that requires conservation and /or
preservation for historical and / or architectural and/or aesthetic and/or cultural and/or
environmental and/or ecological purpose. Walls or other boundaries of a particular area
or place or building or may enclose such space by an imaginary line drawn around it.
[CITATION Min12 \l 1033 ]
As mentioned in the paper, Heritage guidelines give a regulatory framework including
architectural controls, institutional mechanism, funding mechanism and the process of
building plan approval for any newer interventions for this matter, appropriate funds,
good governance, goodwill of the citizens and marketing campaigns and various
documents are required.
The Deulwadi precinct is a core and oldest area of Uran town located near BhimalaTalao
as evident from the below images. The precinct consists of the DeulwadiSansthanChowk,
aseries of temples located in Temple Street, GanpatiChowk and peripheral road of
BhimalaTalao. [CITATION Pre12 \l 1033 ](refer figure 1.6.1)
Figure 1.6.1 Plan of Deulwadi Precinct, Uran.
 Source: Preparation of Action Plan forConservation of Heritage Precincts in MMR Deulwadi Precinct
1.6.3 Aims and objectives

Aim- To justify ‘Heritage Guidelines’ as an effective to manage urban heritage precincts

in Indian cities.
Objectives-
1. To evaluate current status and condition of the precinct through detailed
documentation and analysis of key issues.
2. To identify schematic projects, programmes for conservation of precincts through
participation of local communicates and stakeholders.
3. To formulate financial, institutional and regulatory strategies for project
implementation, phasing, operation and maintenance.
4. To prepare draft guidelines for conservation of the heritage precinct. [CITATION
Pre12 \l 1033 ]

1.6.4 Methodology

The methodology adopted is discussed below.[CITATION Pre12 \l 1033 ]

Stage-1: Inception Report-
Understanding the Deulwadi Precinct by teams of UMC
1. A reconnaissance surveys.
2. Meetings with different stakeholders were done.
3. Primary and secondary survey on the history of the region and the precinct.
Stage-2: Detailed Condition Assessment
1. A detailed documentation for understanding the constituent elements and the
impacts to the site.
2. Study of morphology, its usage patterns and activity mapping of the site.
3. Drawings and detail photographic documentation of each buildings.
Stage-3 & 4:
1. Assigning of significances and Identification of issues on the basis of primary
survey and discussions with owners
2. Discussions with Uran Municipal Council.
Stage 5: Preparation of Action Plan
1. Actions identification under three categories – Conservation & Restoration,
Infrastructural improvements and Governance reforms.
2. Proposing interventions supplemented by block cost estimates and possible
sources of funding for execution of the proposed interventions.
3. Defining framework for institutional mechanism
4. Defining Stakeholder responsibilities for each of the proposed intervention.

1.6.5 Components

The various components are discussed below

Heritage Precinct character
1. Religious (Sociocultural)
2. Built (Architectural) -Historic buildings, Stambhas in DeulwadiChowk, Ram
Mandir, the ten temples set, Architectural elements.
3. Natural (Environmental) BhimalaTalao campus Tree platforms in
DeulwadiChowk
Street Components- Includes the major historical streetways and chowks such as
DeulwadiSansthanChowk, Temple Street, GanpatiChowk and peripheral road of
BhimalaTalao.
Physical interventions for conservation of tangible heritage. These include the various
measure undertaken by the authorities such the Revitalization of BhimalaTalao,
Revitalization of DeulwadiChowk, Conservation andRestoration of Heritage Structures
Developing reference material and creating awareness.
Infrastructural Improvements -
1. Water supply
2. Sewerage
3. SWM
4. Electric cables
5. Public Toilets
Governance Reforms- Guidelines for Deulwadi Precinct, Building Permission
Encroachments & Parking.

