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Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Zayed

Volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits form in submarine environments due to hydrothermal activity associated with seafloor spreading or volcanic island arcs. They contain high concentrations of copper, zinc, lead, and other metals. There are two main types of VMS deposits defined by the fluids emitting from seafloor vents: black smokers dominated by sulfides and white smokers containing calcium and barium sulfates. VMS deposits range in size but most are relatively small, less than 10 million tonnes. Common minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena in a gangue of quartz. VMS deposits are important sources of base and precious metals exploited via seafloor

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38 views19 pages

Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Zayed

Volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits form in submarine environments due to hydrothermal activity associated with seafloor spreading or volcanic island arcs. They contain high concentrations of copper, zinc, lead, and other metals. There are two main types of VMS deposits defined by the fluids emitting from seafloor vents: black smokers dominated by sulfides and white smokers containing calcium and barium sulfates. VMS deposits range in size but most are relatively small, less than 10 million tonnes. Common minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena in a gangue of quartz. VMS deposits are important sources of base and precious metals exploited via seafloor

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Zion Riko
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Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Ore Deposits

:Presented by
Mostafa Abdel-Azim Mohamed Masoud

:Supervision by
Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Zayed
Introduction( 1
(Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits(VMS
are type of metalsulphides ore deposits mainly
Cu-Zn-Pb which are associated with volcanic
activity and hydrothermal solutions in
.submarine environment

This type of deposits was firstly discovered in -


the Red Sea in the mid of 1960s
Smokers and its types( 2

Generally, the smokers are plumes of hot


black or white hydrothermal fluids getting
.out from chimney-like vents

There are two types of smokers, black and


.white smokers
Types of smokers

Black smokers due to( 1


high content of sulphides
In modern oceans, these-
deposits (VMS( are
associated with
sulfurous plumes called
Black smokers

White smokers due to(2


high content of calcium
sulphate (anhydride( and
(barium sulphate (barite
Size(reserve( and mineralogy( 3
)a) Size (reserve
The majority of the world deposits are small and about
.80%of all known deposits fall in size range 0.1-10 Mt
b) Mineralogy
The mineralogy It is simple and often consist of over
.90% iron sulphide usually as pyrite
Chalcopyrite, Sphalerite, and Galena may be major -
.constituent depending on deposit class
Magnetite and Tetrahedrite may be found in minor -
.amounts
The gangue is Quartz, but occationally Carbonate is -
..developed and chlorite and sericite
.Talc is found due to of metasomatism
Texture( 4
The original genetic texture
is colloform banding and
often gradded bedding
has also been reported,
but due to the high
degree of metamorphism,
recrystallization of the
grains occurs, and the
colloform banding is
destroyed and a new
texture is produced which
Pyrite with granular texture
.is called granular texture
Shape of Chimneys of the Black smokers
Stages of formation( 5
Host rock( 6
The most important host rocks are the felsic
rocks specially is rhyolite (felsic( and is
. often mafic
Environment( 7

Is submarine environment which is associated with


.volcanic activity and hydrothermal processes
Origin( 8
There is today a wide agreement that these deposits are
submarine-hydrothermal in origin, but there is a
divergence of opinion to as to whether the solutions
responsible for their formation are magmatic in origin
.or they represent circulating sea water

But, most workers favoring the hypothesis that ,these


deposits are composed of sea water which has circulated
deep in the crust according to isotope analysis for the
.solutions
Tectonic setting( 9
Tectonically, these-
:deposirs are formed

On the sea-floor( 1
.spreading centers

Island arc as Besshi-( 2


.type deposits

At oceanic or back arc( 3


spreading ridges as
. Cyprus- type deposits
Classification( 10
:There are many types of classification
Iron, iron-copper, iron-copper zinc, and iron-copper-zinc-( 1
.lead, but generally the copper is not found on its own

Classification of Lydon( 2
Four regions are plotted on
Cu-Pb-Zn ternary diagram
which are weighted in
tones of ore metal
contained in the deposit
Classification of Hutchinson( 3
Shape of the deposition( 12

If the density (salinity( of the


hydrothermal solutions is
greater than the density of
seawater, a bowl-shaped
deposits are formed

If the density (salinity( of the


hydrothermal solutions is
lesser than the density of
seawater, a mound-
shaped deposits are
formed
Occurrence in Egypt( 13
Umm Samuiki which is Zn-Cu-Pb deposits( 1

(Helget (Cu 2.9%, Zn 13.6%Pb11.4% -Reserve 15,000 t ( 2

El-Maakal(CU 3.5%-Zn 17%-Pb 2%-but the reserve is very(3


(small

Derhib( 4

El Atshan( 5
Umm Samuiki
References

Wikipedia( 1

Rushdi Said, Geology of Egypt,1993( 2

Anthony .M. Evans, Ore Geology and ( 3


Industrial Minerals,1992, Blackwell
. Publisher

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