1.6.6 Issues and Problems

1. Unidentified potential structures/elements/sites

2. Lack of Regulatory Framework
3. Pressure from the Real estate market
4. Unutilized FSI
5. Structural failure
6. Amalgamation of plots
7. Disturbance to landscape
8. Lack of awareness and goodwill from the people
9. Lack of fiscal incentives to the owners of the heritage properties
10. Parking problems
11. Encroachments
12. Inappropriate municipal services
13. Hoardings and Signage
14. Vandalism

1.6.7 Implementation Strategies

1. Division of precinct into two zones- to formulate different sets of guidelines for each.
Core Area -includes buildings/elements which are of historic importance, natural water
bodies, excellence in architecture, associated with personalities or cultural events. (refer
figure 1.6.2)
Buffer Area- includes most of the residential, commercial and institutional buildings of
the precinct excluding the Core area.
2. Grading of these buildings Figure 1.6.2 zones of Deulwadi Precinct.

and elements was proposed as

per the criteria laid down by
INTACH.
3.Building Plan Approval
Process to ensure that any of the
new construction,
reconstruction, alterations or Source: Preparation of Action Plan forConservation of
repairs, etc. planned by owners Heritage Precincts in MMR Deulwadi Precinct

of heritage properties is checked.[CITATION Pre12 \l 1033 ]

4.Formation of Conservation Corpus to carry on with the (O & M) Operation and
Maintenance of the precinct.

1.6.8 Conclusion

Deulwadi precinct conservation guidelines proved to be a success for the further

guidelines formation of development control in Uran city. The problems listed are in
general and are to be identified in the current exercise of the walled city restoration. The
implementation strategies can be applied to control and restrict development and further
for revenue generation thus, all these parameters, issues and solutions shall be considered
while providing the proposals for the exercise.
1.7 Analysing the Revitalization of HazratganjLucknow

This research paper by Mohammed Laraib Ahmed, Pradeep Kumar and Mohammed
Shahrukh is referred for the case study for the further analysis of the exercise of Re-
planning of walled city of Lahore. Hazratganj, is the downtown area situated in the heart
of Lucknow, India containing shopping centres, restaurants, hotels, theatres and offices.
In 2010, to celebrate the 200 years of Hazratganj, the UP government started a program
for the makeover the Hazratganj area. The research will focus on therevitalization
strategies and theissues of the particular street and associated buildings. Research will
highlight the problems and willpresent why the problems are occurring which are
resulting in the degradation of the Revitalized Hazratganj street.

1.7.1 Relevance of the study

The study of the revitalization of Hazratganj area is relevant in comparison to the recent
restoration project carried out in the walled city of Lahore done in 2010. The study can
help to assess and analyze the restoration works done for the essential heritage
conservation of both areas and to compare and evaluate the impact of the restoration till
date.

1.7.2 Background

As mentioned in the paper, Revitalization is a method to use the abandoned, left over,
damaged and old structures maybe in working condition or not, in such a way that it not
only reflects the past glory but also work accordingly and adaptable in the present
condition, or we can say giving it a new life. It is a process to make the building or a
particular area work again in better way.
Hazratganj is a very important notable street and central business zone (CBZ) located
centrally in the Lucknow. It marks the identity of Lucknow. It is socially, culturally and
economically important, it the major market for food, clothing and IT sector. Hazratganj
has various buildings which are administratively very important. Various events are
organised at this place, promoting art, culture and tradition by the authorities. The
original makeover plan was designed by architect Nasir Mukherjee served as the base for
final plan in 2010 that expensed around 30 crores. The various parts of the Hazratganj
area have been depicted in the figure 1.7.1
History- In 1827, the then NawabNasir-ud-Din Haidar Shah laid the foundation of the
Ganj market by introducing the China Bazaar and Kaptaan Bazaar which sold goods stuff
from China, Japan and Belgium. The famous TaarWaliKothi, Dargah of 12 Imam's at
KhasMukaam, ChotiChattarManzil, Saawan-BhadohMahal (the present location of zoo),
the stunning Baradari, which was earlier situated between Kaiserbagh, Darulshafa, and
Lalbagh also emerged during his regime. After the First War of Independence in 1857,
Britishers took over the city and Hazratganj was modelled after London's Queen Street.
Many old Mughal style buildings were demolished and new European structures came
up.
Beautification and makeover - Hoardings from rooftops and encroachments on the road
were removed. Buildings were painted in a uniform crème and pink, same size and colour
signages, stone pavements and the Victorian style balustrades, lamp posts, waste-bins,
benches, an open-air tiny amphitheatre and colourful fountains were constructed. The
century-old fire station was demolished to make way for the modern multi-level parking.[
CITATION htt \l 1033 ].
Figure 1.7.1 Various parts of the Hazratganj.
 Source: given research paper
1.7.3 Aims and objectives

The main aims of this study are to study the Hazratganj Street and analyse the heads
which are leading in the decline of the heritage and to study the current design of the
Ganj Street and if any flaws found, a fresh proposal should be designed considering the
current flaws of that street[CITATION Moh19 \l 1033 ].

1.7.4 Methodology

For the analyzing of the street, study was done on various stages that are:
Conditionassessment – Analyzing the urban character of the area. Various studies were
done such as Analysis of Land use, Nodes activity analysis, Built Up and Open spaces,
streethierarchy, traffic records,tourist records, road network,movement pattern points of
congestion services, waste andwater management. The main type of study is primary
surveys.
Analysing the design of 2010-Analyzing the data available on the area before and after
the revitalization and the design, character and the sense of space along with the issues
resolved and if any existing.
Analysing the design, management schemes and implementation plans- To check if the
current work are carried out the way they were initially planned and to check the
management and operation of these revitalization design and strategies.
1.7.5 Components

The various components of the area studied are listed below

Land use- the major area is having a commercial character there are few structures of
institutional, religious, residential and historic character, no green spaces or few green
spaces are seen as depicted in figure 1.7.2.
Figure 1.7.2 Land use of Hazratganj area.

Source: given research paper

Market place- China Bazaar and Kaptaan Bazaar (markets served stuff from various
countries such as China, Japan and Belgium.)
Schools and colleges- St. Francis' College, Seventh Day Adventist Senior Secondary
School, La Martiniere Boys' College, La Martiniere Girls' College, Loreto Girls' College,
Christ Church College, National P. G. College and St. Joseph's Cathedra
Traffic conditions- Traffic load on Lucknow Figure 1.7.3 Traffic conditions of Hazratganj area.

roads has increased by 52.21 per cent in the

years 16-18, much more than the national
average of 20 per cent per year due to
increasing number of cars and auto-rickshaws
clogging the traffic arteries.Red line represents
the major traffic most of the timeand the green
line indicates the least traffic conditionsor free Source: given research paper

from traffic jams most of the time. (refer figure 1.7.3)

Street Hierarchy- The Road network plan shows the type of roads which arepresent. The
main Ganjstreet is quite wide and is primaryroad. From this primary road the road
network has developed which further results into secondary and tertiaryroads.Red line
indicates the major traffic most of the time and thegreen line indicates the least traffic
conditions or free from trafficjams most of the time (refer figure1.7.4).
Figure 1.7.4 Street Hierarchy of Hazratganj area.

Source: given research paper

Circulation and Point of Congestion- Main areas of congestions are Hazratganj node
and Cathedral Mayfair Node (refer figure1.7.5).
Figure 1.7.5 Circulation and Point of Congestion of Hazratganj area.

Source: given research paper

Built Up/Open spaces- The buildings are closely built along the minor roads but the main
street is quite wide. No open spaces can be identified and the secondary and tertiary roads
are leading to the point of congestion.

1.7.6 Issues and Problems

1. The streets of Hazratganj area being misused as there is direct Disposal of Waste on
the Street.
2. There is Encroachment on footpath by vendors and illegal parking is seen.
3. Traffic jam during peak hours is seen as the rules not are followed and the junction of
primary and secondary roads results as the point of congestion.
4. There is illegal parking on the both sides of the Janpath market street which results in
the traffic jams.
5. In the day time only two wheelers and pedestrians can only pass from this street and
No movement of 4 wheelers is possible.
6. Poor Maintenance of the street furniture and the Fountain near the multilevel parking
is not in a working condition.[ CITATION Moh19 \l 1033 ]

1.7.7 Suggestions and recommendations

On the basis of the primary surveys and literature study following suggestions and
recommendations were derived as mentioned in the research paper.
1. Some nodes are being congested due to the land use surrounding them and due to the
street hierarchy.
2. There should be proper management and regulation of the traffic at entry and exit
points along the main street.
3. The areas near the food joints like (Marksman, royal cafe,the experiment, Sahu
cinemas etc.) are becoming a dump yards due to a smaller number of dustbins or the
dustbins are not regularly cleared up hence maintenance should be done.
4. The multi-level parking and the parking by the government authority requires
maintenance to get into full use.
5. Bills, banners, signage’s and posters on the walls should be removed and not allowed.
[ CITATION Moh19 \l 1033 ]

1.7.8 Conclusion

GanjStreet is City center of Lucknow City. The degradation of the street is primarily due
to lack of maintenance of the Hazratganj street and poor citizen involvement.
[ CITATION Moh19 \l 1033 ] Problems like encroachment, parking issues are due to
mismanagement of the authorities. Furthermore, the character of the street is lacking its
original heritage as the design lack the original theme of the buildings. This case study is
an example how the government management and active citizen involvement is required
in the restoration and efficient working of a space; thus, the problems and issues shall be
considered while providing the proposals for the exercise.

1.8. Revitalisation of China Town – Tangra, Kolkata

China Town in Kolkata is a mixed residential industrial area inhabited by a large
concentration of local Chinese people. It grew as a hub of tanneries and related works
predominated by the local Chinese Figure 1.8.1 Delineated Study Area
population. Land price is quite high in the
southern and eastern parts of the study area,
and the recent development trend along these
two development corridors clearly shows
that the area is transforming into high end
Source: www.rebuildchinatown.org
development (refer fig 1.8.1)

1.8.1. Parameters

Economic Profile- Restaurant business, local markets, leather goods manufacturing, food
processing industries and rubber industries helps in economic development of this area.
Social Profile- The project area consists of approximately 200 Chinese households, with
household size varying from 5 – 9. Household size is large as Chinese are oriented
towards family business and they live in joint families.
Physical Profile- The total area for the project is 247 acres comprising tanneries, slums,
vacant land and marshy land. The area is located in close proximity of E.M. bypass and
Park circus connector.
1.8.2. Vision
To redevelop the Chinatown into a commercial tourism district through a balanced
development by catering to socio cultural, economic, physical and community needs of
the residents.

1.8.3. Objectives

 To provide commercial and recreational activities needed for boosting tourism.

 To provide tourist facilities like opera hall, auditorium, exhibition hall and open
ground for cultural meet.
 To improve the economy of the study area due to the lack of recreational and
commercial activities.

1.8.4. Need to Redevelop Figure 1.8.2 Poor physical condition of

China Town
China Town has economic hardship due to
shifting of tanneries from Tangra to Bantala.
There is a lack of recreational areas and
commercial areas like parks and plazas which
can affect tourism. The physical condition of
Chinatown is also not in good condition(refer
figure 1.8.2). Source: www.sciencedirect.com

1.8.5. Methodology
The methodology is divided into three stages that is preparatory stage, planning stage and
implementation stage. The sub aspects incorporated at each stage are given in detail
below.
o) Preparatory stage- This stage includes the detailed study of the background of project
area followed by data collection and analysis of the data.
 Data collection- Data was collected from various primary and secondary sources.
Primary sources primarily include various field surveys (public opinion survey,
expert opinion survey, visual surveys) to examine the current issues and conditions of
the study area. Secondary sources include revenue department for the land records,
data from MC office Kolkata.
 Data compilation and analysis- The data collected from various sources was compiled
and analysed. To examine the impact of the project, analytic hierarchy process was
carried out.
p) Planning stage- Planning stage includes the formulation of various project
requirements like calculation of parking and infrastructure facilities based upon the
number of users and visitors. A master plan for China Town Tangra redevelopment
project was formulated and Land Suitability analysis was done.
q) Implementation stage- This stage includes formulation of various strategies like
acquisition of land and active interaction and workshops with CBOs and trade union
for the on-site execution of the project. Financial assistance to the project was entirely
provided by West Bengal Housing Board (WBHB) and Kolkata Tourism
Development Board (KTDB).

1.8.6. Components

Various components along with their sub aspects which were included in the
redevelopment of the China Town Tangra project were studied and are described below.
h) Commercial – Providing Chinese artisan shops, shopping and dining plazas with
adequate parking spaces.
i) Recreational – Providing Chinese theme parks, Chinese gardens and recreational
plazas to provide an insight into Chinese culture and evolution of Chinese
community.
j) Heritage – It includes restoration of dilapidated structures and building facades with
Chinese architectural elements.

1.8.7. Issues identified

Various components along with their sub aspects were thoroughly studied and issues
were identified based on the visual survey and interaction with the residents. Following
are the identified issues which are described aspect wise.
e) Land-use – Vacant land, marshy land and slums jointly make up a huge share and
indicates an opportunity of accommodating new development. At present, there is
total lack of recreational areas in the study area.
f) Commercial and residential establishments – There is the situation of economic
hardship due to the shifting of tanneries from Tangra to Bantala which is 25 km away
from Tangra and out migration in search of better future to other parts of the India.
g) Social – There is a sense of insecurity of the community, sensitiveness of the
community due to long negligence by the indigenous society of the city.
h) Physical – There is poor physical infrastructure, construction of illegal tanneries,
dilapidated building structures and total lack of adherence to fire safety regulations.

1.8.8. Implementation Strategy

The analysis of development strategies for Chinatown, Tangra through Analytic

Hierarchy Process shows that experts feel that the Chinatown, Tangra should be
developed as a ‘synergy between commercial tourism district and living and working
neighbourhood. The specific recommendations and future actions are proposed to make
this option a reality. Broadly, entire area is divided into zones for new development,
redevelopment and infill development.New Tourist activities have been proposed mainly
on the eastern side that consists of a huge area of marshy land, vacant land, as well as
slums. From eastern side, commercial activities extend to the two main heart lines of
Chinatown which have been retained as major routes with restricted vehicular access and
controlled vehicular speed. These are also intended to connect the new development area
with the western part of the site. However, a gradual shift of intensive commercial
activities towards east is envisaged in future thus relieving the pressure on already
congested area. At the south west corner - a crucial junction has been allocated for
Chinatown Trade centre. Northern part is
exclusively allocated for industries and
Figure 1.8.3 Thematic Mapping of
related activities. Industrial and residential Chinatown Tangra

mixed uses has been proposed in the inner

parts. On extreme north, EWS housing is
proposed for rehabilitation of slums in the
study area (refer figure 1.8.3).
c) Commercial–Row of Chinese artisan
shops with decorative and colourful Source: www.memidex.com/revitalise

facade have been proposed along the

entrance from eastern side. This leads to a dramatic entrance through the busy
Chinatown. A large pedestrian shopping and dining plaza has been proposed.
d) Recreational–A theme park has been proposed which is basically a museum with
interactive exhibits which will provide an insight into the Chinese culture and
evolution of Chinese community in Kolkata.A Chinese garden has been proposed
which will have five different parts. Every part will be designed on the concept of
five traditional Chinese elements - earth, fire, water, metal and wood. The gardens
will be illuminated at night.

1.8.9. Conclusion

Chinatown Tangra in Kolkata in distress will be transformed and the tourism will be
boosted by proposing commercial and recreational activities like shops, plazas, theme
parks and gardens. There is a huge vacant space due to shifting of tanneries at which
development of commercial and recreational activities will take place. With the
participation of local community and all the stakeholders, commercial gains will be
integrated with benefits of the community so as to ensure a holistic revitalization
program.

1.9 URBAN TRANSFORMATION IN MULTAN-PAKISTANI PUNJAB

“Sustainable, Social, Economic and Environmental Revitalization in the Historic Core

of Multan City” is aimed at promoting socio-economic improvement and protection of
 historical and environmental heritage in the ancient Walled City of Multan in
Pakistan. Multan is one of the oldest cities in the Asian subcontinent, rich in history
culture,datingbackatlist2000years,butprobablyfoundednear5000BCandpart
ofIndusValleyCivilizationperiod. It is located in the Southern Punjab Province in centre
of Pakistan. The cityissituatedattheintersectionofmajorroadslinkingtheNorthandSouthof
thecountry(toLahoreandKarachi)andtheroutesgoingfromEasttoWest.Itsgeographicalpos
itionmakesMultanacrucialandstrategicsiteinthecountry.Asaconsequenceoftherecentproc
essofurbanization,Multanisnowthecoreofabighinterlandofmediumtowns,largevillagesan
dsmallclustersofshacks.

1.9.1 Parameters

Economic Profile-
.Thereareapproximately3500shopsinHussainAghaiBazaar,ChowkBazaar,HaramBazaaran
dSarafaBazaar;about1500shopsarepertainingtojewelleryandmanufacturingfacilitiesand10
00shopstotextilesector.
Physical Profile- The Multan Walled City, with an approximated area of 1.2 km2 and
apopulationofaround127,000.
1.9.2 Vision
To initiate
asustainableprocessofsocialandeconomicrevitalizationandtoupgradethephysicalandenviro
nmentalquality,throughtheimprovementoflivelihoodsandlivingconditionsoftheresidents.

1.9.3 Objectives

 To provide a suitable sustainable social, economical and environmental to Mutltan

city.
 Haram Gate conservation and Haram Gate Place regeneration.
 Sarafa Bazaar regeneration.
 Create a real urban space public area

1.9.4 Need to Redevelop

The need of crucial interventions to protect the “soul”

ofMultanwasclearlyhighlightedbyPakistaniauthorities.Consequently,anurgentaction of
architectural heritage preservation of the Old Town has
beenevaluatedasnecessary,togetherwiththecommencementofaculturalandsocialdevelopm
entprocess within the Walled City, characterized by high populationdensity,signifi-cant
problems about energy, water and sanitation and manydifferent commercial

1.9.5 Methodology

Field survey by students –data collection analysis implementation strategies.

1.9.6 Phases

Two phase described in this project -

 Firstoperationalphasereorganizingoneof
themain’’CityGatePlace’’,buildinganewopenpavilionandrestoringahugepublic
building and the Gate. The last activity, planned and not yet implemented, refers to
the Sarafa Bazaar Project, an integrated system for the urban arrangement through
infrastructures systems as sewerage, public lighting and shading, new paving and
conservation of historic building’sfaçades.
 ThephaseIIof“Sustainable,Social,EconomicandEnvironmentalRevitalization in the
Historic Core of Multan City”
Steps in 2nd phase
 In a first step-city has been preceded by a careful and thorough series of studies,
including investigations carried out accordingly to the theoretical and practical with
expertise and the tools and the methods developed in its research tradition.
 In a second step, the studies focused on a specific Walled City pilot area andon
individual building characteristics through a specific survey carried out with
theactive collaboration of students from Multan.
1.9.7 Component (4)
A. : Haram Gate conservation and Haram Gate Place regeneration
B. MusafirKhana building restora- tion, portion of Sarafa Bazaar regeneration and
several capacity building activities
1.9.7 Haram Gate conservation and Haram Gate Place regeneration
Need to conserve the Haram Gate act to plan and recognise the place .
 Haram gate entry point of traffic in city directly connected with central point of city.
 West side of city Alang Road leading recent demolition of old urban texture.
 The Haram gate place project strictly connected with Haram Gate conservation project
to create a real urban place with incorporate to traffic and parking places ,as a
communication place site located at the entrance.
 Typical elements of the architectural traditionof thegreatroyalgardens
arestingplaceintheshade setwithin a composition of geometries andperspectives.

 Project shape - the entire area—between the Circular road and the Gate—has been
paved with bricks, a new lighting system has been settled, trees have been planted
along the side of the place facing Circular Road, and a new pavilion has been built, on
the site of several ruined buildings, to create a sort elevated terrace, covered by a steel
and wooden structure, where the inhabitants as well as the tourist, could enjoy a
protected space.
Comparison with first Phase-
 Shape size mater architectural characteristics of building and reorganisation
square and proportion.
 Design flooring and choice of material unchanged.
 Paving of street made with bricks and along street stylobate with local white
granite.
 Roof of the building, initially designed with triangular section beams that needs a
very complex manufacturing, has been redesigned with standardized elements in
iron and for the secondary structure in wood.
 Related to the relationship with the surrounding space and orientation, the roof
hasthreeoverhangsontheeast,southandwestsides,whilethenorthside,towards the
toilets, is devoid of them. To increase the shading, a row of trees placed tothe
south, at the level of the circular road, completes the design of the limit of Haram
Gate Place.The support of amorphous photovoltaic surfaces, and provided of
public washroom.

 To reduce encroachment Improvement and reorganize all the infrastructure

system in the vicinity; i.e. the telecommunication and the electric power
distribution infrastructure, the water supply system, the natural gas distribution,
 the sewage disposal and the storm water drainage systems (Wang et al. 2011), all
of them replaced with underground lines.

 Technological solution provided to the building and historical monuments.

Second component
B.completion of the MusafirKhana renovation
Renovation of holysites, symbolic, historicandcultural identity of city.

C.Third component Sarafa Bazaar project

 Sarafa Bazaar project extends from MusafirKhanatotheNorth.
An integrated programme through infrastructure public lighting; shading system;
new paving; facades improvements and conservation of historic building’sfaçades.
 Focus on urban and social programme public spaces, accessibility to the Old
Town, insufficient lighting, traffic, security
 Improvement of local micro economy ,urbanrehabilitation
 The general goal is to improve the life quality of the inhabitants, encouraging the
tourism and make the city more attractive for the economic activities.
D.Fourth and final component
To develop a capacity building programme and integration of Pakistani and
Italian architectural and new skill development in the field of planning .

 Conclusion Asdescribed,theprojectisanimportantexampleofcross-cultural
cooperationandcollaborationprojectinthefieldofurbanregenerationandtransfor-
mation, showing how academic competencies, coordinated by a specialized struc-

Figure 1- Walled city of Multan and the Figure 2 Multan. Pilot area Masterplan
Mohalla structure (in red)
 tureofmanagementofresearchandknowledgetransferprojectscanmeetambitious
objectivesandthechallengeofachievingrealimprovementsofdelicate,butprecious

 The support of amorphous photovoltaic surfaces, and provided of public

washroom.

 To reduce encroachment Improvement and reorganize all the infrastructure

system in the vicinity; i.e. the telecommunication and the electric power
distribution infrastructure, the water supply system, the natural gas distribution,
the sewage disposal and the storm water drainage systems (Wang et al. 2011), all
of them replaced with underground lines.
 Technological solution provided to the building and historical monuments.
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